جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « همبستگی » در نشریات گروه « باغبانی »

Nigella sativa</em> L. is an important medicinal plant widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Considering the increasing demand for medicinal plants worldwide and the need to produce cultivated and breeding varieties, it is necessary to study the genetic resources. The gain from selection for a trait depends on the relative importance of genetic factors in the occurrence of phenotypic differences among genotypes; in other words, the success of breeding programs depends on the genetic variation and heritability of traits. Therefore, this study investigated the genetic variation and inheritance of seed yield and yield component traits in different black cumin genotypes and identified desirable genotypes for use in breeding programs.

This study investigated the genetic variation in 20 different black cumin genotypes (Iranian and foreign) regarding different agronomic traits as a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of Shahrekord University. The genotypes were planted in the middle of March. Each genotype in every repetition was cultivated in four rows, each 1.5 meters long. The distance between the rows of cultivation was 30 cm, with seeds planted 15 cm apart within the row at a depth of 1-2 cm. The traits studied included seed yield, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, thousand seed weight, capsule diameter, number of branches per plant, and plant height. Based on the expectation of mean square components, environmental, genetic, and phenotypic variance were calculated, and then the genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation and broad-sense heritability were estimated. Statistical analyses, including analysis of variance and comparison of the mean traits between genotypes, were performed using the least significant difference (LSD) test using SAS 9.0 software. Pearson correlation between traits and cluster analysis based on Ward's method according to squared Euclidean distance using R 3.6.1 software. Also, to ensure the correctness of grouping, multivariate tests and analysis of variance tests were performed based on a completely random, unbalanced design.

The analysis of variance showed a significant difference between the studied genotypes for all the agronomic traits (p<0.01</em>). The plant height in the studied genotypes varied from 22 cm (Nige7) to 58.4 cm (Nige1). The highest number of capsules per plant was observed in the Nige 53 genotype, with 20.45 capsules, and the lowest number of capsules per plant was observed in the Nige63 genotype, with 5.3 capsules. The number of branches per plant ranged from 3.9-11.5 per plant. The yield ranged from 263.56 kg/ha (Nige3) to 1409.39 kg/ha (Nige78 genotype). The phenotypic coefficient of variation varied from 48.58% (seed performance) to 5.20 (capsule diameter), and the genotypic coefficient of variation varied from 48.29% (seed performance) to 4.7 (capsule diameter). The highest genetic coefficient of variation (48.29%) belonged to the grain yield trait. The estimated heritability for the assessed traits ranged from 73.81% for number of branches per plant to 98.8% for seed yield. Heritability was 91.91% for the number of capsules per plant trait. According to the correlation coefficient results, seed yield per plant showed a positive and significant correlation with the number of capsules per plant (r=0.87**) and branches per plant (r=0.54*). In the cluster analysis, the studied genotypes were divided into four different groups, and the results of the multivariate analyses indicated appropriate grouping and significant differences in the amount of grain yield and yield components among the groups resulting from the cluster analysis.

The high genetic variation among the studied genotypes indicates the high efficiency of this germplasm for improving grain yield and various traits and the high efficiency of selection in black cumin. Genotypes Nige53, Nige78, and Nige60 had high grain yields compared to other genotypes, which can be used to improve and increase grain yield in black cumin.

 Almond (Prunus amygdalus) is considered to be able to tolerate drought stress fairly well during all stages of growth. Water shortages are very frequent in many countries, and, together with the rising demand for the industry, the growth of the human population, climate change and specifically the trend towards irrigated agriculture, have led to widespread problems of water scarcity in most countries. Plant responses to water deprivation are usually monitored through selected morphological and physiological parameters which have been proven to be good indicators of drought in different studies. Chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence, produced by the Chl a molecule after excitation by light, is a non-invasive and rapid biomarker for the assessment of stress (microbial and environmental) effects on PSII, as well as its structure and function. Fluorescence induction patterns and derived indices have been used as empirical diagnostic tools in stress physiology. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of water stress on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in two almond genotypes. It is known that the kinetics of fluorescence transients are polyphasic when plotted on a logarithmic time scale labeled as OJIP. This curve rises from an initial low-value F0 (minimal fluorescence) to FJ (fluorescence value at 2 ms) and FI (fluorescence value at about 20–30 ms) and a peak of fluorescence FP (maximal fluorescence or Fm).

 The Experiment was carried out under a completely randomized design with split arrangement having three replications. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were determined by the method of Lichtenthaler (1986). Fresh leaves (1 g) were triturated in 80% acetone. The absorbance of the extracts was measured at 645, 663, and 470 nm using a spectrophotometer. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured 40 days after the start of drought treatment. Full expanded leaves were selected from each plant for measurements. They were measured with a portable photosynthetic efficiency analyzer model (Hansatech, United Kingdom). Calculations were made with computer-assisted analysis using the SPSS 25 software.

