جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "acid detergent fiber" در نشریات گروه "اکولوژی"

fertilizer management system in ten levels: no fertilization, 30% wheat residues, 60% wheat residues, 90% wheat residues, 30% vermicompost, 60% vermicompost, 100% vermicompost, 10% vermicompost+ 90% wheat residues, 40% vermicompost+ 60% wheat residues and 70% vermicompost+ 30% wheat residues. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) cell wall contribution includes cellulose and lignin, and dry matter digestibility (DMD) were measured in corn plants. Meanwhile, the amount of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium and sulfur in the soil were measured, too.

According to the obtained results, the integrated organic fertilizer management system showed a significant effect on the organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and Sulphate. Additionally, the integrated organic fertilizer management system showed no significant effect on the ADF and DMD of corn. The highest and lowest amount of DMD (56.35%) and ADF (16.40 g.kg-1 DM) in corn were observed due to the treatment of 60% of wheat residues and treatment of 70% vermicompost + 30% wheat residues, respectively. The highest amount of organic carbon (0.212 %) and phosphorus (5.07 mg.lit-1) were achieved in the integrated system of 10% vermicompost + 90% wheat. However, there were no significant differences statistically compared to the treatment of 70% vermicompost + 30% wheat residue. The highest and lowest percentage of soil nitrogen was observed in the integrated system of 70% vermicompost+ 30% of wheat residues (0.063%) and no fertilization (0.020%), respectively. In the present study, adding organic matter to the soil increased soil phosphorus. The mineralization and mobilization of phosphorus is due to the presence of microorganisms and enzymes that dissolve phosphorus in the intestines of earthworms. The highest amount of potassium (0.37 meq.lit-1), sulfate (11.29 meq.lit-1), and calcium (6.33 meq.lit-1) in corn were observed in the treatment of 10% vermicompost+ 90% wheat residues, 70% vermicompost + 30% wheat residues and the treatment of 30% wheat residues, respectively.

In general, the integrated system significantly increased the amount of organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the soil. Organic materials increase the ability to absorb nutrients and increase the quality of corn forage by increasing DMD and reducing ADF. The results of this research demonstrated that the integrated system of 70% vermicompost and 30% wheat residue exhibited significant advantages in the characteristics under investigation, outperforming other treatments in the test area.

Intercropping of medicinal plants with forages is an approach to improve livestock health. In fact, intercropping is more efficient than monocropping systems because of superior yield due to better absorption of resources. Forage with a high nutritive value can be produced using intercropping systems along with manure fertilizer, and more recovery nutrients can be observed in the multiple cropping systems than single cropping systems. Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) is an important forage legume, which has been cultivated for hundreds of years in many parts of the world, especially Asia, Europe, and North America. There is a renewed interest in sainfoin because of its use in animal diets and key nutritional properties such as high nutritive value and high forage palatability. The medicinal herbs are considered as natural products, with growth-promoting and antioxidant effects, and consequently, consumers may be using them for livestock feeds. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is an annual medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to the Apiaceae (Umbelliferaceae) family and is native to the Mediterranean area. As the quantity and quality of forage production and the importance of medicinal plants in nutrition, the goal of the study was to investigate the methods of intercropping systems on forage quality of sainfoin and fennel under cow manure and urea fertilizer treatments.

In order to investigate the effects of fertilizer sources and intercropping ratio, a split-plot experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications at Shahrekord University research farm during 2015 and 2016. Five fertilizer sources (chemical fertilizer, chemical + manure fertilizer (1: 1), (2:1), (1:2) and manure fertilizer) and sole cropping of fennel (F), and sole cropping of sainfoin (S), and three intercropping ratio (F: S 3:1, 1:1 and 1: 3) were also considered. The N fertilizer treatments and intercropping systems were arranged in main and sub-plots, respectively.Forage quality parameters include Crude Protein (CP), Crude Fiber (CF), Dry Matter Digestible (DMD), Water-Soluble Carbohydrate (WSC), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Ash (ASH), and Metabolism Energy (ME) were measured using standard procedures.

The results showed that forage quality traits of sainfoin and fennel were significantly affected by N fertilizer and mixed crop patterns. The highest crude protein was related to sole cropping of fennel and higher ratios of chemical fertilizer in the first year, and intercropping and higher ratios of manure in the second year. The highest dry matter digestibility has obtained for the monocropping of sainfoin with integrated fertilizer. Crude fiber and acid detergent fiber decreased in higher ratios of sainfoin. Metabolism energy was higher under chemical fertilizer in the first year and under manure in the second year, as well as the ash under manure, and both were higher in monocropping of fennel. Previous studies conducted a berseem clover and basil intercropping system and reported that all of the forage quality traits of berseem clover, including DMD, CP, WSC, NDF, ADF, and ASH were improved in the additive intercropping system as a legume–basil mixture. They demonstrated that interactions between intercropped plants played an important role in the quality improvement of the forage due to better light interception.

