جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کود آلی » در نشریات گروه « اکولوژی »

Sunflower is one of the plants that must receive nutrients, particularly nitrogen, and often responds positively to fertilizers. Optimizing fertilizer application in oil crops not only enhances grain yield but also leads to an increased percentage of seed oil. Furthermore, it improves plant resistance to environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, and frost. Additionally, this optimization contributes to enhanced biological activity in the soil, early crop production, decreased concentrations of pollutants like cadmium in seeds, reduced toxicity, and increased efficiency in water consumption. Despite the crop's considerable potential, its cultivation has been confined to relatively poor soils and has suffered from inadequate fertilizer management, marked by unbalanced nutrient consumption, thereby limiting its overall performance. Considering the comparatively low organic matter content in Iranian soils and the environmental repercussions of continuous nitrogen fertilizer use, ensuring optimal nutrition for this crop is crucial. Hence, given the significance and necessity of proper and environmentally sustainable nutrition, this study aimed to explore the impact of various fertilizer types on the yield and components of sunflower. The investigation also incorporated diverse nutritional supplements through foliar spraying to identify the most effective fertilizer in combination with a nutritional supplement.

A field study was conducted to determine the effects of different nutrition systems and foliar spraying on sunflower yield and its components. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replicates on a research farm at “Khaje Marjan” village under the supervision of the Sophian Agricultural Jihad organization in 2019. Factors were soil fertilization (nitrogen fertilizer of urea, vermicompost, and mycorrhizae) as the main plot and foliar spraying (amino fish AMI-16, fulvic acid, and micro fertilizer) as the subplot. Soil fertilizers were used at the beginning of the growing season, and foliar sprayings were used before flowering and flowering stages. Data were subjected to ANOVA using Minitab ver. 17.0 and SAS ver. 9.2.0 statistical software. The main and interaction effects of experimental factors were analyzsed as a PROC GLM by slicing interactions in SAS software. The assumption of the variance analysis was tested by ensuring that the residuals were random, homogeneous, and with a normal distribution about a mean of zero using residual plots and the Anderson-Darling test. Means were separated using Fisher’s least significant difference (FLSD) test at a 0.01 significance threshold.

Results indicated that the highest yield and its components were obtained using mycorrhizae and vermicompost compared to nitrogen fertilizer. In addition, the highest yield and its components were obtained when micro fertilizer and amino fish AMI-16 were used as foliar spraying treatments compared to fulvic acid and control. Interaction effects showed that the highest yield and seed oil yield are related to micro fertilizer foliar spraying + vermicompost and micro fertilizer + mycorrhizae by 4292.90 and 2035.95 kg ha-1, respectively. However, there was no significant difference between these treatments and the application of amino fish AMI-16 as foliar spraying with mycorrhizae and vermicompost. Biological and organic fertilizers provide the required nutrients of crops during the growth period, and stresses are not imposed on nutrients and water deficit. Although fulvic acid is one of the effective sprays in increasing the yield and its components and increasing the performance of this industrial crop compared to control, its effect was less than micro fertilizer and amino fish AMI-16.

Therefore, it can be concluded that foliar spraying of micro fertilizer or amino fish AMI-16 with mycorrhizae and vermicompost can be provided water and nutrients required for sunflower plants in the sensitive growth stages especially seed filling periods, and resulted in increased yield and its components. The results of this study can be used in the extensive cultures of this industrial crop to achieve the highest grain and oil yield.

One of the factors affecting the growth and development of crops is the cultivation pattern, which affects the distribution of plants in the field, distances between plants, the use of growth sources such as light, water and soil nutrients, and competition between plants. These factors affect the growth and yield of crops. Also, using compost fertilizer has beneficial effects on physical, chemical and biological conditions of the soil and has positive effects on grain yield and yield components of crop plants. This study designed and carried out with aim to study the effect of planting method and sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on yield and yield components of corn and some soil properties in Ahwaz weather conditions at Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan.

In order to investigate the effect of planting method and sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on yield and yield components of corn (hybrid of single cross 703) and some soil properties, a field experiment using a split-plot arrangement accomplished based on the randomized complete block design with four replications in Mian-Ab region of Shooshtar on 2018. Experimental factors were include four planting method (single row on ridges, on watermark, in furrows and on flat ground) as a main factor in main plots and four amounts of sugarcane residues compost (0, 10, 20 and 30 t ha-1) as a sub factor in sub-plots. Each sub-plot had 6 planting rows with a length of 3 meters and a width of 4.5 meters (with an area of 13.5 square meters). The seeds were planted manually at a depth of 3 cm at 2nd August 2017 with a density of 66000 per ha (the distance between ridges and furrows was 75 cm and the distance between the plants was 18 cm). In this experiment row number per ear, grains per row, thousand grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, soil nitrogen percent and soil organic matter percent were measured.

