جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی" در نشریات گروه "اکولوژی"

 Agriculture is one of the most important economic sectors of the country, and it plays a vital role in achieving sustainable development, which requires the use of scientific principles and methods and the recognition of environmental capabilities. In this regard, there is a close relationship between agricultural development and environmental resources. In recent years, the level of agricultural land has decreased, and this decrease in land suitable for agricultural production can be attributed to the lack of optimal land use, which has directly affected the ability to produce food on a large scale and seriously affected food security. However, in many cases, agricultural systems have low production, which is related to management issues. Also, the climatic capabilities of the regions are sometimes effective as a limiting factor in crop production. Based on this, it is very important to identify the capabilities of the land before the performance of various activities such as agriculture. This study was carried out with the aim of agroecological evaluation of lands in Behshahr County (Yane-Sar region) for lentil cultivation using spatial analysis of geographical information system (GIS) and analysis hierarchy process (AHP) in 2021-2022.

 This research was carried out in the agricultural lands of the Yane-sar district of Behshahr county in Mazandaran province from 2021 to 2022. In order to prepare digital maps of soil characteristics of agricultural lands, agricultural soil samples were taken after the harvest in the summer of 2021. In this research, climatic variables (minimum, maximum, average temperatures and annual precipitation), topography (slope, aspect, and elevation above sea level), and soil characteristics (texture, K, P, Cu, Mn, N, Fe, TNV, organic matter, EC, pH) were used. Thematic maps for each variable were created using various models in ArcGIS 10.8 and then overlaid with AHP weights. The final map was classified into four categories: high suitability, suitability, semi-suitability, and non-suitability.

 The results showed that the range of electrical conductivity (EC) in the soil of agricultural lands of the study area was between 0.84-2.63 dS m-1. According to its distribution, most of it is located in the northwest and southeast of the region, and its lowest value is located in the central and northern regions. Also, the results showed that the distribution of soil organic matter (OM) is between 0.35-7.22 percent. The central and southern areas of this region had the minimum percentage of organic matter. The results showed that the most suitable areas for lentil cultivation are located in the northern, central, and southern parts of the region. In general, two classes of high suitability and suitability comprise about 56.97% of the area. One of the main reasons for this result was the suitable soil fertility, rainfall, and topographical conditions. Zones with semi-suitability and non-suitability cultivation potential were also included in 43.03% of the region's area. The results showed that the northwest, parts of the centre, and parts of the southwest were located in the semi-suitability class for lentil cultivation. 

Conclusion :

 Considering various factors to determine the suitable lands for lentil cultivation, it was found that most of the agricultural lands in the studied region were in zones of high suitability for lentil cultivation. Also, in the semi-suitability and non-suitability classes, low nitrogen amount in parts of the centre, high humidity and rainfall in the west of the region, high phosphorus amounts in parts of the central and northwest regions, the inappropriate texture in some fields and low rainfall were determined as limiting factors for the growth of lentil.

In this study, the efficiency of two fuzzy methods and the integrated desertification index in Torbat-e-Heydariyeh, Khorasan Razavi province, have been compared using enhanced vegetation indices, vegetation condition index, salinity index, synthetized drought index, and temperature index for 2000 and 2020. The indices were normalized using maximum-minimum and fuzzy methods and weighted by analytical hierarchical method (AHP). Next, by weighted overlay combination and IDI method, the intensity of desertification was determined. The results showed that in the fuzzy method, 45% (1676 Km2) of the region suffers from severe and very severe desertification, and a major section (ie 55%, 2048 sq. Km) has mild and moderate intensity. In comparison, in the IDI method, no area fell into the very severe class, but at the same time, 67% (2496 Km2) of the total area fell into the extreme class. Accordingly, although the two methods have classified the area at risk of desertification, but this classification in the fuzzy method has been much stricter than the IDI method. The IDI method tends to overestimate desertification conditions. The comparison between the measured field data and similar values ​​in the obtained maps showed that the IDI method (kappa index of 0.73) was more compatible with the ground truth than the fuzzy method (kappa index of 0.54). Therefore, it can be concluded that the IDI method, although more efficient, has also overestimated the desertification in the region. Finally, this method is proposed to evaluate desertification in the region against the fuzzy method.