The results showed that the maximum total fresh and dry mass was recorded in the Mamaei cultivar. The drought stress caused a significant reduction in a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids in Rabie (R) as well as Mamaei (M) cultivars but in general, M plants had higher content of pigments in comparison with R plants under drought stress. In both of cultivars, the potential efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) was reduced with an increasing drought intensity. The reduction of Fv/Fm was accompanied by a decline in Fv and Fm. The VJ, relative variable fluorescence at J step (2 ms), was increased with increase in drought levels. Plants response to drought depends on PSII ability to respond to this stress. It has been reported that water limitation reduces the quantum yield of PSII electron transport, which in turn decreases the amount of light energy reaching the reaction centers. PSII plays a pivotal role in mediating oxygen evolution activity. In our study, we observed an interaction between cultivar and drought treatment, particularly evident in parameters such as Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm, and PI. Additionally, our findings revealed a robust correlation between the Pi index and total chlorophyll content (0.647), as well as the fresh (0.685) and dry (0.695) weight of plants. Furthermore, our results indicate that drought stress significantly impairs the growth of cultivars grafted on GN15 rootstock. This may be the outcome of the inhibition of water shortage on the photosynthetic apparatus. The results discovered that carotenoids were higher in M cultivar than R cultivar, carotenoids protect the photosynthetic apparatus from photooxidative damage. Protection is afforded by quenching of the triplet state of chlorophyll, thereby preventing the formation of harmful oxidative species. We also found the performance index is the parameter that better reflects the responses of the studied cultivars to progressive drought stress.

We applied chlorophyll fluorescence as a biomarker to assess the growth response and PSII behavior and performance of two almond cultivars to different drought levels. In conclusion, Mamaei was less affected by drought stress in terms of total Chl, Fv/Fm, PI, and total fresh and dry weight followed by Rabie. Differential responses among cultivars under drought stress treatments were observed regarding their capacity to induce PSII activity. Parameters derived from the JIP test proved effective in characterizing the degree of response to drought stress, with PI serving as a particularly responsive multi-parametric expression.

Althaea genus belongs to the Malvaceae family. Althaea officinalis is the most important species of this genus for medicinal use. Other species, such as A. rosea and A. ficifolia, also have medicinal uses. Different flower organs (flower, fruit, seed, root, and leaf) of Altheae species have many medicinal uses due to high mucilage, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant properties. This research aims to find the best ecotypes for the investigated phytochemical traits. It also aims to determine the distance and genetic similarity between the studied Altheae species ecotypes. It is intended to be used in various projects.

The research was carried out in 1401 in the research greenhouse, the agriculture and medicinal plants laboratory, and the genomics laboratory in the Aburihan Faculty of Agricultural Technology (Tehran University) located in Pakdasht city at 51 degrees east longitude and 33 degrees north latitude. It was conducted at 1013 meters above sea level and 36 kilometers southeast of Tehran. In this research, the molecular diversity and phytochemical traits of total phenol content, mucilage content, and antioxidant capacity were investigated in 9 ecotypes of three species of Altheae species. In the phytochemical evaluation, extracts were obtained from the roots by the Soxhlet method. Evaluation of molecular diversity was done after extracting DNA from leaves by the CTAB method using 10 SCoT primers. The quality and quantity of the extracted DNA were evaluated using two methods a spectrophotometer and horizontal electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel.

In the phytochemical evaluation, it was found that in terms of total phenol, the Kermanshah ecotype had the highest value statistically, with 10.67 mg of gallic acid per gram of extract. Regarding the amount of mucilage, the Kermanshah and Kerman ecotypes were ranked first in the same group with 2.86 and 2.77 mg per gram of dry weight, respectively, compared to other ecotypes. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated between phytochemical traits. It was determined that there was a positive and strong relationship between the traits evaluated in the experiment. Evaluation of molecular diversity was done after extracting DNA from leaves by the CTAB method using 10 SCoT primers. A total of 111 bands were formed, and 76 were polymorphic bands. PIC values varied between 0/22 and 34%. The percentage of polymorphism in this research varied between 0/5 and 0/87, and its average was 0/67. The average MI and RP indices were 1/55 and 5/48, respectively. In cluster analysis of molecular data, ecotypes were divided into three groups with 70% similarity. The dendrogram obtained from cluster analysis of ecotypes shows genetic similarity between ecotypes belonging to the same species. It also shows the genetic distance between ecotypes related to different species. The results of decomposition into principal coordinates also confirmed cluster analysis results. In the analysis of molecular variance, it was found that 27% of the variation was within species, and 63% was between species.