The analysis of variance showed that the effect of plant method, sugarcane residue compost and their interaction were significant on the traits of row number per ear, grain number per row, thousand grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, soil nitrogen percent and soil organic matter percent. The comparison of mean showed that the maximum amount of corn traits were obtained in furrow planting and using 30 t ha-1 of sugarcane residue compost and the lowest amounts were observed in ridge planting and non-use of sugarcane residue compost. So that, mean comparison of grain yield under the interaction of planting method and sugarcane residue compost showed that the highest grain yield (6497 kg ha-1) was in furrow planting and 30 t ha- of sugarcane residue compost and the lowest grain yield (3870 kg ha-1) was in ridge planting and non-use of sugarcane residue compost. Examination of correlation coefficients between the measured traits showed that grain yield had a more positive and significant correlation with biological yield, harvest index and 1000-grain weight. Also, biological yield had a more positive and significant correlation with grain yield, 1000-seed weight and number of rows per ear.

In general, the findings of this experiment demonstrated that the furrow cultivation method resulted in the highest values for the measured traits (excluding soil nitrogen and soil organic matter percentage). Moreover, across all cultivation methods, an increase in the application of sugarcane residues compost fertilizer, as well as the availability of water and nutrients for the plants, led to an increase in the magnitude of these traits. The maximum values were achieved at a compost fertilizer rate of 30 t ha-1. Based on the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that cultivating corn using the furrow method and applying 20 to 30 t ha-1 of sugarcane residue compost can significantly enhance corn grain yield in the Shooshtar region.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Sugarecane residue compost,Trichoderma Fungi and Bacillus bacteria inoculation on some agronomic characteristics and yield of quinoa, which is valuable in terms of nutritional value and tolerance to adverse environmental conditions.

The experiment was conducted as factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan during 2019-2020 growing season. Experimental factors included amount of sugarcane residue compost at five levels (zero, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t.ha-1) and biofertilizer at three levels (no inoculation, Trichoderma asperelloides and Bacillus subtilis inoculation).

Results :

The highest biological yield (5152 kg.ha-1) was obtained from Trichoderma inoculation treatment and the lowest (4234 kg.ha-1) from non-inoculation treatment. The highest grain yield (1908 kg.ha-1) was related to Trichoderma treatment. Inoculation of Trichoderma and Bacillus increased grain yield by 27% and 19% compared to no inoculation, respectively. Maximum grain yield was obtained from treatments of 20 and 30 t.ha-1, respectively.

Considering that the best treatments of this experiment in most traits were 20 and 30 tons of sugarcane residue compost per hectare, to reduce the cost, it is recommended to use 20 tons of this organic fertilizer to achieve maximum quinoa grain yield. Inoculation of Trichoderma and Bacillus bacteria, especially Trichoderma, is also recommended to improve the growth and yield of quinoa.

In this study, water hyacinth compost and humic acid were used in the production of Narcissus jonquilla cv. German.

The present experiment was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design. The first factor was water hyacinth compost (Control, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) and the second factor was humic acid (Control, 250, 500 mg L-1).

According to the results, the effect of compost, humic acid and their interaction on most of the studied traits was significant. The highest flowering stem height and the highest concentration of iron increase compared to control treatment) were recorded in compost 50% + 500 mg L-1 humic acid. The highest number of leaves and calcium concentration was observed in compost 25% + 250 mg L-1 humic acid. The longest leaf length increase compared to control treatment) was related to compost 75% + 500 mg L-1 humic acid. The maximum flower diameter size was recorded in compost 75% + 250 mg L-1 humic acid. The highest concentration of potassium was reported in compost 75% + 500 mg L-1 humic acid.

According to the obtained results, water hyacinth compost with humic acid due to improving the root environment and increasing the better absorption of nutrients increased the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of daffodils compared to the control treatment. Therefore, water hyacinth compost with the use of humic acid for growing daffodils is recommended.

Sustainability of production in agricultural lands is directly related to soil fertility management. In this regard, the application of livestock manure is a very important method in improving soil fertility without adversely affecting the environment. Although the efficiency of these manures could be sustained for several growing seasons, however their efficiency at the first year is principally more important due to the direct relationship with the production of that year. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of source and amount of manure on the growth and production of thyme.

The experiment was performed as a split plot design in time and in the form of a randomized complete block with three replications at the model cultivation site of medicinal plants of Koohrang Agriculture-Jahad in 2018 and 2019. Experimental treatments were included three levels of poultry manure (100, 143 and 250 kg N/ ha; PM100, PM143, PM250), three levels of sheep manure (100, 143 and 250 kg N/ ha; SM100, SM143, SM250)), three levels of cattle manure (100, 143 and 250 kg N/ ha; CM100, CM143, CM250) and chemical fertilizer (CF) and no fertilizer application (C) as positive and negative controls, respectively, which in two cutting were compared. The measured traits were includedphotosynthetic pigments, leaf area index, aerial biomass, essential oil content and essential oil yield. Data was analyzed by SAS software and means were compared by LSD test.