In general, our findings showed that N fertilizer sources and intercropping systems affected the forage quality of the fennel and sainfoin. We suggest 50 % fennel + 50 % sainfoin with 50 % manure + 50 % urea fertilizer.

Cereal-legume intercropping is a common approach in agricultural systems especially in developing countries. Bitter vetch is a forage legume that belongs to Fabaceae family. This plant can play a role in improving soil fertility by nitrogen fixation, which leads to the benefit of intercropping with forage grasses such as barley. Planting date and density are the determinants of optimal crop yield in intercropping systems. As the planting date changes, meteorological parameters (temperature, sunlight and…) also change, and influencing plant growth and production. The purpose of determining the optimal planting date is to synchronize the growth stages of the plant. On the other hand, plant density varies with factors such as area differences, planting date, climatic conditions and soil type. Vicia ervilia L is a plant of the legume family, which is partly drought tolerant and compatible with most soils. In this research, the forage quality of bitter vetch was evaluated in additive intercropping pattern with barley as well as in different planting dates.

The experiment was carried out as a factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The studied factors were included planting dates at three levels (simultaneous planting of bitter vetch and spring barley on March 25, planting of bitter vetch 10 and 20 days after planting of spring barley on April 5 and 16, respectively) and planting densities at four levels (12.5, 25, 50 and 75%) in additive intercropping with spring barley. Bitter vetch and barley pure stands were considered as control treatments. Bitter vetch was harvested for forage at flowering stage. Forage quality indices including organic matter, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and mineral nutrients were measured in bitter vetch. Analysis of variance was performed using SAS software and means were compared by Duncan's method at the 1% probability level.

The results showed that the highest amount of organic matter, neutral and acid detergent fibers in bitter vetch forage were obtained in simultaneous planting of bitter vetch and spring barley. The lowest values ​​were obtained in sowing bitter vetch 20 days after barley planting, while the highest amount of mineral elements including nitrogen, potassium, sodium and calcium was obtained from sowing bitter vetch simultaneous with barley planting. The delay in bitter vetch sowing makes the plant less likely to grow and increases intensity of its competition with barley for food resources, which reduces the content of forage nutrients contents. The highest phosphorus content was observed at the third planting date (20 days after sowing spring barley) with an average of 52.40 ml.L-1 and was significantly different from other levels of planting date. It seems that the delay in bitter vetch sowing date and the decrease in vegetative growth and its competition with barley for mineral resources of soil did not have a decreasing effect on the phosphorus content and apparently the phosphorus content also increased in the delayed sowing conditions. Increasing bitter vetch density increased nitrogen, potassium and sodium levels of bitter vetch forage but decreased magnesium, phosphorus and calcium contents. Dry matter digestibility was not affected by sowing date, plant density and their interaction. The highest acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was belonged to 12.5% ​​and the lowest were for 75% bitter vetch density. The planting date of April 6 was preferable to other planting dates in terms of mineral elements and the bitter vetch density of 75% was better due to the reduction of NDF and ADF indices. Results of previous experiments showed that in cereal crops and legume intercropping, the contents of acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in forage were decreased.

In general, the results of this study indicate that the contents of mineral nutrients including calcium, sodium magnesium and phosphorus of forage were higher in intercropping treatments than pure cultivation and the amounts of organic matter and digestible dry matter of bitter vetch forage in simultaneous intercropping with barley were equal to those of pure cultivation. Decreased acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber in forage and production of forage with higher contents of minerals including phosphorus, magnesium and calcium are benefits of intercropped bitter vetch and spring barley compared with soleculture.

Forage millet is a crop of tropical and subtropical regions which is considered due to abundant tillering, rebuilding ability, resistance to environmental stresses and diseases, high yield in poor soils and absence of prussic acid. Low amount of available water to plants results in drought stress and inappropriate morphological and physiological changes in the plant. Plants under environmental stress conditions accumulate low molecular weight organic solutions such as amino acids and sugars. Plant hormones affect plant growth in multifarious ways affecting a number of physiological and biochemical processes in plants subjected to biotic and abiotic stresses. Salicylic acid (SA) is one such plant growth regulators, which participates in the regulation of a number of physiological events in plants. The use of salicylic acid in wheat increased the photosynthesis rate, protein and sugar content of shoots, roots and leaf chlorophyll under drought stress conditions. Tomato and amaranth treatment with salicylic acid in different stages of growth during drought stress prevents reducing the production of dry matter of the plant.