The aim of localization of rangeland species plantation is to predict the potentials and limitations of rangelands for plantation. Aellenia subaphylla is resistant to drought and salinity. It produces considerable forage in winter rangelands. In this research, the geographic information system and two methods of classic and fuzzy logic were used to locate this species in winter rangelands of Golestan province in 2018. At first, the needed information and layers were collected, and the required maps were prepared. Then, according to the ecological requirements of A. subaphylla, the layers for the classic method were classified into two appropriate and inappropriate classes, while for the fuzzy method classified into inappropriate, proportionate, appropriate and perfectly suitable classes. Then, by combining the classifieds layers, the final maps were obtained using Boolean and fuzzy logic method. Localization of A.subaphylla using classic logic indicated that 47.5% of the winter rangelands of Golestan province are suitable and 52.5% are notsuitable for plantation of A.subaphylla. However, the fuzzy logic demonstrated that 15.8% of the studied rangelands are highly suitable, 13.8% are suitable, 26.2% are moderately suitable and 44.2% are notsuitable for A.subaphylla plantation. The results demonstrated that high soil salinity, soil acidity and temperature conditions are limiting factors for A.subaphylla plantation in degraded winter rangeland of Golestan province. It was found that the fuzzy logic gives better and more accurate results than the classic method, so it is recommended to localization of suitable areas for rangeland species plantation.

Determining suitable areas for flood spreading is essential for the artificial recharge of groundwater. Qalhar of Delijan plain has decreased by more than eleven meters in groundwater level during the last 10 years and needs to balance the aquifer. In this research, a hierarchical analysis process (AHP) and geographic information system (GIS) were used to select site for the flood spreading in the Qalhar of Delijan Basin (Markazi Province). The study was conducted in three stages. In the first stage, the most important criteria and effective indicators to select site for artificial recharge were determined. In the second stage, a hierarchical method was used to assess and prioritize these criteria. For this purpose, criteria for flood characteristics, slope, permeability, geology, storage factor, land use were used. The results showed that flood and gradient criteria are more important in determining suitable areas for groundwater artificial recharge in the Qalhar basin. In this regard, the storage coefficient and land use have less relative weight. In the third step, based on the weights matrix, the Rasterian information layers were combined with AHP extension in Arc GIS and flood spreading Spatial preference map was prepared. The results showed that considering the restricted areas and the areas susceptible to artificial recharge, 29.3% of the total catchment area is suitable for flood spreading, which covers an area of 4250 hectares.

This study was conducted to identify suitable sites for planting Avicennia marina in Soltani Khore of the urban coast of Bushehr. The most effective criteria for Avicennia marina planting include land characteristics (i.e. land use, slope, elevation, soil electrical conductivity, soil texture, and soil type), seawater (i.e. tidal range, wave, acidity, electrical conductivity, and salinity), and climate (i.e. temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, absolute minimum and maximum temperatures) were considered. Ten soil and water samples were collected, using a systematic-random sampling network and their physicochemical variables were measured. The thematic maps of the criteria were prepared and the geographic information system was used to analyse and present spatial data. Using expert opinions and literature review, the priority of the criteria was determined by Delphi method and the criteria were weighted by the Best-Worst method (BWM). Based on the overlay of weighting criteria, using Weighted Linear Combination (WLC), suitable sites for planting and development of Avicennia marina were classified as suitable, relatively suitable and not suitable. The results showed that 24% (18.25 ha) of the total areas were suitable, 24.3% (18.5 ha) of the land was relatively suitable, and 51.8% (39.4 ha) was not suitable for planting and development of Avicennia marina species.