In the end, it was found that SCoT phytochemical and molecular markers have the necessary efficiency to differentiate different ecotypes of Altheae species. Due to genetic diversity, to improve this plant, the ecotypes examined in this research can be crossed as the initial population and parents.

Rootstocks are very important for the production of a healthy and fruitful product, and without having well-matched rootstocks with the physical and chemical conditions of the soil as well as the weather conditions; one cannot hope to have productive orchards. The objective of this research is to find the efficiency of leaf nutrient uptake on fruit quality and shelf life (brown spot) in quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) cultivars (Behta,Vidoja and Isfahan) and promising genotypes ("KVD2", "NB2") grafted on hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) and quince seedling (Cydonia oblonga) rootstocks grown in heavy calcareous soil. This study suggests that, higher mineral nutrient uptake of studied cultivars or genotypes favored by hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) rootstocks, makes them suitable for heavy and calcareous soils. ‘KVD2’/hawthorn combination in our experiment demonstrated higher mineral nutrient uptake than other studied combinations in heavy (56% silt; 14% loam) and calcareous soils (28% calcium carbonate equivalent in soil) with slight saline (2.08%) and pH of 7.67. None of the studied cultivar/rootstock combinations were found to have adequate nutrient ratios in fruit that could reduce the risk of brown spot and increase storage capacity in the cold storage.

 Tomato is a product with a wide range of genotypes with different yields and selection based on this trait and its components can accelerate the breeding programs of this plant. The most important goals of tomato breeders have been to increase yield, disease resistance, early maturity, and improve the quality characteristics of the fruit. Therefore, awareness of genetic diversity in the population is an important step in plant breeding, and to achieve this goal, the studied genotypes must first be identified in terms of genetic potential and favorable agronomic traits. The usual approach for describing and evaluating populations requires cultivating sample populations and evaluating their morphological and agronomic characteristics. In this regard, multivariate statistical methods play an important role in studying genetic diversity and selecting appropriate parents. Unfortunately, the tomato cultivars used in Iran are often not at the favorable level in terms of important traits such as the number of days to fruit ripening, fruit weight, fruit yield, fruit length, and width, and few studies have been done on these traits. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the morphological diversity, evaluate the yield and its components among some imported tomato lines using analysis of variance, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis.

 This study was performed in Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Mazandaran, Iran in 2020. The plant material included 24 tomato lines imported from the Canadian Plant Gene Bank and one check variety. The experimental design used for morphological analysis was a randomized complete block design with three replications. Evaluated characteristics were included of the number of days to first flowering, number of days from germination to first fruit coloring (early ripening), plant height (cm), number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight per plant (g), plant yield (g), length and width of the fruit (cm). After measuring the characteristics at the farm and recording the data, analysis of variance was performed to examine the diversity between lines in terms of the studied variables, and Duncan test was used to compare the means and SAS software was used to test the correlation coefficients of the variables. Cluster analysis for grouping of tomato lines was performed based on the mean of the main data of standardized traits, which was determined by Euclidean distance to determine the distance between the lines, and the UPGMA method was used to merge the clusters. Principal component analysis was performed based on the mean of the main data of morphological traits.

 The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between all lines in terms of the studied characters. Also, principal component analysis based on morphological traits showed that the first two main components accounted for 75% of the total phenotypic variation in the data and the number of days from germination to first fruit coloring (-0.606), the number of days to first flowering (-0.516), fruit weight per plant (0.492), fruit width (0.480), fruit length (0.472), plant height (-0.445), fruit yield per plant (0.395) and the number of fruits per plant (-0.367) had the highest contribution in yield changes. Therefore, these variables might be taken into consideration for effective selection of parents for hybridization programs for broadening the genetic base in the population as well as to develop elite lines or F1 hybrids. UPGMA cluster analysis also divided the studied lines into nine groups. Group IX lines were in good condition in terms of yield traits and components, group VIII lines in terms of maturity and flowering, and group IV lines in terms of fruit number per plant. And the lines in groups I and V were in moderate condition for all traits. According to these results, the cross of the lines in the more distant groups can produce hybrids with high diversity and maximum heterosis.

 According to the main purpose of this study, which was to evaluate the yield and its components and according to the analysis performed, lines 8, 11, and 17 due to showing the least number of days to flowering and early, lines 10 and 14 due to having the highest yield, the highest fruit weight, and highest fruit length and width and lines 2, 9, 15, 21, and 24 due to having the highest number of fruits per plant and the favorable height are also recommended for use in tomato breeding programs.