To evaluate the quantity and quality fodder traits of foxtail millet Bastan cultivar under the influence of drought stress levels and salicylic acid concentrations in Sistan climate, a field experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Institute of Zabol University during 2017. Treatments included three irrigation levels as main plot (45, 65 and 85 percent humidity of field capacity) and sub plot including salicylic acid in four levels (0, 0.75, 1.5 and 3 mM). Spray application was considered for salicylic acid. Dry forage yield, dry matter digestibility, water soluble carbohydrates, crude protein, crude fiber, insoluble fiber in acid detergent, insoluble fiber in neutral detergent and ash were measured. Measurement of forage quality characteristics in the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands was performed with NIRS device made in Sweden.

Results revealed that drought stress caused significant differences on dry forage yield, dry matter digestibility, water soluble carbohydrates, crude protein, insoluble fiber in acid detergent and insoluble fiber in neutral detergent at 1% significance level and on ash at 5% significance level. Drought stress increases water soluble carbohydrate, insoluble fiber in acid detergent and insoluble fiber in neutral detergent and decreases dry forage yield, dry matter digestibility, crude protein, crude fiber and ash. The effect of salicylic acid on dry matter digestibility, water soluble carbohydrates, crude protein, crude fiber and insoluble fiber in acid detergent at 1% significance level and on dry forage yield and insoluble fiber in neutral detergent were significant at 5% level. The interaction effects of drought stress and salicylic acid on dry forage yield, dry matter digestibility, water soluble carbohydrates, crude protein, crude fiber, insoluble fiber in acid detergent and insoluble fiber in neutral detergent were significant at 1% probability level. Maximum dry forage yield (12.34 t.ha-1), dry matter digestibility (68.85%) and crude fiber (40.79%) were obtained from full irrigation and application of 3 mM salicylic acid treatments. The highest water soluble carbohydrates (13.81%) and crude protein (18.93%) were obtained from intense tension × 1.5 mM salicylic acid and control× 1.5 mM salicylic acid, respectively. The highest insoluble fiber in acid detergent (41.31%) and insoluble fiber in neutral detergent (81.51%) were observed under severe drought stress conditions without salicylic acid.

The results of this study represent the adverse impact of drought stress on the quantity and quality traits of foxtail millet Bastan. Application of salicylic acid has a positive role in modulating the effects of drought and improves quantity and quality forage. Therefore, can be expressed that irrigation of 85% moisture filed capacity and spraying 3 mM salicylic acid as growth regulator can produce quantity and quality desirable performance in Sistan climatic conditions.

Forage production has recently reduced in some arid and semi-arid countries due to intensive grazing and consecutive dryness. Increasing scarcity of water irrigation, particularly in arid and semi-arid climates where agricultural systems are dependent upon supplemental irrigation, is becoming the most important problem for producing forage.The bio fertilizers can serve a potential tool for sustaining crop production without destruction of the soil and environment. Therefore, integrated application of bio fertilizer and chemical fertilizer seems to be a sustainable approach in agricultural systems. The plant growth promoting bacteria plays an important role in the crop growth and development through secretion of growth promoting metabolites and nutrient supply. These species increase nitrogen fixation and release plant growth promoting substances and hormones and improve nutrient and water uptake.Sorghum is becoming an increasingly important forage crop in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world especially in Iran because of its advantages over corn in warm and dry climates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different fertilizer patterns and irrigation intervals on the quantity and quality of the sorghum forage.

The experiment was conducted as split plot design based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 15 treatments and three replications at the faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh during 2016. The treatments included three different irrigation regimes (irrigation after 60, 100 and 140 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan) and five different fertilization patterns (100% chemical fertilizer, bio fertilizer, bio fertilizer+ 75% chemical fertilizer, bio fertilizer+ 50% chemical fertilizer and bio fertilizer+ 25% chemical fertilizer). In the current research, quantity and quality properties including neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), dry matter digestibility (DMD), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), Total digestibly nutrient (TDN), dry matter intake (DMI), Relative feed value (RFV), net energy for lactation (NEL) and ash was calculated. Analysis of variance of the data and mean comparison were carried out by MSTATC statistical software based on Duncan’s multiple range tests.