Continuous exploitation of renewable natural resources needs to identify the land ecological capability and this identification permit to exploit of the natural resources correctly by programed and optimum management. The purpose of this research is to land suitability assessment for agriculture activity using FUZZY-AHP method in Mikaeel abad catchment located in northern part of Khalkhal county, Ardabil. 13 factors including precipitation, Vegetation density, Vegetation production, slope, soil erosion, distance from water, vegetation type, soil hydrologic group, Geology, Soil depth, soil texture, soil penetrating and current land use utilized to land capability assessment in ArcGIS10 surrounding. To weigh the criteria AHP and to apply same scale to criteria Fuzzy method was used and using Weighted Linear Combination method all criteria were overlaid and potential map was prepared. Final potential map classified in 4 potential classes using natural break classification method. Classes with potential category from 1 to 2 (65% of area) were allocated to agriculture class and category from 3 to 4(35% of area) were allocated to non-agricultural activities. Also conformity map between current land use map and potential map showed that in 61.8% of area there is conformity between current land use map and potential categories map for agriculture activity. It is suggested that consideration be given to mapping of potential classes based on the ecological capability of the study area in assigning agricultural uses and activities. In this regard, it is advisable to carry out agricultural activities in areas with class I capacity in the form of irrigated farming or Gardening, And in areas with the capacity of the second potential class dry farming, and in the third and fourth potential class no agricultural activity will be carried out.

Annual climate variation, along with water shortage is an important factor influencing agricultural productivity, especially in rainfed crop production systems. Also, understanding the current relationship between food grain production and rainfall will help in assessing the possible impact of future  climate change on the livelihood of smallholder farmers. In Golestan province due to different climates and extended rainfed lands, amount and spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall is very important. In general, the minimum rainfall for dry farming is about 250-300 mm. In addition, distribution of rainfall during the growing period is also noticeable. The enough moisture in vegetation phase is essential for growth and establishment of plant. In this study, spatial analysis of GIS and some methods of classic interpolation and geostatistical methods were used  to evaluate spatial and temporal changes of rainfall variables in the agricultural lands of Aq-Qala, Kalale and Gonbad Kavous townships in Golestan province.

This research was carried out in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (GUASRN), during 2015. The studied region was included the agricultural lands of Aq-Qala, Gonbad Kavous and Kalale townships in Golestan province, as three important regions for  dry farming production. First, the data of 10 synoptic stations and 77 rain-gauge stations from Golestan province were used. The thematic maps of rainfall variables such as annual, autumn, spring, November and May precipitations were provided using various methods of geostatistical and classic interpolation such as Ordinary Kriging (OK), Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) in GIS (var. 10) media. Before interpolation calculations, common statistical tests were performed on main data. The performance criteria for evaluation were Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Bias Error (MBE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Cross Validation. In this research, a semivariogram function was used to show the variation of rainfalls with respect to distance.

The results showed that Kriging-spherical model was the best method to estimate autumn and May precipitations and also, the annual, spring and November precipitations were interpolated by Multi-quadric (RBF) in agricultural lands of Aq-Qala, Kalale and Gonbad Kavous townships. Furthermore, the IDW and Thin Plate Spline (TPS) were introduced as inappropriate methods due to high error  in precipitation estimate. The semivariograms analysis indicated that autumn, spring, November and May precipitation variables were the best fitted by Spherical models, but annual precipitation was fitted by Exponential model. It was found that some areas in north of Aq-Qala and Gonbad Kavous had the limitation in amounts of spring and May precipitations. The spatial distribution of precipitations showed that annual precipitation was increased from north to south, so that, the maximum annual precipitation was observed in Kalale township. Thus, this township can be a region with high suitable degree for dry farming some autumn crops such as wheat and barley. The lowest autumn rainfall amount was observed in the northern parts of Gonbad Kavous township with 31.37 mm, but the southern parts of the Aq-Qala, Gonbad Kavous and especially Kalale had the highest autumn precipitation amounts.

Result of the spatial distribution of precipitation showed that amounts of precipitation variables were increased from north to south of the studied region. Totally, among  the three studied townships, Kalale township had the highest amounts of precipitations and the best spatial distribution of precipitation variables for rainfed farming. Therefore, this township was selected as the high suitable region for  dry farming in Golestan province.

Today’s situation in cities requires that planned parks be set up to create ecological equilibrium. The current study was  aimed to identify suitable zones for establishing ecoparks in the central region of Isfahan province; this was done using seven effective criteria including topography, landscape, climate, rock and soil, water resources, environmental sensitivity, and accessibility. The weights of the criteria and the subcriteria were obtained using the  analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with expert opinions. All layers were combined using weighted linear combination (WLC) and the land suitability maps for ecoparks were produced. After evaluating and prioritizing suitable zones, finally, the zone with an area of 85.2 hectares, which was located in the Bag Bahadoran district and adjacent to the Zayanderood River, was selected as the most suitable one  due to its larger area, more access to the welfare facilities, and higher ecological potentials. Also, the results obtained from overlaying the ecopark’s land suitability map and the map of existing parks in the region suggested that Sararud coastal park, in Mobarakeh, and the  coastal park, in Zarrin Shahr, can be  suitable places for establishing ecopark in the region.