Saffron is an annual plant that grows based on underground organs of the plant as corms and can be used for several years under farming conditions. This plant is the main source of income for many farmers in rural areas of eastern Iran. Khorasan Razavi province with 76% of cultivation area and 74% of production has the first place in saffron production. Among the different cities of Khorasan Razavi province, Torbat Heydariyeh city with a cultivation area of about 8 thousand hectares out of 87 thousand hectares of the whole province has an area equivalent to about 10%. Contrary to the level of cultivation, the average yield in Khorasan Razavi province is 3.4 kg / ha, which is 0.22 kg / ha lower than the national average. Considering that the level of saffron that is increasing in many parts of the country and on the other hand, according to the long-term average statistics, its yield has decreased significantly. The need for continuous monitoring of planting level and yield is one of the most issues for managers and programs. This research was conducted using the information of referral letters issued for guaranteed purchase of saffron in the Torbat-e Heydariyeh Kadkan town to analyze and evaluate the performance of saffron in 2017 and 2019.

In order to study saffron cultivation and its yield in the Kadkan town, cultivation data and yield data in the years 2017 and 2019 were analyzed. Guaranteed purchase information of saffron was used to collect data. In 2017, 95 people (at the level of 132 hectares) and in 2019, 173 people (at the level of 257 hectares) of saffron farmers in the Kadkan town to deliver saffron to guaranteed shopping centers (Rural Cooperative Office of Torbat Heydariyeh) to Jihad Agricultural Center. They came to Torbat-e Heydarieh Kadkan and received a letter of introduction. The information of these referrals (area under cultivation, dry stigma yield, production rate, village name and amount of saffron delivered) was used to analyze saffron cultivation in Torbat-e Heydariyeh, Kadkan town in 2017 to 2019.

Based on the results of saffron yield in the Kadkan town in 2017 and 2019, 5.17 and 8.64 kg of dry stigma obtained, respectively. The amount of saffron delivered to shopping centers in 2017 and 2019 was 532 and 1270 kg, respectively. According to the results of saffron yield in 2017 compared to 2019 due to climatic and managerial conditions, has increased by 67%. Fitting of cultivation and yield data of 95 saffron farms in 2017 using a linear model showed that with increasing the area under saffron cultivation, yield decreases R = 0.26 **. Also in the polynomial model. Second degree, with increasing the area under cultivation to the level of five hectares, the yield decreased and since then showed a slight increasing trend (R = 0.26 **). Fitting of cultivation data and yield of 173 saffron farms in 2019 based on the second degree polynomial model R = 0.24 24 ** showed that with increasing the area under cultivation up to seven hectares, the yield has decreased and since then it has an increasing trend. In the third degree polynomial model R = 0.28**, like the second degree of yield, decreased to seven hectares and then increased and then was fixed. Considering that the cultivation area of the most farms in Kadkan town was between 0.1 and 2 hectares and farms up to two hectares in the villages of Kadkan townt, it is non-mechanized, therefore, in these farms, the management of smaller farms could be done more easily and the increase in yield for these farms was predictable.

According to the results of the present study, the yield of saffron in 2017 and 2016 was 5.16 and 8.64 kg / ha, respectively. Considering that the average yield of saffron in the country is 3.62 kg per hectare (Statistics of the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture, 2018), the yield of saffron in the Torbat-e-Heydariyeh Kadkan town can be considered as high yield in the country, which is probably due to climatic conditions and is managerial. 67% increase in yield in 2019 compared to 2017due to climatic reasons (increased rainfall) and management (nutrition, agriculture, training, irrigation, proper planting date, use of corms with appropriate weight, disinfection of corms at planting, Summer irrigation, weed control).

In order to study drought tolerance in barley, two separate experiments were conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications under normal humidity and rainfed conditions in the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj branch in the 2013-2014 crop year. Traits: Grain yield per unit area, day to spike, day to flowering, day to physiological maturity, number of fertile tillers, plant height, peduncle length, spike length, awn length, number of Grains per main spike, plant weight and spike weight were evaluated.The results of analysis of variance under normal and stress conditions indicated a significant difference between cultivars in terms of most of the studied traits.In normal conditions, harvest index and peduncle length and in stress conditions, harvest index and 1000-grain weight showed a positive and significant correlation with grain yield. Stepwise regression analysis showed that under normal moisture conditions, plant weight and peduncle length, and in dryland conditions, plant weight, spike length, day to flowering and day to spike are the most influential traits on grain yield in barley, respectively. Drought tolerance indices of MP, GMP, STI and HM were identified as efficient indices in detecting drought tolerant genotypes with high grain yield potential due to positive and significant correlations with Yp and Ys in barley. Kavir and Zarjoo cultivars with high values of MP, GMP, STI, HM, Yp and Ys indices were recognized as the most drought tolerant cultivars.