The results showed that the dry forage yield of sorghum was significantly affected by different irrigation and fertilization patterns. The highest forage yield (26.8 t.ha-1) was achieved in 100% chemical fertilizer that was not significantly different with bio fertlizer+ 75% chemical fertilizer. Also, the lowest dry forage yield (20.6 t.h-1) was observed in application of bio fertilizer. The reason for the increase of dry matter yield in integrated application of chemical and bio fertilizers is attributed to improved nutrient uptake, increased photosynthesis, and more activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes by plant growth promoting bacteria. In addition, with increasing irrigation interval, the biomass yield of forage sorghum was significantly reduced. Decreasing the biomass yield of sorghum by increasing irrigation intervals may be due to reducing the absorption of fermentation elements, decreasing growth and leaf area, decreasing photosynthesis, increasing the damage caused by drought stress, and increasing the amount of active oxygen radicals. The highest values of DMD, TDN, RFV and NEL were achieved in bio fertilizer+ 25% chemical fertilizer. Also, the values of CP, WSC, DMI, DMD, TDN, RFV and NEL increased by enhancing irrigation intervals. Increase of the mentioned indices is attributed to decreasing of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) content under integrated application of chemical and bio fertilizers and increasing irrigation intervals. Results showed a positive and significant correlation between sorghum dry forage yield and crude protein yield, WSC, ADF and NDF. On the other hand, there was a negative and significant correlation between ADF and NDF with CP, DMI, DMD, TDN, RFV and NEL.

Generally, the results of this experiment demonstrated that different irrigation regimes and different fertilizer patterns had a significant effect on the quantitative and qualitative traits of the sorghum forage. The values of dry forage yield, crude fiber, ADF and NDF decreased by increasing irrigation intervals, while the values of leaf to stem ratio, CF, WSC, DMI, DMD, TDN, RFV and NEL increased in this irrigation round. In comparison between different fertilization patters, the highest forage yield was achieved in 100% chemical fertilizer that was no significantly different with bio fertilizer+ 75% chemical fertilizer. Also, the integrated application of bio fertlizer+ 25% chemical fertilizer significantly increased the content of DMI, DMD, TDN, RFV and NEL. Based on the results of this study, it can be stated that the integrated application of bio fertilizers with chemical fertilizer in drought stress conditions resulted in quantitative and qualitative improvement of sorghum forage.

In order to evaluate some agronomic and qualitative traits of forage in intercropping of triticale with annual legumes, a field experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with five treatments and three replications at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Iran, during growing season of 2016. Treatments were included solecropping of triticale, replacement intercropping of triticale with faba bean (Vicia faba L.), peas (Pisum sativum L.), vetch (Vicia villosa L.), and bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia L.) in ratios 1:1. The results showed that the highest grain yield of triticale was obtained from solecropping and the lowest grain yield of triticale was achieved from intercropping of triticalewith vetch, respectively. Also, the highest forage yield of triticale was observed in solecropping. Cropping pattern had a significant effect on the nutrients absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium, respectively. The amount absorption of nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the vetch were higher in intercropping of triticale compared to other legumes. The highest amount of phosphorus absorption was achieved from triticale in intercropping with pea. Intercropping of triticale with legumes Showed a decrease in the percentage of NDF and ADF, an increase in crude protein and ash content, as well as increased digestibility of dry matter of triticale, compared to monocropping. Therefore, considering the lower of NDF and ADF of triticale in intercropping patterns, it can be resulted that intercropping improved the forage quality by reducing NDF and ADF compared to monocropping. Among legumes, peas in intercropping with triticale had the highest percentage of crude protein and ash and the lowest percentage of NDF and ADF. However, seed yield of triticale did not indicate any significant differences at mono cropping with intercropping of triticalewith peas. Also, triticale had a high quality forage in intercropping with peas, therefore, it is superior treatment for sustainable agriculture production.

Salinity of soil and irrigation water creates major problems for forage production. This study was aimed to evaluate the quality and quantity of forage production in intercropping of kochia (Kochia scoparia L.) with blue panic grass (Panicum antidotale Retz.) under irrigation with saline water (4.9 dS.m-1). The study was performed based on randomized complete block design with three replications during growing season 2010-2011 at Salinity Research Field, of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Treatments were five different levels including 100, 75, 50, 25 and 0 percentage of relative composition of the two species. Treatment of 50% blue panic grass and 50% kochia with an average of 1408 g.m-2 produced the highest dry matter yield followed by 25% blue panic grass + 75% kochia and 75% blue panic grass + 25% kochia produced 1317 and 993 g.m-2, respectively. Due to lower growth rate of blue panic grass in the first year, a large proportion of dry matter in the mixture was associated with kochia and land equivalent ratio was less than one in all intercropping treatments. In the first and the second clippings, there was no significant difference between intercropping treatments in terms of crude protein, ash, NDF and ADF.