جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « herfindahl-hirschman index » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد کشاورزی »

Price fluctuations in the market of agricultural products, price transfer and then the market margin have been one of the constant challenges of the agricultural sector. How price shocks are transmitted in the commodity supply chain affects the welfare of producers, marketing agents, and consumers. How prices affect different markets, as well as the symmetrical or asymmetrical effects of price changes can be considered important issues in the analysis of business policies. The existence of symmetry in the market means the complete transfer of price changes at one level of the market to other levels, and asymmetry occurs when the price increase (decrease) is transferred faster than the price decrease (increase). The purpose of this study was to determine the asymmetry of prices in the Iranian red meat market and also to measure the monopoly in this market as one of the possible factors of price asymmetry.

In this study, using monthly data during the years 2013-2018, the price symmetry in the import market of red meat in Iran was investigated using Johansen-Juselius technique and estimation of error correction model. Also, using the annual data of 2001-2018, the degree of monopoly in this market was evaluated using Herfindahl-Hirschman index.

The results showed that there is at most a long-term relationship between the two variables of imported and domestic prices of red meat. Also, the results of the Granger causality test indicate the existence of a causal relationship between these two variables, and the estimation of the price transfer pattern from the imported price to the domestic price shows the symmetry of the price transfer, both in the short term and in the long term, so that the effect The rise and fall of imported prices lasts up to three months in the domestic market. Also, the results of Herfindahl- Hirschman index during the years 2010-2017 were higher than 1800 units, which indicates the state of high concentration in the red meat import market.

According to the results, because the price transfer was symmetrical in the short and long term, the government's performance in the field of red meat imports and supporting the domestic consumer has not been very successful. Also, the examination of the monopoly in this market shows the high concentration and dominance of the two countries Brazil and the United Arab Emirates in the Iranian red meat import market. Therefore, it is suggested that with the increase in the number of countries that are parties to the transaction, the exclusive status will become weaker so that in the event of political problems and international tensions, the amount of welfare damage to the people will be reduced.

Due to the increasing importance of medicinal plants, In order to determine Iran's comparative advantage in the export of medicinal plants.

Indices Revealed Comparative Advantages and Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantages and of apparent comparative advantage, symmetric apparent comparative advantage and chi-square were applied, In order to determine global export market structure of medicinal plants, two indices of concentration ratio and Herfindahl-Hirschman were used. The required information was extracted from the FAO and Trade Map site in the period 2018-2011.

The results indicated that Iran had a comparative advantage export in the medical planet’s export with 0909, 1301 and 130212 cods and was able to compete in global markets. Moreover, the results of  market structure showed that in the global export market of medicinal plants fennel, anise, badian, cumin and juniper berries (code 0909) have oligopoly structure, extracts of liquorice (code 130212) type of oliyogopoly market  and gum group (code 1301) follow the structure of the monopolistic market. Also, 60-50% of the export of medicinal plants with code 0909 assigned to India and Syria, 70-50% of the export of medicinal plants with code 130212 to the United States, Iran, China, France, Germany, UAE and Turkmenistan and 40-55% of exports with the code 1301 were in the hands of India, France, Nigeria, Sudan, USA, Indonesia and Thailand. The average share of Iran in the export of medicinal plants with code 0909 (2.87), code 130212 (17.37) and code 1301 (1.17) percent.

Therefore, given that Iran has potential in order to expand and develop the export of these products, it is necessary to implement measures such as; Reduce the seller concentration markets, process and improve the goods packaging in global markets and supporting of exporter by government suggested.

 In the modern world, there is interdependence between the economies of different countries and it is difficult to find a country that has a closed economy. In other words, all the economies of the world are interconnected, but the degree of openness of the economy varies from country to country. One of the ways to reach global markets in transition countries is to develop the export of non-oil products, especially agricultural products, which cannot be achieved without considering the market structure of exportable commodities. Due to the high share of the country in the production of this product versus its small share in the export of this product and on the other hand the lack of comprehensive research on determining appropriate target markets and active presence in it, the present study seeks to examine the comparative advantage , The structure of the export market and finally the prioritization of the target countries of Iranian tomato export using numerical taxonomy (by prioritizing the target countries of Iran based on a set of indicators) to provide scientific solutions to producers of this product to identify and select the appropriate target market.

 Considering the high potential of the country in the field of tomato production and export, the present study was conducted with the aim of examining the comparative advantage, determining the structure of the export market and prioritizing the export target markets of this product in Iran. The study period of this research is 2001-2018. For this purpose, the present study has examined the business model and structure of the export market of tomatoes in Iran and the world using the revealed comparative advantage, symmetric revealed comparative advantage, concentration ratios and Herfindahl-Hirschman index. After introducing the indicators of comparative advantage, the market structure index will be examined. Market structure reflects the organizational characteristics of the market, including the concentration of sellers, buyers' concentration, entry conditions and the degree of homogeneity of goods, which can be identified by identifying the nature of pricing, market competition and market type between competition and complete monopoly. Then, in order to prioritize the target markets of Iranian tomatoes, the method of numerical taxonomy analysis was used, which can be used to rank the regions in terms of comparative advantages and potentials and capacities. In this method, first each set is transformed into a homogeneous set based on the desired indicators and then prioritization will be done based on the expressed indicators.

 The study of tomato export trends in recent years shows that there is a growth in the export value of this product, but in contrast to the export advantage of Iranian tomatoes during the period under review has been accompanied by many fluctuations and this indicates a competitive risk for tomato exporters in the country. Therefore, adopting policies for permanent monitoring and policy-making to improve the level of competitiveness of Iranian exporters, such as raising the quality of packaging, advertising to introduce the product in new and developed markets, as well as setting preferential tariffs with other countries seems necessary. The study of the structure of the Iranian tomato market showed that during the period under review, the structure of the Iranian tomato export market was not diverse and focused on a few specific countries, which caused instability and a decrease in foreign currency income from tomato exports. The bargaining power of Iran in the world market of this product has decreased, which has ultimately been to the detriment of Iran and the benefit of importing countries. Therefore, it is recommended in the field of trade of this product by identifying new and emerging export target markets and shipping commodities to these countries, as well as increasing the number of export target markets and bringing Iran's export market closer to a competitive state, to prevent Iran's tomato exports to concentrate on a few limited and traditional markets (dominant firm).

 In this study, using the method of numerical taxonomy analysis as an efficient method, we tried to identify Iran's export target markets during the period 2001-2009. Finally, according to the ten indicators of market attractiveness, potential target markets for future exports of Iranian tomatoes were selected. The results of prioritizing the target markets of Iranian tomatoes showed that out of 25 countries importing Iranian tomatoes, 23 countries were among the target markets for exporting Iranian tomatoes. Among the major actual markets of Iranian tomatoes, which account for the largest imports of this product from Iran, only 4 countries, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, UAE and Armenia are among the 10 countries with high priority, and the rest of the importers of tomatoes from Iran is considered as a target market with low priority. Therefore, in the export of tomatoes, a policy should be adopted that shifts the main focus to high-priority countries to penetrate them with full awareness of all the conditions of the target markets, especially the tastes of customers.