A suitable method of locating an underground dam according to physiographic factors ensures its operation in providing water resources for hot and dry areas without causing environmental issues. In this study, Remote Sensing (RS), and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques were used to locate suitable locations for underground dams. To implement, several data layers; topography, slope, lithology, drainage, lineaments, and local Qanats of the region were collected using the Digital Elevation Data (DEM), and LANDSAT 7 ETM Satellite. The lithological layers were gained by means of a geological map of the 1/100000 of Natanz in Kashan plain. Regional lineament data were calculated and converted to a digital layer by applying directional filters on the ETM satellite data in four directions using ENVI (remote sensing software). A supervised classification tools in ENVI software were then used for mapping the lithological layers. Final map of the most suitable locations for the construction of an underground dam was prepared by weighting of the layers with the method of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP combined with the support of Weighted Overlay tool in a GIS. Following identifying the areas with high priority, seven convenient points were identified by visiting the area taking into account the accessibility, and the performances of the region. Of these, four points to reserve subsurface water, one point to increase watering of Qanats and two points to prevent reduction of subsurface water quality were selected.

Study of Sunn pest Eurygaster integriceps population changes in overwintering sites on milkvetvh can be important in study of population dynamics and biological control. Many studies have been conducted on Sunn pest population in over wintering sites but data collection hasn't done for spatial analysis. In this study, spatial distribution of sunn pest population in overwintering sites was prepared by investigating 900 sampling points. These areas are within the maximum flight range of this pest. Geostatistical method of Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) were used for mapping spatial variations of sunn pest. The results showed that the most important condition for pest in outbreak regions, are wheat and barley farms and the mountains with suitable cover crop near the farms for over wintering and it is one of the important indicator for sampling of Sunn pest population. Prevailing wind speed average was 13.6 knots and prevailing wind direction is south. Most of sunn pest density has been seen in the range of 1850 to 1650 meters above sea level elevation, slope 16 to 24 degrees and the northern slope. Regarding to the establishment of plantation in southeast highlands, sunn pest flights for overwintering, is done from fields to the mountains in the north to the south. It was also found that there is coordination between sunn pest flight and wind direction. The study of geostatistiucs methods showed that the Inverse Distance Weighting had less error and deviation (0.01 and 0.03) than cokriging and kriging methods. Using this method the spatial variations map of Sunn pest population was prepared.

Underground waters play an important role in the present location of Shush country, as well as in the continued survival in the future. Due to the fact that the quality of groundwater resources of the study area has not been evaluated so far, this study evaluated the quality of groundwater resources of this area. In this study, the parameters of sodium, chloride, sulfate, total soluble solids, acidity, magnesium and calcium as parameters of the quality index of resources contained in the World Health Organization's Guidebook were evaluated. For this purpose, after normalizing the data and plotting of this data, Using Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighting methods spatial variation map of these parameters were provided and the results of two methods were compared. The results showed that in all parameters the accurasy of the Kriging in estimating the values was highest. After mapping the spatial changes of these parameters, the maps were combined and the groundwater quality map of study area was prepared based on water quality standards for drinking. The results showed that 23.67% of the groundwater in the study area was in the optimum level and 15.29% had a quality level for drinking.

This study was conducted to identify appropriate sites for shrimp farming development in North costal of the province of Boushehr using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Base layers (thematic maps) were grouped into four main land use requisites for aquaculture, namely, potential for pond construction (slope, land use type, soil depth, elevation), soil quality (soil type, texture, and pH), water availability (distance to sea, and water source), infrastructure and socio-economical status (population density, distance to roads, local markets, and hatcheries). A constraint layer was used to exclude areas from suitability maps that were not allowed to implement shrimp farming. A series of GIS models were developed to identify and prioritize the most suitable areas for shrimp farming. This study shows that the land evaluation model is useful for identifying suitable areas for shrimp farming and for allocating land for an efficient increase in income, effective conservation, and sustainable land management. It was estimated that about 1.7%(1083 ha) of the total land area were highly suitable and, 41.6% (26759 ha) were suitable in the northern costal of Bushehr for shrimp farming. Curve Relative Operating Characteristic (ROC) method was used to asseessof the accurany of model. Amount of ROC method was 0.734. Field results show that since existing shrimp farms cover only (3800 ha) of land, the potential for development of shrimp farms should take into 86% (24042 ha), consideration further political and environmental issues.

