جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کود شیمیایی » در نشریات گروه « باغبانی »

 Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is an important crop in Iran our country and has a unique position in export goods. The amount of pistachio production in Iran has decreased by 50% compared to 2017. The low yield of pistachios per unit area is due to the management problems of orchards, and among these, nutrition and fertilizer management is of special importance. Among the nutrients that are important in pistachio nutrition, especially when the brain is full, are nitrogen and potassium. Humic acid can also improve physical, chemical and biological soil properties and stimulate growth via its effects on plant metabolism.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of application of some nitrogen fertilizers with different levels of potassium sulfate and humic acid on growth, yield and photosynthetic pigments of pistachio Badami Sefid-e-Mahvalat variety.

 This research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Mahvalat during 2019-2020. The first factor consisted of nitrogen fertilizers at 4 levels (control, urea, ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate). The second factor was potassium sulfate fertilizer at 2 levels of zero and 250 g per tree and the third factor was humic acid fertilizer at 2 levels of zero and 45 g per tree which as a manure pits after the formation of the cluster and at the same time with the growth of the bony shell in the shade of the tree where the capillary roots are active. At the end of the experiment, morphophysiological traits were measured and recorded. In each tree, three branches were selected in different directions and the length of the current branch was measured in meters using centimeters. The diameter of the middle of the branch was measured with a caliper. From the collected clusters, 100 fruits were randomly selected, and the number of indehiscence fruits and the number of blank fruits were counted and finally expressed as a percentage. Measurements of chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids were determined using Arnon method. The experimental data was analyzed by SAS software and the significant differences among the treatment were tested by LSD test.

The results of analysis of variance of data in two years of experiment showed that experimental treatments had a significant effect on pistachio growth and yield. The results of the first year showed that the combined treatment of urea and 250 g of potassium sulfate and 45 g of humic acid had the highest diameter and branch length, indehiscence percentage, chlorophyll a, b and total and the lowest pistachio blank percentage. The highest yield in the first year was obtained from the combined use of ammonium sulfate, 250 g of potassium sulfate and 45 g of humic acid. Combined application of ammonium nitrate and 250 g of potassium sulfate and 45 g of humic acid resulted in the highest diameter and branch length in the second year of the experiment. The highest indehiscence percentage and carotenoids and the lowest amount of pistachio blank percentage in the second year were obtained from the combined treatment of ammonium sulfate, 250 g of potassium sulfate and 45 g of humic acid. Most chlorophyll a, b and total were obtained from combined consumption of urea, 250 g of potassium sulfate and 45 g of humic acid. The highest yield of the second year was obtained due to urea consumption, 250 g of potassium sulfate and 45 g of humic acid. Nitrogen is a component of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids and enzymes and plays a major role in plant physiology, vegetative growth, chlorophyll formation and fruit and fruit production. Potassium is also one of the elements required by the plant that plays an important role in photosynthesis and transport of carbohydrates. The organic acids in humic acid cause the chelating of many nutrients and increase their availability to the plant. By using these substances and its positive and stimulating effects on plant growth and increasing root growth and its absorption power, nutrient uptake, yield is increased.

To evaluate the plant adaptation and effects of irrigation cycles and NPK elements on growth and yield parameters of Zingiber officinale R., a split-plot experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications in two regions including Pakdasht (Tehran province) and Lahijan (Gilan province) in 2021. The experimental factors included irrigation cycle at three levels (4 (V1), 6 (V2), and 8 (V3) days) as the main factor and NPK elements at three levels (N300P100K200 (F1), N350P150K250 (F2), and N250P50K150 (F3) (kg.ha-1)) as the sub-factor. The results showed that the irrigation×NPK effects was significant on plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, number of branches per plant, leaf area index, fresh and rhizome dry weight, and rhizome yield at the 1% probability level and on stem diameter at the 5% probability level in Pakdasht region. The V1F2 treatment was the best one in this region. In Lahijan region, the irrigation×NPK effects was significant on number of leaves per plant and rhizome yield at the 1% probability level and on plant height and stem diameter at the 5% probability level. The best result in Lahijan was obtained in the V1F2 treatment. Also, in terms of leaf area, number of branches per plant, and leaf area index, V1 and F2 was the best treatments in Lahijan. Fresh and rhizome dry weight had the best results in the V2 and F2 treatments. Overall, the studied traits in Lahijan climate were superior to Pakdasht climate and every 4 days irrigation for Pakdasht and every 6 days for Lahijan had the best results.

