نشریه اقتصاد و بازار کشاورزی
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1402)

Considering the different views regarding the effect of the depth of democracy on the environment, in the present research, a comparative study was conducted between Iran and South Korea regarding to the effect of the depth of democracy on the relationship between economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions.

In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the required data collected from the World Bank during the period of 1981-2021 and the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the depth of democracy, the growth rate of gross domestic product and labor force in South Korea is more than Iran, and the amount of greenhouse gas emissions and fixed capital formation in Iran is more than South Korea. In addition, in the long term, the depth of democracy has an inverse effect and gross domestic product, the ratio of capital formation to gross domestic product and labor has direct effect on the emission of greenhouse gases in both countries. Also, the depth of democracy in the long term reduces the direct effect of gross domestic production on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions of both countries.

Increasing the depth of democracy reduces the amount of greenhouse gas emissions and reduces the direct effects of economic growth on greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, it is suggested to the officials of the country especially the Ministry of Interior to provide the basis for the formation and growth of non-governmental organizations, especially in the field of environment.

Although grassland ecosystems play an important role in the country's economy, especially in the supply of red protein, the necessary investments and support in this field does not seen as much as it should be, one of the reasons which is the lack of mental peace from investing in this field. This peace of mind can be created with ecosystem insurance. For this purpose, in this research, we tried to investigate the factors affecting the acceptance of rangeland insurance by the operators of Maraveh Tappeh County.

This research is practical-experimental in terms of collecting survey information as well as library documents. The statistical population in question is all the entitled grazing owners who have a grazing plan. The sample size was determined through Cochran's formula. In the questionnaires, various variables, including the economic-social of the users, awareness of promotional programs and other related questions were investigated. In this research, the nominal logistic regression model was used to investigate the factors affecting insurance demand.

The results of the logistic model showed that the variables, the existence of promotional programs regarding rangeland insurance, participation in the implementation of rangeland plans, family expenses and livestock history had a positive and significant effect on the acceptance of livestock and rangeland insurance at the level of 1%. The variable of the existence of promotion programs at the level of 1% (Exp(B) = 9.839) has the greatest impact on the acceptance of rangeland insurance among the factors included in the logistic regression model. In this research, the presence of extension programs is a variable that has a positive effect on the probability of accepting rangeland insurance, that is, with an increase of one unit of the existence of extension programs, the probability of accepting insurance increases by 9.8%. Participation in the implementation of grazing projects also has a positive effect on the acceptance of insurance. With the increase of one unit of participation in the implementation of grazing projects, the probability of accepting insurance increases by 3.67%. Also, livestock farming experience has a positive effect on the acceptance of rangeland insurance in the region, and with an increase of one year of livestock farming experience, the probability of accepting insurance increases by 1.004%.

According to the general results of the research, it is suggested to hold promotion classes regarding risk transfer and examine different aspects of insurance under the conditions that the class leader is fluent in Turkmen Turkish language.

The as one of the important sectors in the economy, the agricultural sector plays important roles such as providing food security and helping the market of production factors, and is considered one of the energy consumers. So that today, the production of the agricultural sector and the advancement of the technologies used in this sector have become so dependent on different types of energy that the energy consumption in this sector has an increasing trend in four decades. One of the factors affecting the consumption behavior of economic actors in the field of energy is its governance and efficiency, so that with the right policies and their strict implementation, it can affect the change or modification of energy consumption behavior. Therefore, in this study, the factors affecting the energy used (diesel oil) in the agricultural sector have been investigated, emphasizing the role of governance in 22 countries with lower middle income.

The Tobit panel model has been used to estimate the model. The information of this study was collected from the World Food website and the World Bank for the period from 1996 to 2018.

The results of Tobit's panel model estimation showed that except for the corruption control index, the remaining governance indicators (political stability, the right to comment and accountability, and the rule of law) have a negative effect on diesel consumption in the agricultural sector. by increasing the score of each of the indicators of the right to comment and answer, political stability, rule of law and control of corruption by one percent, the amount of energy consumed in the agricultural sector in the studied countries changes by -1/21, -0/06, -1/63 and 2.33 percent. In contrast to domestic investment variables, the share of the agricultural sector in the economy and the growth of the agricultural sector have a positive effect on the use of renewable energy.