The modeling can provide a quantitative approach and consistency in the estimationsoil erosion and sediment yield by a wide range of conditions. In this study, the integration method of revised universal soil loss equation model, geographic information system and remote sensing techniques were used in order to identify the spatial distribution of soil erosion and sediment yield in the Talar watershed. Parameters of rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope length and slope gradient and vegetation cover were calculated in order to provision RUSLE map. The amount of soil loss was calculated from 0 to 9201 tons per hectare per year for the total basin and classification of erosion areas showed that erosion class of low, medium, high and very high with value of 33.12, 27.62, 21.13 and 18.13 percent respectivelycovered the total watershed. The linear regression analysis showed that in the between parameters of RUSLE model, the slope length and slope gradient parameter with value of 0.93 have the most correlation with the soil loss map. Also sw3 sub-watershed with value of 5580.33 tons per hectare per year and the sw4 sub-watershed with value of 19.59 percent have the highest and lowest Erosion hazard and Sediment yield respectively in the between sub-watersheds. The results showed that conservation and management measures can be useful to control and also reduce soil erosion and sediment yield in the Talar watershed.

suitable location for organic apple production is the important factors involved in site selection including elevation, slope of land, access to water, land units, the average annual temperature and average rain fall and access to markets, each with more variables were separated and proportional to their importance in site selection were ranked and weighted. Then, with GIS, digital layers of each of these factors were prepared and integrated with the digital layer of apple orchards and the final map of suitable orchards for organic apple production was prepared. Results showed that in the studied area, from 26, 000 ha of apple orchards, about 25.5 and 707 ha were grouped as most suitable and suitable, respectively. The main features of the suitable area are desired topography (elevation more than 1,300 m) and slopes (8 -20%), type of land (with sediment and deep soil) and favorable average daily temperature (5-10 ° C) as well as access to the river and the market. However, much of apple orchards in Urmia (over 17,000 ha) were determined not suitable for organic apple production, because of the lower altitude less than 1300 meters, low quality water for irrigation, and higher average daily temperatures or poor access to the roads and markets. It can be recommended that the only suitable and most suitable orchards as determined in this study should be involved in programming for sustainable production of organic apple.

Information about the degradative dynamicsof Wetlands is important because these natural ecosystems provide numerous vital services for both terrestrial and aquatic systems. In addition to supplying of water, food and other materials, the supporting benefits of wetlands for people livelihoods directly and indirectly via regulation (e. g. flood mitigation, water quality regulation) and or recreational/culturalcan be substantial. Because of water use, contaminants input and land use change, the Zeribar wetland, northwest of Iran, have undergone remarkable losses and changes in its water area and structure in recent decades, with undesirable consequences for this ecosystem and the communities that depend upon it. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nature and magnitude of these changes from 1977 to 2014 using TM, MSS and ETM+ landsat images. The images were preprocessed and corrected atmospherically and geomaticaly prior to classification upon on water layers, wetland margin, agriculture lands, sparse forest, and dense forest using maximum likelihood classification, parallel piped classification, and minimum distance to means algorithms. The results of temporal processing of the data maps showed a 15% loss in water area and 21% increase in wetland margin area from 1977 to 2014, while, 44.99% loss in dense forest and versus 38% and 43% increase in sparse forest and agriculture usage, respectively, was also detected. Our findings revealed high level degradation in Zeribar wetland resulted in intensive change in its components such as plant cover and water area into eutrophication and shaping an environmental crisis during this short-term 37-year period. Therefore, it is necessary the wetland managers and decision-makers to revise their view, and to more focus on social, environmental and economical issues of the Zeribar Wetland stakeholders in their managemental framework than before.