In both cuttings, the amount of chlorophyll a in plots received medium and high level of animal manures were similar to plot received chemical fertilizer. Except to CM250 treatment, chlorophyll b in all manure treatments were similar to CF treatment. In the first cutting, the leaf area index in PM250, SM143 and SM250 treatments had a significant advantage compared to CF treatment, but in the second cutting, manure treatments (except SM100) did not show a significant difference comparing to CF treatment. Thyme biomass obtained from PM250, SM143 and SM250  treatments had a significant advantage compared to CF treatment in the first cutting, but in the second cutting, there was no significant difference among manures and CF treatments. In the first cut, the essential oil content of medium and high levels of poultry manure and also high levels of sheep and cattle manures were significantly higher than the CF treatment. However, in the second cutting, the amount of essential oil under all levels of poultry manure and medium and high levels of sheep and cattle manures were higher than the CF treatment. In the first cutting, the essential oil yield of medium and high levels of poultry and sheep manures and high level of cattle manure were higher than that the CF treatment, but in the second cutting, only high level of poultry manure had a significant advantage in comparison with CF treatment. The fertilizer application efficiency regarding to biomass production was similar for all fertilizer treatments, except SM143. The highest fertilizer use efficiency in the production of essential oil was obtained with SM143 and PM143, respectively.

Applying a medium amount of sheep manure could be more effective in the crop ecosystem due to its superior efficiency in comparison with other levels of this fertilizer and other studied animal manure and chemical fertilizers. However, if the essential oil yield of the thyme be the gold of the farmer, the high level of poultry manure has priority over the balanced level of sheep manure, although the efficiency of this level of poultry manure is 35% lower than the balanced level of sheep manure. Therefore, in addition to producing the essential oils, the efficiency of fertilizers could be also considered as an important factor, regarding to achieving the sustainable aspects in the medicinal plants ecosystems.

A field experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 8 treatments and three replications in two successive stages in the Miandoab city, Iran during 2019 and 2020. The results showed all studied traits except harvest index were significantly affected by different fertilizer sources. The highest number of grain per pod, 1000 grain weight, seed, and biological yield of rapeseed were obtained with the application of chemical fertilizer without significant difference with a green manure of 50% P+ 50% B. In addition, the maximum oil content and yield were obtained in green manure of 50% P+ 50% B followed by 75% P+ 25% B. Chemical analysis of the rapeseed oil demonstrated that in all treatments, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid were the main dominant components. So that, the highest (92.43%) and lowest (83.37%) of oleic acid were achieved in 50% P+ 50% B and control treatments, respectively. Also, the highest of (6.07%) linoleic acid was observed in vermicompost treatment. While the highest percentage of palmitic acid (92.43%) has belonged to green manure treatment of 25% P+ 75% B. Generally, the maximum (92.61%) and minimum (88%) of unsaturated fatty acids were achieved in 50% P+ 50% B and 25% P+ 75% B green manure treatments, respectively. Considering that the greatest amount of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were obtained by application of 50% P+ 50% B green manure.

Plants are exposed to several environmental stresses, all affecting plant growth, and development, which hampers crop plants' productivity. The mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is a plant species from the legume family. This plant is an enriched source of protein, fiber, antioxidants, and phytonutrients. It plays an important role in the human diet and improves soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. The average yield of mungbean is quite low. One way to improve crop yield and production is the management of fertilizers such as spent mushroom compost that greatly affect mungbean growth, development, and yield. Spent mushroom compost (SMC) is the residual compost waste generated by the mushroom production industry. It is readily available, and its formulation generally consists of wheat straw, dried blood, horse manure, and ground chalk composted together. This research was carried out to study the effects of different levels of spent mushroom compost on mungbean's quantitative yield and water use efficiency under drought stress. 

This research was conducted in 2016-17 as a split plot based on a completely randomized block design with three replications at the Research Farm of the University of Gonabad. Main factor levels concluded of full irrigation (300 m3 in each irrigation) and irrigation disruption at the pod formation stage, and subfactor consisted of 0 (control), 20, 40, 60, and 80 t.ha-1 spent mushroom compost. 

The results showed that under drought stress, the highest seed yield (1660 kg.ha-1) obtained in the treatment of 60 t.ha-1 spent mushroom compost and 40 t.ha-1 spent mushroom compost decreased the effects of drought stress. In full irrigation, the highest biological yield observed in treatments of 80 (7377 kg.ha-1) and 60 t.ha-1 (6132 kg.ha-1) spent mushroom compost and drought stress and no application of fertilizer decreased biological yield (46%). In drought stress conditions, application of 40, 60, and 80 t.ha-1 spent mushroom compost increased water use efficiency compared to control, and the highest water use efficiency was observed in the treatment of 60 t.ha-1 spent mushroom compost. Application of 80 t.ha-1 spent mushroom compost increased the lateral branch number by 44% compared to control. The highest and the lowest pod number per plant were obtained in treatments of 80 to.ha-1 spent mushroom compost (27 pods per plant) and control (17.3 pods per plant), respectively. Less irrigation increased water use efficiency, so each level of SMC in full irrigation conditions did not significantly differ from similar levels under drought stress. The main consequences of drought in crop plants are reduced cell division and expansion rate, leaf size, stem elongation and root proliferation, disturbed stomatal oscillations, plant water and nutrient relations with diminished crop productivity, and water use efficiency. Spent mushroom compost is an excellent source of humus. SMC does not contain any pests or weed seeds because of the high temperatures associated with the composting and pasteurization processes. SMC also contains very low levels of pesticides and heavy metals. The negative effects of drought stress on plants of the legume family have been proven in other studies. Research on wheat reported that spent mushroom compost increased seed number per spike. 