According to the research findings the, suggestions such as improving the governance situation in the investigated countries, expanding the volume of trade and developing smart systems in order to increase the share of clean energy and reduce the share of diesel in the energy consumption portfolio are recommended. Also, the comparison of the final effect of governance indicators shows that corruption control has a greater effect than other governance indicators. So it is recommended to take effective measures to control corruption, especially environmental issues and the expansion of clean energy consumption.

Increasing temperature, solar radiation, and changes in rainfall patterns are among the most important factors affecting increasing plant water requirement, evapotranspiration and changes in volume and runoff, and soil moisture, which in turn have changed the demand and supply of water in the agricultural sector of northeastern Iran. Therefore, the sum of these cases necessitates awareness of the effects of climate change on agriculture and water resources. Considering the water crisis in Iran and its northeastern catchments, especially the Kashf Roud catchment, which is one of the most critical basins, attention to water productivity in these areas is essential. In this regard, to calculate the amount of water consumed in different growth stages, the water footprint index was used to evaluate the appropriate water used in the agricultural sector in different climates.

Simulation of basin parameters under climatic scenarios for the period 2040-2021 has been done in WEAP software. After modelling water resources in WEAP software, to define climate change scenarios, the simulation results using the weighted combination of four AOGCM models from the project comparing the coupled models of the sixth phase (CIMP6) under three scenarios SSP1-2.6 (optimistic), SSP3-0.7 (pessimistic) and SSP5-8.5 (very pessimistic) for the baseline period (1993-2012) and future period (2021-2040). The output observations of the sixth report models are under new scenarios (SSPs), which are the trajectories of the common socio-economic sectors, i.e., socially sustainable pathways, and describe different scenarios for future economic development, population and technology, and different concentrations of greenhouse gases. The conceptual framework of the present study was to calculate the economic and physical productivity of crop water resources using water footprint and carbon in climate change conditions. This approach was developed in the Kashf Roud catchment area located in northeastern Iran for 2019-2020.

The results showed that the water requirement of crops increased in all climate scenarios (CMIP6) and its yield decreased. Also, the highest water footprint among selected crops were sugar beet, forage corn, onion, alfalfa, tomato, and cucumber, respectively. The increase in the water footprint index of products in the basin indicated a higher volume of blue water footprint than green water footprint, which indicates increased evapotranspiration and decreased rainfall in the northeast of the country. The results showed that alfalfa (2623.2 m3/t) in a pessimistic scenario had the highest and the lowest water footprint with 502 m3/ton forage with 502 m3/ton. Potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, and barley had the highest economic productivity in pessimistic climatic conditions, respectively. This is a sign of decreasing rainfall and increasing temperatures in 2040. Also، the lowest physical productivity in the pessimistic climate was wheat and alfalfa (309.2 and 336.2 k/m3، respectively). Inotherwords, with changing climate conditions and increasing water demand for crops, the index of economic water productivity has been lowered.Among the studied crops, corn had the lowest share in green water footprint (1%) per hectare.  However, the share of this product from blue footprint is estimated to be 14.52%. Also, alfalfa, barley, wheat, and tomato crops (21.85, 20.36, 20.03, and 10.09%) had the highest share and significant amount of green water footprint, respectively. In contrast, the share of the aqueous water footprint of the mentioned products was estimated to be 12.3%, 2.5%, 5.7%, and 11.7%, respectively. The economic productivity index of wheat and alfalfa in the pessimistic scenario was calculated as 9276.3 and 7444.02 Rials per cubic meter. The continuation of drought conditions in the basin has led to a 48 and 56 percent reduction in its productivity. The highest water footprint and carbon footprint were potatoes, sugar beet, onion, cucumber, and corn, respectively. The least of them were wheat, barley, tomatoes, and alfalfa, respectively. According to the concept of water footprint, if less water can be used to produce a particular product, that product is a priority. Therefore, the most suitable product in the discussion of water and carbon footprint is that of wheat.