In order to assess the intra-cultivar genetic variation and the correlation between morphological traits of Akbari and Ahmadaghai cultivars of pistachio, 18 quantitative and 33 qualitative traits were measured and coded based on the pistachio descriptor. The results indicated that in this study, six main factors could contain 61.86 percent of the total variance. The fruit, nut, leaf, and terminal leaflet characteristics have constructed three main factor groups that compromise 76.60 percent of the total variance‏. These traits were the most important ones to separate chr('39')Akbarichr('39') and chr('39')Ahmadaghaichr('39') genotypes. Genotypes were divided into three groups based on six main factors. The first group contains the Ahmadaghai genotypes which significantly had the largest terminal leaflet width, fruit dimenstion (width and thickness), and nut thickness. The most genotypes of Akbari cultivar were located in the second group which is significantly different from other groups. These genotypes had the most fruit length and width. Also, the results showed that there was a wide variation in morphological traits of Akbari and Ahmadaghai cultivars which is due to provide of scions from trees that propagated from seed in the past.

In order to evaluate of agronomical traits and fruit yield in 23 breeding hybrid cultivars of greenhouse cucumber, and determine the relationship between these traits, a randomized complete block design with three replications was performed in the research greenhouse of Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch in 2014-15. Data was collected for these traits: total fruit yield, total fruit number, number and fruit yield on three periods, plant height, length and width of leaf, length and diameter of fruit, days to flowering and fruiting and the first flower node. Coefficient of correlations showed that total number of fruit and fruit diameter had significant and positive correlation with fruit yield. Path analysis revealed that fruit number had the highest direct and positive effect on fruit yield. Therefore this trait could be used as selection criterion for selecting genotypes with high fruit yield. Step wise regression showed that total fruit yield and fruit yield on mid fruit production period explained 96.30 percentage of fruit yield variation. On the other hand, total fruit yield and fruit number on final fruit production period explained the highest amount of total fruit number variation.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L., Punicaceae family), a native Iranian horticultural plant, is used as fresh fruit and also for other products and has special economic position in the world. It is estimated that pomegranate fruit production in Iran was about 900000 tons in 2016 which provinces of Fars, Markazi, Khorasan, Yazd and Isfahan had the highest production respectively. Iran is the center of diversity and most probably center of origin of Pomegranate, so during the years, many attempts have been done to collect different genotypes. The National Research Station of Pomegranate of Saveh has three set collections including 760 genotypes collected from all around of Iran. Assessment of genetic variation among these genotypes to use in breeding programs should be considered as first priority. Researchers use different methods to measure genetic diversity of plants including DNA markers, isozymes and morphological traits. Using morphological characteristics that are easily measured and have high heritability is a convenient tool to assess the amount of genetic diversity of plants. In order to determine genetic variation and heritability on morpho-pomological traits, pomegranate genotypes were selected from different habitats of Iran that are already planted in the collection of National Research Station of Pomegranate of Saveh in 2016. Genotypes that had similar descriptor or genotypes that had not sufficient fruit to get involved in the experiment, were excluded. Selected genotypes (156 genotypes) were evaluated based on a completely randomized design with three replications using nine morphological traits including length of calyx, width of calyx, number of seed in 100-gram aril, thickness of peel, weight of fruit, length of fruit, width of fruit, weight of peel, weight of aril. Biochemical characteristics of fruit including total soluble solids, titrable acidity, maturity index, pH, EC, anthocyanincontain and absorbable color of juice were measured for each genotype without replication (five fruit were selected randomly for each genotype). Statistical analyses including analysis of variance, correlation coefficient, and broad sense heritability, phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation were estimated using SAS 9.0 software. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of genotypes in each trait is highly significant (p-value=0.01), indicating a wide variation among these genotypes. Considering range for each trait reveals remarkable differences between genotypes especially for number of seed in 100-gram aril and anthocyanin content. Results showed that among 9 morphological traits, aril seed (g 100 aril-1) and peel thickness, also among 7 chemical traits, anthocyanin content, absorbable color of juice and maturity index had the highest variation. The most positive and significant correlation coefficients was observed between fruits weight with length and diameter of fruit, length and diameter of calyx, aril weight, seed number (g 100 aril-1) and peel thickness. Correlation between qualitative and quantitative traits were not significant. The highest phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation was observed on fruit weight, peel thickness, seed number (g 100 aril-1) and aril weight. A high broad sense heritability was observed for aril weight (g 100 aril-1), fruit weight and peel thickness. Based on the results of this study, there was a high genetic variation among genotypes for most traits. As it was expected, Iranian collection of pomegranate is a rich source for this plant and highly supporter for other breeding researches. High correlation coefficient of fruit weight with other morphological traits is useful for early selection of high performance genotypes. For instant, genotypes with high diameter of calyx most probably will produce high yield. There was not statistically significant correlation between morphological and biochemical characteristics. That is to say genotypes with low yield should not be excluded in further research programs because of their beneficial biochemical traits; they can be involved in crosses with high yield genotypes to improve their biochemical characteristics. Pomnograte genotypes with good quality traits are also useful for industrial, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical purposes. Results of our experiment indicate that due high broad sense heritability of aril weight, fruit weight, peel thickness and aril weight, environmental effect on these traits is less than genetic effect. Therefore, selection based on these traits could successfully be used to improve genetic base of pomegranate genotypes in the next generations. Also based on the results of this research Hasteriz- Shahdad and Domaze- Izeh genotypes were the best for soft seed, color and flavor fruit.