The results showed that drought stress reduced most of the studied traits. Application of 20 t.ha-1 spent mushroom compost did not significantly affect most studied traits. The highest effect on plant height, lateral branch number, and pod number per plant were observed in the treatment of 80 t.ha-1 spent mushroom compost. In general, according to the results of this research, applying optimum amounts of spent mushroom compost as an eco-friendly input in drought stress can improve growth characteristics and yield.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is an herbaceous medicinal plant from the Lamiaceae family with a wide range of applications in the culinary, cosmetic, food, perfumery, and medical industries. The presence of more than 200 chemicals, including flavonoids, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, and aromatic compounds in basil oil, have been identified. The main components of its oil are eugenol, methyl eugenol, linalool, estragole, and anethole, varying by chemotype. Basil is one of the most important medicinal plants in Iran, which is widely used in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, sanitary, and food industries, and it is considered an anti-fluff and appetizer in traditional medicine. Therefore, to maximize yield and increase the length of the basil production period, the appropriate management of this product is necessary. Among these, the use of suitable nutritional elements is one of the useful ways to improve the performance of this plant. The centers of origin of basil are the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and South America. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of vermicompost and copper sulfate and their interaction on vegetative, reproductive growth, and yield of basil's medicinal plant.

To investigate the effect of vermicompost and copper sulfate on some vegetative and reproductive characteristics of the basil plant, an experiment was carried out as factorial based on a randomized completely block design with three replications in the research farm of Birjand University, Iran, during the growing season 2017-2018. Treatments were three levels of vermicompost (0, 5, and 10 t.ha-1) and three levels of copper sulfate (0, 3, and 6 per thousand) with three replications. The measured indices include vegetative characteristics (plant height, lateral number, plant fresh and dry weight, leaf fresh and dry weight, number of leaves and node per plant, lateral branch length internally spaced, and diameter stem) and reproductive characteristics (inflorescence number and length, number of plant seeds, the weight of one thousand seeds, harvest index, grain performance, and biological function).

The results showed that the studied treatments had a significant effect on the number of lateral branches, plant dry weight, number of leaves per plant, lateral branch length, number of seeds, 1000-seed weight, harvest index, grain yield, and biological yield so that the highest number of lateral branches (17.33), Plant dry weight (14.83 g.m-2), Number of leaves per plant (167), Lateral branch length (26.83 cm), Number of seeds (3854.3), 1000-seed weight (1.80 g), Seed yield (3350 kg.m-2) and biological yield (20968.3 kg.m-2) basil was obtained in the treatment of 5 t.h-1 of vermicompost and 6 per thousand of copper sulfate and its advantage over the control was 67, 51, 16, 43, 79, 26, 87 and 26%, respectively. Harvest index in the treatment of 5 t.h-1 of vermicompost and 3 per thousand of copper sulfate with 13.01 in its maximum amount.

In general, the results indicated a positive and incremental effect of the combined application of the chemical and organic fertilizers on the yield of the basil plant, and according to the results, treatment with 6 per thousand copper sulfate and five t.ha-1 vermicompost was recommended as the best treatment for increasing yield. But always in agricultural products, especially in the production of basil as a medicinal and vegetable plant, the best results in terms of crop production and health, as well as essential oils and medicinal compounds, were related to the combined treatments of organic and chemical fertilizers, because these treatments are relative compared to organic treatments alone, they increased the yield and on the other hand, compared to chemical fertilizers, they had a healthier product and more medicinal compounds.Acknowledgments: Authors are grateful to Ebrahim Ebrahimabadi for their help with the field experiments.

Application of organic fertilizer is a major approach to managing soil fertility and plant nutrition which can alleviate chemical contaminations, preserve soil biodiversity and the quantitative and qualitative yield of crops expected to be increased in sustainable agricultural systems. Consequently, demand for organic products has increased due to health and sustainable environment consideration, particularly for medicinal products. Intercropping is the cropping system of growing two or more crops simultaneously in the same field and is a sustainable method for increasing crop production compared with sole crop. The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of vermicompost and intercropping patterns on seed yield and macro and micronutrients uptake of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.). 