In this study, water consumption for agricultural products was investigated. The results showed that the share of green water footprint in alfalfa, barley, wheat, and tomato crops was more than 20% of the total water footprint share. In general, due to the consequences of climate change and the upcoming droughts, special attention should be paid to the issue of water scarcity and water resources should be managed appropriately. Also, major changes should be made in crop cultivation patterns so that crops with less water requirement and higher yields appropriate to the climate of each region will replace the other crops. The most important solution is to reduce the water footprint by reducing the demand and consumption of water and in other words, balancing the water supply according to the potential of the region's water resources. One of the practical solutions in water resources management, estimation of plant water requirement and determination of water volume consumed at different stages of production was proposed.

The packaging of a product is a combination of various elements, each of them can be effective in the buying behavior of consumers. One of the important elements of the packaging is the information elements included on the packaging. In this research, the effect of four types of packaging information, including mandatory information, marketing information, nutritional information, and environmental information, on the preferences of consumers of dairy products, was investigated in the city of Noor, Mazandaran province in 2021.

This research is practical in terms of its purpose, and descriptive-correlation survey in terms of the way of conducting the research. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that was distributed among 384 customers of food stores in the city of Noor by available sampling method. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed through three measures of factor loadings, Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability, and its validity was confirmed through convergent validity and divergent validity. Structural equation method was used in this research.

The model estimation results showed that the research model had moderate predictive power, so that the independent variables together could explain 37.7% of consumer behavior changes. In this regard, legal information with a path coefficient of 0.55, environmental information with a path coefficient of 0.33, and marketing information with a path coefficient of 0.275 respectively have had the most positive and significant impact on consumer purchasing behavior. The path coefficient calculation of 0.097 did not show a significant relationship between nutritional information and the buying behavior of customers.

The findings of the research showed that the types of packaging information are effective on the behavior and preferences of consumers; also, marketing information has a positive and significant effect on consumer buying behavior. It is suggested that in order to attract more attention of consumers, the information related to the storage conditions of the products should be made available clearly and completely.

Foreign trade is one of the important factors in economic development and provision of foreign exchange revenue. In recent years, the existence of price fluctuations in the oil market has faced many changes in the country's foreign exchange income and has affected the country's economy. And this shows the necessity of diversifying export products and trade and emphasizing the importance of trade in non-oil products. Therefore, it is inevitable to focus on the trade of the agricultural sector with regard to goals such as self-sufficiency and food security and the possibility of high foreign exchange earnings in the said sector. Dates are one of the most important non-oil items in Iran, which have a long history. In terms of date history, Iran has always ranked first in the world.

In this study, the short-term and long-term effect of the real exchange rate, date production and the ratio of the domestic price to the world price on the export volume of this product using the ARDL model and the error correction model (ECM) in Iran during the years 1370-1400 were estimated. Investigating the long-term relationship between model variables, short-term dynamics of the model and the adjustment speed of the short-term to long-term imbalance has been estimated.

The results show that in the short term, the ratio of domestic to foreign prices has a positive and significant relationship on the amount of date exports, and in the long term, the ratio of domestic to foreign prices and the exchange rate have a positive and significant effect on the volume of date exports. Also, the results indicate the existence of a long-term and significant relationship between the variables of the model.

Since the exchange rate has a positive effect on the export of dates, with the increase in the exchange rate, the income from the export of dates increases, and this increases the motivation of exporters to increase the amount of date exports. Reducing currency deviations will increase the export of dates, so it is recommended that the country's foreign exchange policies be adopted to support exports and reduce imports of agricultural products. In this regard, prevention of exchange rate fluctuations as well as clear information about the future trend of exchange rate changes will play an effective role in increasing exporters' income and the amount of exports and maintaining Iran's position in global markets. The ratio of the domestic price to the world price in the long term has had a significant effect on the amount of date exports at level 10%. If the government's policy is to reduce exports based on various policies, especially the preservation of water reserves, an increase in the domestic price compared to the world price (through export duties) is suggested.