Land use suitability is the ability of a given type of land to support a defined use. The suitable areas for agricultural use are determined by evaluating the environmental components and understanding of local biophysical restraints. The topographic characteristics, climatic conditions and the soil quality of an area are the most important determinant parameters of land suitability evaluation (Almashkreki et al., 2011). Bhagat et al. (2009) analyzed land suitability for cereal production in Himachal Pradesh (India). In this study different parameters including climatic variables (precipitation and temperature), topographic (elevation), soil type and land cover/land use have been used in order to evaluate land suitability for cereals food-grain crops. The possibility of further expansion of cultivation area under each cereal crop was also determined. Golestan province is one of the most important region for crop production in Iran. In this study, geographical information system (GIS) and multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) were applied to evaluate the feasibility of agricultural lands in Aq-Qalla township for annual alfalfa (Medicago scutellata L. Mill.) cultivation. This research was conducted in northern part of Iran, Aq-Qalla township in Golestan province. The climate of this region is under the influence of Alborz Mountains, Caspian Sea, the southern wildernesses of Turkmenistan and forests. The suitability of current agricultural lands in Aq-Qalla township for annual alfalfa cultivation, were evaluated by matching the environmental requirements of crop and the land characteristics. For this purpose, required data and information of the study area were collected during 2013, and thematic maps were provided. Climatic data were collected from 43 weather stations located in Golestan province. The digital elevation model (DEM) dataset with a 40×40 m resolution and township boundary of the study area were obtained from Natural Resources Organization of Golestan province. The soil nutrient data were collected from 300 sampling sites distributed in Aq-Qala township, including EC, pH, Texture, N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Zn and Organic matter. Kriging and IDW methods were applied for interpolation of environmental variables. The digital environmental layers overlaid and integrated in GIS in respect to Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) weights. The weight of factors for feasibility were obtained from local experts, through a pairwise comparison of statistical analysis in Expert Choice software (ver. 2000). Zoning of lands carried out in four classes including: highly suitable (S1), suitable (S2), semi-suitable (S3) and non-suitable (NS). This system was based on matching between land qualities/characteristics and crop requirements. Highly suitable, suitable and semi-suitable lands were expected to have a crop yield of 80-100%, 60-80% and 40-60% of the yield under optimal conditions with practicable and economic inputs, respectively. Non-suitable lands were assumed to have severe limitations which could rarely or never be overcome by economic use of inputs or management practices (Ghaffari et al., 2000). Results of AHP questionnaires analysis showed that among the factors affecting land suitability, climate (0.559) and topography (0.113) criteria had the highest and least weight, respectively. In this AHP model inconsistency ratio is about 0.002. This indicates that the comparisons of criteria were perfectly consistent, and the relative weights were suitable for use in the land suitability analysis in Aq-Qala. The results showed that 23.1% and 47.2% of these areas were high suitable and suitable for alfalfa cropping, respectively. These zones had enough precipitation, suitable topography and high fertility. The semi-suitable and non- suitable regions (about 30% of area) were located in the northwest, east and south of Aq-Qalla township. In these zones, the environmental requirements of annual alfalfa were not fitted to ecological variables of agricultural land. The results showed that the topography and climatic characteristics (temperature and precipitation) of this region were suitable for annual alfalfa growth. In this study, the limiting factors were: high EC (about 30 dS.m-1), deficiency of organic matter, K and Ca. Therefore, analyzing the soil quality is essential for understanding the environmental degradation processes in the region. Proper land management practices, leaching, drainage, land preparation, crop rotation, specific irrigation methods and using resistant crop are helpful methods to increase crop yield in this area.

The area of Zagros forests is continuously in danger of destruction. Therefore, the remaining forests should be carefully managed based on ecological capability evaluation. In fact, land evaluation includes prediction or assessment of land quality for a special land use with regard to production, vulnerability and management requirements. In this research, we studied the ecological capability of Behbahan city fringe for forestry land use. After the basic studies were completed and the thematic maps such as soil criteria, climate, physiography, vegetation and bedrock were prepared, the fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making methods of Fuzzy AHP Buckley and ANP were used to standardize and determine the weights of criteria. Finally, the ecological model of the region’s capability was generated to prioritize forestry land use and prepare the final map of evaluation using WLC model in seven classes. The results showed that in ANP method, 55.58% of the area is suitable for forestry land use which is more consistent with the reality, while in the Fuzzy AHP method, 95.23% of the area was found suitable. Finally, it was concluded that the ANP method shows more flexibility and ability to determine suitable areas for forestry land use in the study area.