In order to compare the different intercropping patterns of fennel and faba bean under the application of vermicompost fertilizer, a field experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia, Iran, during the growing season of 2018. The first factor consisted of six cropping patterns including sole cropping of fennel and faba bean, one row of fennel+ one row of faba bean, two rows of fennel+ two rows of faba bean, three rows of faba bean+ two rows of fennel, four rows of faba bean+ two rows of fennel) and the second factor included the non-application and application of vermicompost (10 t ha-1).Plant samples were digested according to Jones and Case (1990) procedure. Seeds of faba bean and fennel were analyzed for macro- and micronutrients. In addition, Area Time Equivalent Ratio (ATER) was calculated to determine the advantages of intercropping. The analysis of variance was performed using SAS 9.4 software. Means were compared using Duncan's test at the 5% probability level. 

The results showed that the effect of cropping pattern on all measured traits was significant. The results revealed that the seed yield of fennel and faba bean increased following the application of vermicompost fertilizer. Moreover, concerning the effect of cropping patterns, the highest seed yield of fennel (2568.33 kg.ha-1) and faba bean (2851.67 kg.ha-1) were obtained in the sole cropping of these two plants. The higher production in fennel and faba bean sole cropping may be due to the less disturbance in the habitat in homogeneous environment under sole cropping systems. The highest amounts of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn were obtained in the treatments of intercropping and vermicompost application. The higher concentrations of nutrients in intercropping pattern could be explained by increasing root exudation and also better use of available resources that increased the accessibility of nutrients for component plants. The highest ATER (1.14) was obtained in the three rows of faba bean+ two rows of fennel intercropping system fertilized with vermicompost. According to the ATER, it seems that three rows of faba bean+ two rows of fennel under the application of vermicompost was suitable for increasing productivity and making the best usage of environmental resources in order to achieve an optimal production, decrease costs and dependence on external inputs, and reducing pollution and environmental pressures on sustainable agricultural systems. 

In general, the results of this experiment showed that the faba bean and fennel yield were influenced by different intercropping patterns and vermicompost. The highest seed yield for both plants (faba bean and fennel) were obtained in sole cropping. In the present study, the application of vermicompost could improve the yield of faba bean and fennel and nutrient uptake. It seems that the use of vermicompost in intercropping is one of the suitable strategies for achieving optimal yield with minimum inputs, which in the long term can reduce the need of chemical inputs for cropping systems.

In organic farming, soil nutrients management by using organic fertilizers is one of the effective methods to the weed control.

This experiment was conducted in the organic field of Razi University as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018 growing season. The experimental treatments included farmyard manure (mixture of cattle and sheep manure) at three levels (0, 10 and 20 t.ha-1, FM0, FM10 and FM20, respectively) as main factor and the cultivation of green manure (non-cultivating green manure, hairy vetch, berseem clover and fenugreek) as sub factor.

Johnson grass, Bindweed and Licorice were the dominant weeds in both sampling, which they had 48, 22.5 and 9.8% of relative weeds density at the first sampling, and 48, 14.4 and 18.3% of relative weeds density at the second sampling. Consumption of 10 and 20 t/ha of farmyard manure increased the green manure biomass by 9.8% and 37.7%, respectively. Fenugreek, berseem clover and hairy vetch were produced 7219, 5799 and 3564 kg.ha-1 biomass, respectively. The highest weed biomass at the 1/3 of primary and end of the growing season was obtained in non-fertilizer condition. Application of 10 and 20 ton/ha of farmyard manure reduced weed biomass by 16.4% and 29.1% at the 1/3 of primary growth season, and by 9.3% and 54.1% at the end of the growing season, respectively. Without green manure application, weed density in the first and second sampling were 244.4 and 48.5 plant/m2, respectively. By sowing of hairy vetch, berseem cloverand fenugreek, weed density was reduced by 12.5%, 43.2% and 36.3% in the first sampling and by 5.6%, 35.5% and 26.4% in the second sampling, respectively. All varieties of green manure at different levels of farmyard manure increased the grain yield of sesame. Finally, the positive effect of organic fertilizers application on weed growth and damage resulted in improved grain yield. The amount of this improvement compared to the control condition with consumption of 10 and 20 t/ha of farmyard manure was 18.8% and 27.6%, respectively, and with the application of hairy vetch, berseem clover and fenugreek was 30.7%, 35.9% and 45.5%, respectively. The highest grain yield (1929 kg.ha-1) was obtained from fenugreek application at 20 level of farmyard manure and the lowest amount (918 kg.ha-1) under control conditions.

Management of organic fertilizers can reduce the yield loss due to weeds by changing competition conditions in favor of the crop. According to the results study, depending on the type of organic fertilizer used in organic farms, an improvement of grain yield of sesame between 18 to 45% will be expected. The best treatment in which, the highest grain yield was produced and had the lowest density and dry weight of weeds was achieved by consuming 20 /ha of manure and using berseem clover as green manure. Therefore, it is introduced as a suitable treatment combination.

Sistan is one of the largest wheat producing region in Iran, but wheat production has given way to the production of wheat during the past years.