 Food is one of the fundamental needs of human society and an integral part of people's lives, and its provision lies in the category of food security. Food security is one of the criteria and tools of human development. Human development can simultaneously be considered both as a goal and as a path of national development and economic growth. Food security in the scientific sense is a calculated method for solving food and nutrition problems and a defined framework for development planning and management. Food security exists when all people have economic and physical access to healthy, sufficient and nutritious food on all days, and the accessible food also provides the needs of a nutritional diet compatible with their taste for a healthy and active life. All definitions provided. For food security, which has two basic aspects, physical access can be defined as the availability of food in the market or more generally in the environment. Meanwhile, economic access is defined as the availability of sufficient purchasing power to buy food in the market or access to production factors to produce food using the natural environment, which is called access in a nutshell. The extent of the concept of food security is such that it is determined by the interaction of a range of biological, economic, social, agricultural and physical factors, and it requires a sufficient supply of food at the macro level and fair distribution in order to reach all people. It should also be stated that providing food security depends on the participation of all socio-economic parts. Also, by improving and increasing the quality of food production, the agricultural sector has a decisive and essential role in creating food security. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to evaluate food security in the first to sixth five-year plans of 1404 vision development and its relationship with the inequality of income distribution in rural areas of Iran.

 In order to achieve the goal of the research, the Engel’s buffer index was calculated as a substitute for food security index and was analyzed separately in the five-year development plans. In this regard, the required data include food expenses, non-food expenses, total expenses of rural households, Gini coefficient, financial development index, trade liberalization index, gross domestic growth and gross domestic product per capita from the Central Bank, Statistics Center Iran and the World Bank were collected and calculated for the period 1353-1401. Finally, the relationship between the Engel buffer index and the variables of the Gini coefficient, GDP, financial development index and trade liberalization index was investigated with the correlation coefficient.

 Based on the results, the Engel’s buffer index has increased in some periods and decreased in others. The reason for the increase or decreases in food security in different periods may be due to several factors, including climate changes, economic crises, war and political changes. Dependence of agricultural production to the occurrence of pests and diseases and the destruction of natural resources such as soil and water. Also, in general, the share of food expenses of rural households has decreased in the period under review. During the period under review, rural households spend a relatively smaller share of their income on buying food because with an increase in income, the household can increase its food consumption to a certain extent. According to the fact that rural households spend a smaller share of their income on buying food in proportion to the increase in income, we can conclude that we are witnessing an improvement in the food security situation in rural households in the mentioned period. In addition, the amount of Engel’s buffer is increasing during the development plans until the fourth plan and after that it decreases due to political problems and sanctions. In general, the highest value of food security in rural areas is related to the fourth program with a score of 62 and the lowest is related to the first program with a score of 51. Also, based on the results of the correlation coefficient and the studied variables, the Engel’s buffer index has a positive and significant relationship with the financial development index and a negative and significant relationship with the Gini coefficient and trade liberalization index. Also, no significant relationship was found between the Engel’s buffer index and the growth of GDP and GDP per capita in the period under review.

 Financial development can increase agricultural production and access to financial resources for farmers. Based on the positive relationship between the financial development index and the Engel’s buffer, it can be concluded that financial development by creating more opportunities for rural and agricultural businesses can improve production and the quality of the products of rural communities. In addition, the growth of financial development index has a direct impact on the possibility of creating employment and creating opportunities for entrepreneurship, generating new sources of income and reducing unemployment. Considering the negativity and significance of the two variables of Gini coefficient and trade liberalization, the increase of Gini coefficient leads to the decrease of fair distribution of wealth in the society. On the other hand, the growth of the Gini coefficient can lead to neglecting the basic needs of the deprived sections of the society. Also, the opening of foreign markets can threaten domestic production and negatively affect the ability to export and import goods. The impact two variables of GDP growth and GDP per capita on Engel’s index were not significant in the studied period.