This research was performed to evaluate morphological diversity of 40 thornless blackberry genotypes to find their relation with thornless resources. The samples evaluated based on blackberry descriptor in SANRU blackberry collection. Results showed high diversity in empty seed, taste, weight and titrable acidity of fruit with 100, 59, 43 and 42%, respectively. Empty seeds showed positive correlation with number of shoot (0.325) and cross section of stem (0.365) and negative correlation with fruit TSS (-0.393) significantly. Morphological cluster separated two different class of thornless genotypes. The first class included Thornless Evergreen and Everthornless as first (chimera cultivar) and second (tissue cultured cultivar) resources of thornlessness in blackberry and separated based on flower lengths, TSS/TA, seed number and weight traits. The first class included most of evaluated thornless genotypes and it indicated genetic and recessive type of thornlessness (tissue cultured cultivar) which is the most popular cultivar in Mazandaran, Iran. Homonym genotypes identified, too. In second class, the vigorous thornless cultivars which could be related to poly ploiid cultivars belonged to Merton source of thornlessness, separated from others. Therefore, two early sources of thornlessness identified between Iranian genotypes inside of 'Merton thornless'. It seems that other distinct thornless genotypes related to evolution of thornlessness in diverse climate of north of Iran and will be valuable for future studies.

The usefulness of any corrective program is determined by the relationship between the grain yield and the factors affecting it. For this purpose, 25 winter wheat cultivars were planted and evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a field experiment at the Faculty of Agriculture, Karaj Azad University, Karaj, Iran under two irrigation conditions (normal irrigation and irrigation after the spike stage). 17 traits were measured and evaluated. Simple correlation coefficients of traits indicated a positive and significant correlation between grain yield and days to flowering, biological yield and harvest index in normal conditions, and traits related to rooting, biological yield, harvest index and peduncle outflow length in drought stress conditions. The results of stepwise regression confirmed the relation between grain yield and biological yield., path analysis was performed for the traits introduced in the stepwise regression model and in both normal and stress conditions the most direct effect on grain yield had belonged to biological yield.

The evaluation of wild grapes for breeding programs and introducing cultivars for special climatic conditions is very important. The aim of this study was to better understand the characteristics of wild grape genotypes in order to use in breeding programs. Twenty genotypes were collected in Sardasht and Piranshhar regions of the West Azerbaijan province and various attributes such as bunch, bunchlet, berry, seed and total antioxidant were measured. There is high variation in some traits, including length and width of bunch, bunch weight, length of peduncle and number of bunchlet. The flesh, peel and seed antioxidant capacity of the studied genotypes ranged from 15.53 to 71.53, 7.36 to 84.96 and 8.71 to 64 %, respectively. The bunch traits, including length and width of bunch significantly correlated with fruit traits such as length and width of berry, weight and size of the fruit. The eleven main factors were explained approximately 79.97% of the total variance. According to cluster analysis, genotypes were divided into three main groups. Genotypes in the first group had the highest flesh weight, skin thickness, TA, pH of juice, Hue and chroma values. The berry length and width, length of peduncle, number of seed, L* and a* had a significant role in separation of the second group. Genotypes in third group had a higher average number of bunchlet and length of bunchlet. The results obtained might be useful for breeding programs and introducing of new grape varieties.

This study carried out to examine the relationships between effective traits and yield in 12 sunflower varieties. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Results of simple correlation showed that seed width, seed diameter, seed length and hundred grain weight correlations with kernel yield were significant at the 1 percent probability level. In stepwise regression analysis, seed width was the first trait entered in the model and explained approximately 67 percent of the total yield changes. Seed length and diameter of stem entered to the model after the seed width trait and a total of 88 percent total yield variation was explained. The characters entered into the regression model were used for path analysis to identify direct and indirect effects of traits on grain yield and their proportion of effect. The results showed that seed width, seed length and stem diameter had the most direct and positive effect on the yield, respectively. In this study, three independent factors encompassed 75 percent of the total variation. The first factor with 35.5 percent of the variance was mostly influenced by grain yield, plant height, leaf length and leaf width which was named the grain yield. The second factor with 26 percent of the total variation was mostly represented seed length and seed weight and named seed features. The third factor was highly affected by stem diameter, seed diameter and seed width with 13.4 percent of variance explained and was named the plant diameter.