Optimal use of lands heavily relies on careful assessment of agro-ecological resources. Evaluation of potential lands for various cultivated crops is the first strategic priority to increase production and optimized use of resources. This present study was aimed to identify effective climatologic، topographic and soil-related factors on rainfed wheat cropping in Qaresoo basin of Golestan province and determination of suitable areas to produce this crops usings Geographical Information System (GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). At first، ecological requirements of rainfed wheat was identified from scientific literatures and then were classified to provide thematic maps. In this study، minimum، average and maximum temperatures، precipitation، slope، aspect، elevation and EC were considered. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to find weight of each factor. Finally، the maps were provided and overlaid in GIS media and afterward the zoning of areas for rainfed wheat cultivation was done. Results showed that wheat grown lands would be located in four suitability classes. About 5170 hectares (6%) of the agricultural areas and 3% of the total area of the Qaresoo basin were located in high suitable class for rainfed wheat cultivation. Suitable precipitation، lower slope and projecting to south slopes and also the desirable electrical conductivity were the reasons make these regions suitable. Also، results showed that about 909 hectares (1. 5%) of Qaresoo basin lands that now are cultivating by rainfed wheat، have not required potency to produce this crop.

Following technological advancements and integrated municipal solid waste management in recent decades، various methods such as recycling، biotreatment، thermal treatment، and sanitary landfills have been developed and employed. Creating sanitary landfills is a major strategy in the integrated solid waste management hierarchy. It is cheaper and thus more common than other disposal methods. Selecting a suitable solid waste landfill site can prevent adverse ecological and socioeconomic effects. Landfill site selection requires the analysis of spatial data، regulations، and accepted criteria. The present study aimed to use the geographic information system and the analytic hierarchy process to identify an appropriate landfill site for municipal solid wastes in Najafabad (Isfahan، Iran). Environmental and socioeconomic criteria were evaluated through different information layers in the Boolean and fuzzy logics. The analytical hierarchy process was applied for weighing the fuzzy information layers. Subsequently، two suitable sites were identified by superimposing the maps from the Boolean and fuzzy logics and considering the minimum required landfill area for 20 years. However، proximity of these two sites to Tiran (a nearby city) made them undesirable landfill sites for Najafabad. Therefore، due to the existing restrictions in Najafabad، the possibility of creating landfill sites in common with adjacent cities should be further investigated.

Understanding how a weed community is affected by ecological، agronomic and management factors is one of the most effective ways to control and establish management programs for each crop. In order to conduct weed mapping and study the weed population indices of weeds in corn fields of Kermanshah Province، 48 corn fields in different cities based on planting area were selected for sampling during 2010. After sampling the weeds based on standard methods، the weed population indices based on equations were calculated. Using geographic coordinates of field and weed data، a map for each weed species using GIS was produced. To evaluate the similarity of different cities of the province for weed species diversity and evenness، the cluster analysis method was used. The results showed that the dominant broadleaf weed species of Kermanshah Province were redroot pigweed (Amarunthus retroflexus)، common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)، field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)، Chinese lantern (Physalis alkekengi) and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea)، respectively. The dominant grass weeds of Kermanshah Province were green foxtail (Setaria viridis)، Johnson grass (Sorghum halepens) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli)، respectively. Phytosociological studies on weeds in corn fields showed that، according to the Shannon-Wiener diversity index، Kermanshah’s cities were grouped into three clusters. Comparisons performed using the t-test showed that the diversity of cities of the province also have significant differences. The results of the Simpson similarity index showed that Ghasreshirin and Guilan-e-Gharb had the most common species (SQ=0. 82)، while Kerend City along with Ghasreshirin and Guilan-e-Gharb had no common weed species with the lowest similarity. Based on similarities and differences derived from weeds of corn fields in different cities، population parameters for the management of weeds in corn fields were developed and implemented using the same recipes.