Studying the purchasing behavior of consumers is one of the necessities of marketing research. The inclusion of awareness and the resources to acquire it in order to expand the consumption of healthy foods, including fish, in the country is very important. The purpose of this study is to investigate the most effective type of knowledge on the behavior of farmed trout fish consumers and determine the most important source of this information.

In the present study, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The statistical population studied were the buyers and consumers of farmed fish who buy fish from farm stores and retail stores related to farms located in the cities of Amol and Firouzkoh. The sample size was determined by Cochran's formula, 384 people, and 400 samples were selected for certainty. A simple random sampling method was used for sampling. The main data of the research has been collected in the field with interviews and questionnaires. And it was completed by the researcher in the form of face-to-face interviews with farmed fish buyers. In this study, structural equation modelling and confirmatory factor analysis were used to investigate causal relationships between hidden variables of consumer preferences, awareness, information sources, and marketing mixes. Model estimation was done with Amos software.

The results showed that the level of awareness is effective on consumers' preferences with a coefficient of 0.641. Also, marketing mixes with a coefficient of 0.606 and information sources with a coefficient of 0.265 have a positive and significant effect on awareness. The test of the difference between the coefficients shows that consumers do not have a significant difference between nutritional and production information, and in their opinion, both types of information are of high importance.

The buyers of farmed fish trust personal information more than public information. All kinds of sources of personal information are equally important in the formation of buying behaviour. Public media sources are less important. In the marketing mix elements, the price element has a greater influence on the customer's choice and purchase than other elements (access and product).

In the supply chain of essential grains such as rice, fraud, poor supervision and delay in reaching the product to the final destination, are always among the main challenges of the beneficiaries of these chains. Improving the supply chain monitoring and tracking system is the best solution to reduce discrepancy among business partners and information asymmetry in these chains. Blockchain enables the mapping and visualizing of steps in a supply chain easily because of its interconnected and encompassing bridging of actions. it builds trust among the parties included in a supply chain because it provides open access to key data points it captures. Blockchain encapsulates smart contracts and automatically update actions when predetermined conditions of the actions are met. Since blockchain is a distributed ledger consisting of multiple copies, it is almost impossible to tamper with a specific transaction because one has to alter all the copies simultaneously. Blockchain is also advantageous for ensuring and sustaining consensus over the process because all the parties know that the transactions are automated and valid. The application of blockchain technology in the management of supply chains brings many benefits such as traceability, information security, transparency and trust. The traditionality of the method of monitoring and tracking in the rice supply chain brings serious concerns about fraud and lack of quality assurance. In this situation, it is very difficult to create trust and transparency between the stakeholders of the chain. The application of blockchain technology can be the driver of the transition from the traditional management of the rice supply chain in Iran. Identifying the factors affecting the application of this technology in the supply chain and determining their importance can improve the policy-making process in this field. Considering the importance of rice in the food basket of Iranian households and the existing concerns about safety and issues such as fraud in the supply chain of this product, the present study identifies the drivers influencing the use of blockchain technology in the rice supply chain and also, their prioritization took into account.

This study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of research method. The research tool is a pairwise comparison questionnaire based on the objective, criteria and sub-criteria of the decision tree. The decision tree was formed with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the drivers affecting the use of blockchain technology in the rice supply chain, and it includes six criteria and 26 sub-criteria. The findings of previous researches and the opinions of sample experts were used in designing the decision tree. The required information was obtained by completing the pairwise comparison questionnaire by 10 rice market experts in Guilan province during the spring of 2023. In order to analyze the data and determine the relative weight of research criteria and sub-criteria, spherical fuzzy hierarchical analyze was used. This process is carried out in five stages, including creating a decision tree, creating a matrix of paired comparisons using linguistic terms, checking the consistency of the matrix of paired comparisons, calculating fuzzy weights and determining the final rating score of the options. In order to categorize the sub-criteria in terms of the effect intensity, the interval of standard deviation from mean was used.