In order to analysis the reason behind this conversion, the productivity and sustainability of wheat, onion and garlic systems was examined using emergy and economy evaluation in 2019. In order to research site to have similar conditions, the data required for this study were collected in two villages of Karim Koshteh and Safarzaei, Zabol.

Total emergy supporting the systems was estimated to 2.45E+16, 3.12E+16 and 4.73E+16 sej.ha-1 for the wheat, onion and garlic production systems, respectively. The purchased resource accounts for 55.9, 53.4 and 65.4 percent of total emergy flow for the wheat, onion and garlic production, respectively. This shows that the studied both systems are an extremely open system influenced strongly by the input from purchased inputs. The composition of emergy input to these production systems largely was different. The emergy yield ratio was 1.27, 1.15 and 1.90 for wheat, onion and garlic production, respectively. The values are low, indicating that the many process of the two systems converts natural resources from local into product. The environmental loading ratio of garlic systems was, a little bit higher than the wheat and onion systems, and correspondingly the sustainable index is lower than that of wheat and onion. Economic analysis indicated that output/input ratio and the benefit of the garlic production were greater than that of wheat and onion.

As a general outcome, these analyses showed that the better environmental performance of the system accmparied by  the worse its economic performance.

In order to investigate the effect of farmyard, biological and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of wheat, an experiment was carried out as a factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources in 2013-2014. The first factor was levels of fertilizers: control, chemical fertilizer, Nitroxin + Phosphate Barvar2, FYM + Phosphate Barvar 2, Supernitroplus + Phosphate Barvar2 and integrated treatment (Nitroxin+ Supernitroplus + FYM+ Phosphate Barvar 2) and second factor was Urom and Sovason as wheat varieties. Results showed that for number of spikelets per spike, Urom variety and for 1000 kernel weight, Sovason variety were superior. The highest number of grains per spike was obtained by chemical fertilizer application without significant differences with other fertilizer treatments and the highest biological yield was obtained in chemical fertilizer (12530 kg.ha-1) and integrated treatment (12490 kg.ha-1) without significant differences, which showed an increase of 11.75% on the average compared to the control. The highest grain yield was obtained in integrated treatment in Sovason variety (5335 kg.ha-1), chemical fertilizer (5228 kg.ha-1) and integrated treatment (4782 kg.ha-1) in Orum variety without significant difference, which showed an increase of 72.2% on the average compared to the control.  The highest protein percentage was recorded for integrated treatment (16.4%), Nitroxin + Phosphate Barvar (16.2%) and Fertilizer (16%) for Orum variety, respectively. In general, there was no significant difference between the application of chemical fertilizer and the integrated application of organic and biological fertilizers in many traits, including grain yield, yield components and protein percentage. Therefore, there is the possibility of replacing chemical fertilizers with organic and biological fertilizers for producing of wheat in a sustainable organic farming system.

In order to study the foliar application effects on yield and yield components and essential oil of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) an experiment  was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications and  twenty five treatment at the research farm of agricultural education center, Urmia, Iran during growing season of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. First factor included five landrace of Fennel Gaziantep, Hamadan, Urmia, Yazd and Shiraz and the second factor included five foliar applications as Nano-nitrogen, magnetic water, urea, chicken manure and control. The result indicated that the highest height, umbel and number of lateral branches and umbel, were related to Y1A5B2 (first year, Shiraz landrace with magnetic water treatment), Y1A1B2 (first year, Gaziantep landrace with magnetic water treatment), Y2A4B2 (second year, Yazd landrace with magnetic water treatment) and Y1A1B2 (first year, Gaziantep landrace with magnetic water treatment), respectively. The highest essential oil, 1000-seed weight and number of umbellate per umbel were recorded in A3B5 (Urmia landrace with control treatment), A1B1 (Gaziantep landrace with magnetic water treatment) and a3b3 (Urmia landrace with urea treatment) respectively. The highest seed yield (1144 Kg.ha-1) and the lowest one (923 Kg.ha-1), respectively, were related to Gaziantep and Yazd landrace. The founding information's in the present study were elucidated that Nano-nitrogen in comparison of other treatment has highest effect on seed yield, weight of 1000 seed, umbrellas, essential oil percent and yield. Gaziantep landrace produced highest seed yield, 1000-seed weight and lateral branches and Urmia landrace has highest essential oil percent, essential yield and umbrellas. The highest height and umbel was recorded in Yazd landrace. Due to the importance of the essential oil, the Urmia mass along with the spraying of magnetic water and nano-nitrogen for the Urmia region is suggested.