Barberry is a small fruit that grows in the wild in North West of Iran. Evaluation of fruit and seed characteristics can be useful in selection of superior cultivars for commercial cultivation. The aim of this study is to better understand the characteristics of barberries in order to use in breeding programs. The area and barberry genotypes were identified and sampling of them were done, then were transported to the laboratory and attributes such as length and width of fruits, seeds and leaves, fruit color were measured. Cluster analysis was performed on the basis of Ward's method. There is high variation in some traits, including berry weight, berry length, flesh weight, seed width, color characteristics such as a*, b*, Hue angle and chroma values. The results indicated that SH14 genotype had the largest fruit. Leaf traits, including leaf length and width significantly correlated with fruit traits such as weight and size of the fruit and seed length and width. The 3 main factors were explained approximately 68% of the total variance. According to cluster analysis, genotypes were divided into four main groups. Genotypes in group A had highest average length of pedicle and a* and b* color variables of fruits. The hue angle had a significant role in separation of group B. Also, seedless genotypes were located in group C. Genotypes in group D had a higher average length and width of leaves and seed number. The results obtained might be helpful for breeders who trying to develop new varieties.

Ten barley cultivars base a Randomized Complete Block design with three replications in normal and drought conditions investigated in 2014-15. Grain yield, harvest index, plant height spike length, spike weight, awn length, thousand grain weight, stem diameter, seed length, seed diameter, peduncle length, day to heading and day to physiological maturity were measured. Results of variance analysis showed that in normal conditions of moisture between the varieties in terms of grain yield, harvest index, spike length, spike weight, awn length, stem diameter, seed length, seed diameter, peduncle length, days to heading and days to physiological maturity and In stress condition the varieties in grain yield, harvest index, plant height, spike length, spike weight, awn length, stem diameter, seed length, seed length and peduncle length showed significant difference. Path analysis indicated that in normal conditions, direct effect, harvest index, plant height and peduncle length on yield is positive and high. in stress condition, harvest index, positive and direct effect and days to heading negative and direct effect on grain yield were that positive effects of increased correlation of with grain yield and, negative effects of reduce the correlation between grain yield and selected attributes will be followed by regression. Results from this study showed that Characteristics such as harvest index, plant height, peduncle length, awn length, and thousand grain can be as indicators for selecting cultivars with high yield in stress and non-stress condition can be recommended.

In this study the Allium species were collected from different regions of Khorasan, and in Research Center for Plant Sciences of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, in the randomized complete block planting and after the establishment of the species, 29 qualitative and 13 quantitative traits were studied during the growth duration from 2012 to 2014. According to the results, there is a significant variati on between the studied traits including scape length, number of leaf, flower color, diameter of in florescences, etc. between the examined genotypes, which provides the possibility to choice plants with desirable traits. On the other hand, the results of simple correlation analys is showed a significant correlation between characteristics in most cases. Factor analysis was used to identify the most important factors affecting these paration of genotypes in this study, and according to the results five main factors could justify 91.62% of the total variance. Some characters were located in the first factor group such as the scape diameter, in florescence diameter, peduncle length, flower shape, stamens length, diameter and length of the ovary and the style.

A field expremient for evaluating melon genotypes of north east of Iran(north khorasan, khorasan razavi and south khorasan) was conducted in khorasn razavi agricultural and natural resource research center . 17 selected of melon genotype were planted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replication. Khatooni variety had the highest yield whitin other cultivars with 28.72 ton per hectars. The least yield blonged to bakharman sarakhs with 16.94 ton per hektar. Cluster analysis for all of traits, sugar , number of fruit and yield divided melon cultivars to 4 main groups , in all of clusters mashhad, chah paliz and jabbari were in same groups which shows that these cultivars are genetically closed. Factor analysis divided traits in 5 main groups as covered 75% of variation in cultivars and the first factor included fruit weight, number of plant, length and wide of fruit and fruit tissue weight covered 27 percent of variation.

In order to study the effect of rootstock, scion and some methods of grafting and budding to achieve the best methods of grafting in pomegranate, split factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in March 2013 in greenhouse at the Agricultural College of Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan. Factors included rootstock, scion, and methods of grafting and time of grafting. Varieties of grafted plants of Poust Ghermez-e-Ali Aghaei, Garch-e-Dadashi and Garch-e-Shavar were used as rootstock; varieties of Rabab-e-Neyris and Khafr-e-Jahrom were used as scion. Methods of Cleft grafting, Chip budding were used. The vegetative parameters were measured at three times: 60, 120 and 180 days after grafting. Results showed that the methods of grafting had significant effect on grafting success and establishement of grafted seedling. The cleft grafting had more grafting success compared to Chip budding, but rootstock and scion genotypes had no significant effect on grafting success and survival of grafted plants. The highest rate of vegetative parameters in all grafting was obtained in 180 days after grafting. There were negative correlation between phenolic compounds of rootstock and scion with the percent of survived grafted seedling. Finally, the Cleft grafting technique showed to be more successful method for propagation and scion cultivar change of pomegranate.