According to the number of decision tree criteria and sub-criteria, seven comparison groups and 62 pairwise comparisons were analyzed. The validity of the research findings was evaluated using the inconsistency index. The value of the inconsistency index in all comparisons were less than 10%, which indicates the validity of the relative weights. The criteria of "smart contract", "traceability and prevention of fraud" and "simplification of transactions" with a total relative weight of more than 57% are three important criteria according to experts’ comments, respectively. Among the sub-criteria of the smart contract, "increasing the credibility of the rice supply chain" is the most important with a relative weight of 29.52 percent. Regarding the sub-criteria related to "traceability and prevention of fraud" and "simplification of transactions", "quick identification of rice" with a relative weight of 20.30% and "doing payment without the need for a bank" with a relative weight of 24.65% were the most important drivers. Classification of drivers using the interval of standard deviation from mean showed that there are four sub-criteria in the impact category with very high intensity, eight sub-criteria in the impact category with high intensity, 11 sub-criteria in the impact category with low intensity and three sub-criteria in the impact category with very low intensity. Increasing the credibility of the rice supply chain, no need to physical presence in setting up contracts, safe storage of rice supply chain information, and speeding up data transfer in the rice supply chain are sub-criteria with very high impact intensity.

The use of blockchain technology in managing and optimizing the supply chain of agricultural and food products is emphasized by many researchers, operational managers and policy makers. Many challenges in the rice supply chain require promoting the use of new technologies such as blockchain. The findings of this research, including the identification, prioritization and classification of drivers affecting the use of blockchain technology in the rice supply chain, provide a suitable opportunity to formulate a related policy package and operational measures in the supply chain.

Price fluctuations in the market of agricultural products, price transfer and then the market margin have been one of the constant challenges of the agricultural sector. How price shocks are transmitted in the commodity supply chain affects the welfare of producers, marketing agents, and consumers. How prices affect different markets, as well as the symmetrical or asymmetrical effects of price changes can be considered important issues in the analysis of business policies. The existence of symmetry in the market means the complete transfer of price changes at one level of the market to other levels, and asymmetry occurs when the price increase (decrease) is transferred faster than the price decrease (increase). The purpose of this study was to determine the asymmetry of prices in the Iranian red meat market and also to measure the monopoly in this market as one of the possible factors of price asymmetry.

In this study, using monthly data during the years 2013-2018, the price symmetry in the import market of red meat in Iran was investigated using Johansen-Juselius technique and estimation of error correction model. Also, using the annual data of 2001-2018, the degree of monopoly in this market was evaluated using Herfindahl-Hirschman index.

The results showed that there is at most a long-term relationship between the two variables of imported and domestic prices of red meat. Also, the results of the Granger causality test indicate the existence of a causal relationship between these two variables, and the estimation of the price transfer pattern from the imported price to the domestic price shows the symmetry of the price transfer, both in the short term and in the long term, so that the effect The rise and fall of imported prices lasts up to three months in the domestic market. Also, the results of Herfindahl- Hirschman index during the years 2010-2017 were higher than 1800 units, which indicates the state of high concentration in the red meat import market.

According to the results, because the price transfer was symmetrical in the short and long term, the government's performance in the field of red meat imports and supporting the domestic consumer has not been very successful. Also, the examination of the monopoly in this market shows the high concentration and dominance of the two countries Brazil and the United Arab Emirates in the Iranian red meat import market. Therefore, it is suggested that with the increase in the number of countries that are parties to the transaction, the exclusive status will become weaker so that in the event of political problems and international tensions, the amount of welfare damage to the people will be reduced.

Fluctuations in oil revenues and the exhaustibility of oil resources have made the country's policymakers and planners believe that development of non-oil exports and diversify the country’s export income is essential in order to reduce the vulnerability of economic development goals. Medicinal plants are one of the most valuable resources in Iran's natural resources. So that if they are used properly and pay attention to their export position in the world, can be useful in the goal of developing non-oil exports. Due to the importance of medicinal plants in Iran non-petroleum export, the the present study was conducted to determine the effective factors on the supply of selected Iranian herbs.