In order to evaluate of nitrogen efficiency and grain yield of white bean under combined application of organic and biological fertilizers in Niasar region, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2015. The first factor included four levels of biological fertilizer (control, inoculation with nitroxin, Barvar-2 and nitroxin + Barvar-2) and second factor included four levels of organic fertilizer (control, farmyard manure, mushroom compost and vermicompost). In this study characteristics such as number of grains per plant, weight of 100 grains, grain yield, number of days to maturity, nitrogen percentage, amount of phosphor absorbed by plant and physiological efficiency of nitrogen were assessed. Results showed that the interaction effect of organic and bio-fertilizers was significant on number of grains per plant, grain yield, number of days to maturity, nitrogen percentage, amount of phosphor absorbed by plant and efficiency of nitrogen. The maximum nitrogen efficiency (0.25 kg.kg-1) was obtained by inoculation with Azotobacter + farmyard manure and the minimum of nitrogen efficiency (0kg.kg-1) by control+control. The maximum of grain yield (3083 kg.ha-1) were obtained by vermicompost and the minimum of grain yield (2524 kg.ha-1) by control treatment. Therefore, the combined application of organic and biological fertilizers, could improve the quantitative and qualitative traits of the Bean.

Due to the high importance of using organic fertilizers in sustainable agriculture, the present research was carried out as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station in Khoy during growth season of 2015-2016. The first factor included foliar application time at three stages of six leafy, stemming and pre-flowering of sorghum, and the second factor included the foliar application of seaweed (seaweed extract 40%, N 8%, K 22%, P 18%, amino acid, Alginic, cytokinin 5cc/lit), HB-101(growth stimulus 1cc/lit), macro (NPK (20, 20, 20) 2cc/lit), water, and control. Through applying foliar at all three stages, the amounts of crude fiber, soluble fiber in acidic, and neutral detergents decreased, while digestibility increased. Compared to foliar application of water and control in all three stages, the foliar application with seaweed and Hb-101 increased digestibility (14%) and soluble sugar (105%) during the stemming. Seaweed foliar application (16/48) had the highest amount of crude protein during stemming. Foliar application of liquid fertilizers had the highest amount of leaf level index during six leafy and stemming stages in comparison with foliar application with water and control at all three stages, there was a 34% rise. During stemming, foliar application with seaweed and Hb-101 resulted in 54% and 46% increase in function, respectively, which was the highest statistical group. Apart from improving the quality and profitability of the farming, the use of organic fertilizers is an important step towards the realization sustainable agriculture and are recommended.

Under limited moisture conditions, various row planting arrangements have been utilized to provide additional moisture for plant growth and development. Planting patterns had significant effects on the availability of water in time to better match crop development.Soil fertility is one of the most important factors in agricultural operations. Also, soil fertility greatly contributes to yield differences for the same agronomic practices. It is well-known from numerous fertilizer experiments that mallow yield is strongly dependent on the supply of organic matter and mineral nutrients. Cow manure and municipal waste compost in controlling different types of debris and the reduction in fertilizer consumption in agricultural products and mineral absorption elements improve low consumption by plants. Mallow (Malva sylvestris) (Malvaceae) is a medicinal plant that it was used for its emollient and laxative properties and is a popular medicine. Mallow broadly used for various inflammatory conditions (Wichtl, 2004). Phytochemical studies of this plant revealed the presence of numerous polysaccharides, anthocyanins, coumarins, tannins, flavones, flavonols, anthocyanidins, leucoanthocyanidines, mucilagen and essential oil (Unver et al., 2009). Therefore, the objectives of the current study are to evaluate the effects of planting pattern and fertilizer treatments on growth, flower and seed yield of mallow as a medicinal plant.

A field experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a complete randomized block design with three replications at Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during two growing seasons of 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. Fertilizer sources of cow manure (40 t.ha-1), municipal waste compost (20 t.ha-1), chemical fertilizer and control (without fertilizer), three planting patterns included 70 cm apart single side row, 90 cm apart single side row and two side rows and two harvests were the main, sub and subfactors, respectively. After land preparation, organic fertilizers were added to the soil. Based on nutrient contents in organic fertilizers, N, P and K for chemical fertilizers were determined by 114, 18 and 220 kg.ha-1. P (as triple superphosphate) and K (potassium sulfate) were applied just before sowing. Urea (N fertilizer) was applied as a top dressing in three stages such as sowing, thinning and flowering stages when the crop was irrigated.Plant height, the fresh yield of flower, the dry yield of flower, biological yield, seed yield and mucilage content of mallow were measured. To analyze the variance of the experimental data and drawing of diagrams, MSTAT-C and Excel software was used. All the averages were compared according to Duncan’s multiple range test (p≤0.05).

The results showed that the simple and interaction effects were significant on most studied traits. The highest dry yield of the flower was observed in the interaction of manure+ two side rows (4071.17 kg.ha-1) and the lowest was for control+90 cm apart single row (1095.85 kg.ha-1). The maximum and the minimum dry yield of the flower were observed in manure in the second harvest (4596.06 kg.ha-1) and for control in the first harvest (941.69 kg.ha-1) treatment, respectively. The highest biological yield and seed yield were obtained in two side rows (4731.01 and 813.60 kg.ha-1) and the lowest was for 90 cm apart single row (with 3880.96 and 635.74 kg.ha-1), respectively. Manure affected mucilage percent significantly, (12.06%) and the lowest was for chemical fertilizer (9.32%).