Introduction Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) has special position in Iran fruit culture industry. In terms of cultivation and producing, Iran is one of the major countries in the world but in terms of export Iran is ranked 23. For this reason, research on necessities of fruit culture industries and access to new cultivars by breeding project is required. Obviously, paying attention to quality and quantity of products and using of local germplasm that known completely, played a significant role in this project. Apricot with genomic feature 2n=16, has extensive diversity due to sexual propagation and cultivation in different areas. Central Asia and Caucasian groups of apricot that involving Iranian and Turkish cultivars, have greatest phenotypic variations, while European group including cultivars that cultivated in North America, Australia and South Africa have the lowest diversity. Climate adaptation, increasing of fruits quality, self-compatibility and resistance to diseases are the most important goals of apricot breeding. Of course, the quality of fruits depends on sugar and acid balance and special aroma. One of the important targets of apricot breeding is introduce and develop of cultivars that can be cultivated in extensive areas. Target of recent study is primary evaluating of morphological and pomological traits of some cultivar and genotypes of apricot grown in Zanjan province. In order to introduce the cultivars that produces fruit with high quality and complete scientific researches to selection of ideal cultivars in this region for future.
Method and material: This research carried out on four cultivars (Badami, Daneshkadeh, Shekarpareh, Shahroodi) and two genotypes (C and D) and was conducted in a completely randomize design with three replications. Evaluating of tree, branch, leaf, flower and some fruit traits performed based on existing descriptor. For determining some important pomological traits, fruits harvested in commercial time and transferred to laboratory. For measuring total soluble solid (TSS), refractometer (model: ATAGO-N1) was used. To determinetitratableacidity (TA) titration with 0.1 N NaOH method and for measuring pH content, pH-meter (model: JENWAY 3020) was used. The weight of fruit and stone was measured with digital balance. Flesh fresh weight also was determined with digital balance and flesh dry weight was measured after 72 hours dried in oven. Finally flesh firmness was determined with presser meter (model: OSK 1618). For evaluating fruit set percent, flowers of some branches in every cultivar was numerated then primary and final fruit set percent was calculated after 10 and 30 days, respectively. Data analysis was done with SAS 9.1, SPSS 20 and Statistica 10 software.
The results of qualitative data that analysis with non- parametric (Kruskal-wallis) method showed significant differences among some genotypes and cultivars. In terms of corebitternes strait genotype D showed significant differences with other cultivar and genotypes. Due to this trait, genotype D is suitable for use as rootstockbecause the genotypes with kernel are suitable for cultivation in lime and semi dry soil and also are resistant nematode. In terms of blooming time, genotype D (late blooming)had significant differences with genotype C, Badami and Shahroodi cultivars. Because of this trait, genotype D is resistance to late spring chilling injury. Based on trees growth habit, genotype C (long growth habit) showed significant differences with Shekarpareh cultivar (widespread growth habit). In terms of flower bud distributions genotype C (blooming on annual branches) showed significant differences with genotype D and Daneshkadeh cultivar (blooming on spurs). According to these traits genotype C is suitable for dense cultivation orchards and need to prune every year like peach. Results of correlations among traits showed that TA has negative significant correlations with flesh dry weight, TSS/TA ratio and flesh weight/stone weight ratio. During fruit ripening TA rates was decreased and TSS rates were increased, so during of TSS increasing as one of the non-structural components of dry matter, flesh dry weight increasing simultaneously. Positive correlations between flesh dry weight and TSS/TA ratio indicate that cultivars with big fruits have high dry matter, so they are sweeter than other cultivars. Also aprincipal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the number of important factors that influenced on morphological identification. The results of PCA showed that total variance (90.2%) is justified by two factors. The first factor (73.05%) included all fruit traits, leaf length and first and second fruit set percent. The second factor (17.21%) contained flower diameter, core length and juice percent. Consider to this analysis, Shahrodi, Daneshkadeh and Shekarpareh cultivars were settled near each other but Badami cultivar, Cand D genotypes were placed separately.
According to the results, high diversity was observed among genotypes and cultivars. This diversity provides suitable genetic resources for breeding works. Results of this study showed that Daneshkadeh cultivar has the biggest fruits and Shahroodi cultivar has the most rates of TSS and flesh firmness, so this cultivar has long storage life. Finally, the Shekarpareh cultivar showed the most flesh dry weight and flesh weight/stone weight ratio, so this cultivar is suitable for processing.