In this study used Auto Regressive Distribution Lag (ARDL) model. Band test was used to check the existence of long run relationship between variables. Cumulative sum of residuals (CUSUM) and cumulative sum of squared residuals (CUSUMSQ) tests were used to check the stability of the model. The study period of this research is 1978-2016. The data of this study has been collected from different sources, including the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the Central Bank.

The results of the variables' stationarity showed that all the variables are stationary of degree I(0) or I(1). Therefore, the ARDL model can be used to examine the short-run and long-run relationship. The results of the band test showed that there is a long-run relationship between the variables. The results of long term ARDL model showed that the variables of exchange rate fluctuations, oil exports, and herbs export of rival countries had a negative and significant effect, and the indices of domestic production of Iranian herbs, real exchange rate, the prices of Iranian herbs and the trade liberalization variable had a positive and significant effect  on the amount of herbs export

With the increase of oil revenues during the period under review, the export of medicinal plants will decrease. The reason for this could be the government's less attention to the agricultural sector in the conditions of booming oil revenues. Paying attention to the export potentials of the agricultural sector and medicinal plants can be considered as one of the gradual solutions for the exit of the country's economy from the export of crude oil products. Considering the negative effect of exchange rate fluctuations on the supply of medicinal plant exports in the long term, it is necessary to adopt appropriate policies to reduce exchange rate fluctuations and also provide financial support to exporters against exchange rate fluctuations.

Agricultural producers are facing various risks. A group of these risks are production risks that affect the production or performance of the producer; Among these risks, we can mention weather changes, diseases, pests, etc. The second group of risks, so-called price risks, affects the price received by the producer or the price paid for his input, and as a result, causes fluctuations in prices. The third group of risks is called policy-making or institutional risks. Producers always face this group of risks; The fourth group of risks, which are called market risks, are caused by the market conditions of agricultural products and the lack of market infrastructure. The fifth group of risks that the government must take necessary measures to face are health risks. Here, we do not mean the consumer's health, but the producer's health. Because the producer, as a human being, performs a part of the production process, which in many cases has no replacement; Pricing policies and tools include tools whose policy variable is to support the price received by the producer for the product or the price paid for the inputs used in production. This article seeks to the effect of price policies on the optimal cropping pattern (Case study: Kobudarahang Plains).

In this research, to investigate the impact of price policies, the approach of positive mathematical planning is used, in which many limitations and disadvantages of normative mathematical planning have been removed. Therefore, considering the aforementioned advantages and its novelty compared to other agricultural policy analysis methods, and considering that the mentioned method is one of the mathematical planning methods, it has been chosen as the methodology of the present research for the analysis of the desired policies. The secondary data in this research was obtained from the Jihad Organization of Agriculture, Regional Water, Iran Statistics Center, etc., and finally 11 scenarios including price, input, and irrigation efficiency scenarios were compiled and implemented in Kabudar Ahang Plain using GAMS software.

The results of applying the scenario of removing the guaranteed price policy and pricing products with the world price and the exchange rate of 42 thousand Rials in the Kabudar Ahang Plain showed that as a result of applying this policy, the area under cropping in the region has decreased drastically, so that the area under cropping in the area has decreased from 135,439 hectares to 79,501 hectares. (41%) decreases. The largest decrease in the cultivated area is related to dry wheat with a 70% decrease. The results of applying the scenario of removing the guaranteed price policy and pricing products with the world price and the exchange rate of 136 thousand Rials in the Kabodar Ahang plain indicated that by applying this scenario, the area under cropping will decrease by 30%. The third scenario investigated regarding the guaranteed price in this study is the continuation of the policy of guaranteeing the price of agricultural products according to the approved prices of the 2019-2019 crop year in the Kabudar Ahang plain, as a result of the application of this policy, the area under cropping in the entire region will decrease by 39%, which is the largest decrease in the area under cropping It is related to the low-yield crops of rainfed barley (67 percent) and dry wheat (48 percent). On the other hand, as a result of applying this policy and according to the prices of the crop year 2019-400, the area under cropping of cucumber, potato and blue wheat has increased the most and the orders increased by 129%, 82% and 51%. Another important point regarding this policy is that water consumption will be reduced by 39%.