Manure increased nutrient uptake by plants, improving plant hormone-like activity, increase soil water holding capacity, and generally improve the growth and yield of medicinal plant. It can be concluded that two side rows and cow manure could be considered as a suitable treatment for improving quantity and quality yield of this medicinal plant.

In order to study the effects of integrated application of organic and bio-fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), an experiment was conducted as randomized complete blocks design with six treatments and three replications at research field of Agriculture Company of Ran in Firouzkuh of Iran in 2013. The treatments were 4 t/ha vermicompost, 8 t/ha vermicompost, nitroxin biofertilizer, integrated application of 4 t/ha vermicompost and nitroxin, integrated application of 8 t/ha vermicompost and nitroxin and control (without fertilizer). The results showed that treatments had significant effects on studied traits, as the highest dry weight of plant (109 g/p), dried yield of flower (720 kg/ha), essential oil content (0.4%), essential oil yield (2.9 kg/ha) and chamazulene percent in essential oil (24.7%) in treatment of integrated application of 8 t/ha vermicompost and nitroxin were obtained. Also, the highest bisabolol A percent in essential oil (44.4%) in treatment of application of 4 t/ha vermicompost and the highest bisabolol B percent in essential oil (12.4%) in treatment of application of nitroxin were obtained. Generally, the highest yield and quantity and quality of essential oil in treatment of integrated application of 8 t/ha vermicompost and nitroxin were obtained.

In order to study of some flax characteristics under nitrogen and organic fertilizer, a field experiment was conducted in experimental farm of Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz at 2015-2016 growing season. Experimental design was randomized complete block as factorial arrangement with three replications. The first factor was different nitrogen fertilizer sources, control (no nitrogen fertilizer), 150kg.ha-1 urea, 75 kg.ha-1 urea+Nitrocara biological fertilizer and 100 kg.ha-1 Slow Released Urea). The second factor was different organic fertilizer sources as control (no organic fertilizer application), 5 tones.ha-1 vermicompost, 2.5 tones vermicompost+ humic acid and humic acid). The results showed the highest crop growth rate (CGR)(2.28 g.m-2.day-1) and leaf area index(LAI) (4.35) in nitrogen treatments were related to 150 kg.ha-1 urea fertilizer and in organic fertilizer treatment, the highest CGR(22.8 g.m-2.day-1) and LAI (4.15) were conducted at 2.5 tones/ha vermicompst+humic acid treatments on GDD=737 at capsuling phonological stage. The highest relative growth rate (RGR) were obtained at urea fertilizer (0.09) and humic acid (0.02) at GDD=527 (flowering stage). The highest grain yield (2706.67 kg) was obtained at vermicompost(2.5 tons.ha-1)+ humic acid +urea fertilizer. The results of this study indicated that application of organic and biological fertilizers alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers have a positive effect on improving the quality and quantity of flaxen. In this experiment, application of organic fertilizers showed good effect than nitrogen fertilizer and it was significantly more than control treatment.

The effect of vermicompost on morpho-physiological characteristics and yield of green bean plant under drought stress were studied in Dezful during 2016. Experimental design was split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications. In this research, drought stress was carried out in irrigation intervals at four levels as irrigation after 100, 140, 180 and 220 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan in the main plots, and vermicompost was assigned as subplots at four levels (0, 4, 8 and 12 t.ha-1). The results showed that the effect of different levels of stress on plant height, pod length, number of pods per plant, yield of green pod, grain yield, protein content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids were significant, but the number of grain per pod was not significant. The effect of vermicompost on all studied traits was significant except for the number of grain per pod and carotenoids. Also, the interaction of treatments was significant only on the yield of green pod and grain yield. Regression relations showed that the highest yield of green pods and grain yield produced under no stress condition (S0), with the application of 8.40 and 8.12 t.ha-1 vermicompost. Increasing of vermicompost consumption reduced the effects of stress and improved yield.

Today with regard to environmental pollution caused by chemical fertilizers and finding an alternative to these fertilizers, Consideration has been given to the use of other products in this field. Accordingly, In order To study the effect of Nano calcium and Humi potas on morphological and biochemical traits of nasturtium, this factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The experiment was carried out at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2013-2014. In this study, morphological traits, length and diameter of stem, number and leaf area, number of lateral branches, number of flowers and seeds, fresh and dry weight of leaves, stems and roots and biochemical traits, total chlorophyll, calcium and potassium absorption Evaluated. The results showed that the interaction of two treatments in all studied traits, except for stem length and diameter, number of flowers and number of branches, was significant. According to the results of the best condition in the studied traits, we observed interaction effects of concentration of 2 in 1000 Nano calcium with 500 and 1000 ppm Humi Potasses. Both treatments had a non-significant difference and Showed a significant difference compared to control treatment. In general, the application of concentration of 2 per thousand Nano calcium with different levels of Humi potash fertilizer improved morphological and biochemical traits in Nasturtium flowers.