Agriculture is a risky activity and a wide range of risks affects the income of farmers. Among the many methods of risk management, agricultural insurance has a special place as a non-price support tool. The inability and unwillingness of the private sector to carry out insurance operations in agriculture has made the involvement of the government sector in the study, design and implementation of agricultural insurance programs inevitable. The current notice has been written with the aim of providing a clear picture of the government's support for agricultural insurance, calculating insurance indicators and defining the appropriate government support mechanism for agricultural insurance in Iran.

The study is analytical-descriptive and the collection of required statistics and information is based on documentary (library) sources. The global experience of government support for agricultural insurance has been analyzed mainly based on the studies of the World Bank in 2010 and the situation of Iran's agricultural insurance using internal information sources in the last decade.

The investigation of government support for agricultural insurance in selected countries showed that, first, proper implementation of agricultural insurance is not possible without government support. Secondly, the most common type of government support for agricultural insurance in the countries under review is the payment of insurance premium subsidies, and in India, Canada, the United States of America, and China, more than half of the insurance premiums have been paid by the government. Thirdly, the government directly provides additional support in the form of establishing an agricultural insurance law, payment of subsidies for farmers' training, payment of subsidies for product research and development, government reinsurance, payment of subsidies for administrative and operational costs of insurers, exemptions Tax on the sale of agricultural insurance premiums, setting fair and affordable rates for insurance products, paying additional subsidies to purchase group insurance policies, etc. In Iran, in the last decade (2012-2022), on average, 75% of insurance premiums have been paid by the government. The high share of executive costs in the insurance program is a confirmation of the costly management of the state agricultural insurance operations in the country. The loss ratio based on the total insurance premium (average 91 percent), farmer loss ratio (average 291 percent), executive expenses ratio (average 59) and Hazel ratio (average 350), all indicate the high dependence of Iran's agricultural insurance on the support It is government..

Payment of about 75% of insurance premium subsidy by the government, payment of high compensations due to the frequency and intensity of risks, lack of domestic reinsurance market and lack of utilization of the capacity of international reinsurance market are all reasons for the continuation of targeted support and Government efficiency of agricultural insurance has made it necessary in Iran as in other selected countries. In this regard, on creating changes in the organizational structure of the agricultural insurance fund with the participation of the private sector, reviewing the insurance plan, accurate pricing of the insurance product according to the risks, targeting the government subsidies for agricultural insurance, using the insurance capacity. Private and international reliance and reduction of executive and operational costs are emphasized.

One of the important economic policies in most countries is to support the producer or consumer by paying subsidies. Most countries in the world implement the targeting of subsidies in a way so that they can reduce their costs and create a great economic benefit for their country. In Iran, subsidies were targeted in 2009 to increase economic welfare and decrease energy consumption. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of feed and fuel subsidy policies on the economic performance of poultry farmers in Kerman.

To achieve the economic performance of the poultry farmers of Kerman City, the positive programming method was used for sensitivity analysis. The data of this study was collected through the collection of 200 questionnaires from the operators of Kerman city using the full enumeration method during the years 1400-1401. The policies considered in this study include the policy of gradual elimination of subsidies, including chicken feed and fuel.

The results of the analysis of the positive mathematical program showed that the policy of gradually reducing chicken feed and fuel subsidies has a negative effect on the level of production and profit of poultry farmers in Kerman province.

According to the research results in the target area, both broiler chicken and egg-laying chicken products can enter the production pattern, but the production rate is lower compared to the current pattern. It can also be said that the targeting of subsidies has increased the price of production inputs and reduced the profit of poultry farmers.