To investigate the effects of soil fertility methods on economic yield and essential oil compositions of Nigella sativa L., an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments included different levels of NPK chemical fertilizer, manure, NPK+ manure, and NPK+ manure+ inoculation of Azorizobium biofertilizer. Seed yield, aerial parts yield, and percentage, yield, and essential oil compounds were studied. The results showed that the highest seed yield (1270.43 kg.ha-1) was obtained in the 40 kg.ha-1 N+ 32 kg.ha-1 P+ 40 kg.ha-1 K+ 30 ton.ha-1 manure treatment. The highest percentage (0.25%) and essential oil yield (2.8 kg.ha-1) was obtained in the 40 kg.ha-1 N+ 32 kg.ha-1 P+ 40 kg.ha-1 K+ 30 ton.ha-1 manure+ Azurizobium treatment. The highest thymoquinone percentage (14.9%) was observed in the 30 ton.ha-1 manure treatment. Overall, the integrated and biological treatments had the most positive effects on seed yield and essential oil percentage of N. sativa. The use of suitable fertilizer sources not only increased the yield, essential oil percentage, and thymoquinone content in Nigella sativa, but also reduced the consequences of excessive use of chemical fertilizers. The use of integrated fertilization methods is an effective step to achieve the sustainable agriculture goals.

To investigate the effects of different nutritional treatments on morphological characteristics, essential oil yield, and the amount of some elements in the soil and plant branches of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications and 14 nutritional treatments during two growing seasons (2017-2018, 2018-2019). Treatments included 1- C (control), 2- NPK (Chemical fertilizer 50-25-25 kg.ha-1), 3- CM30, 4- CM60 (CM: Cattle manure 30 and 60 ton.ha-1), 5- CM30+NPK, 6- CM60+NPK, 7- V5 (Vermicompost 50 ton.ha-1), 8- V5+NPK, 9- GM (Glomus mosseae), 10- GI (Glomus intraradices), 11- S0+T, 12- S250+T, 13- S500+T (S: Sulfur 0, 250, and 500 kg.ha-1, T: Thiobacillus), and 14- V5+T. The analysis of variance showed the significant effect (p < /em>≤0.01) of year×fertilizer treatments on the all morphological characteristics, percentage and essential oil yield, and the amount of potassium and sulfur of plant branches. The highest plant height in the first and second years was related to the CM30+NPK and CM60 treatments, respectively. The highest number of branches in the first and second years was observed in the CM30+NPK and GM treatments, respectively. The CM30+NPK treatment had the highest shade width in both years. Also, the highest amount of dry matter of flowering branches in the first and second years was related to the CM30+NPK and V5+T treatments, respectively. According to the results, the highest essential oil percentage in the first and second years was observed in the GM and S0 + T treatments, respectively. The application of V5+NPK and V5 +T treatments significantly increased the essential oil yield in the first and second years, respectively. The results also showed that the highest potassium content of branches in the first and second years was related to the GI and V5 + NPK treatments, respectively. Also, the highest sulfur content of branches in the first and second years was obtained in the V5 and S500 + T treatments, respectively. In general, the present study showed that the use of biofertilizers increases the efficiency of essential oil percentage and the amount of nutrients in this plant. Also, it could be recommended to use vermicompost along with the chemical and biological fertilizers to increase the essential oil yield of Satureja khuzistanica.

One of the important factors in the succeeding the medicinal plant cultivation is the use of appropriate fertilizers. Plants grown with appropriate fertilizers have more secondary metabolites than those that grown in the usual system. On the other hand, there is increasing concern about soil interrelated environmental problems such as desertification, soil degradation, loss of fertility and erosion. So, the use of suitable fertilizer for plant growth is very important. Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) oil is widely used as a floral substitute of the rose scent, due to its smell very similar to rose, being therefore one of the most valuable natural materials for the cosmetic and perfumery industries. Geranium oil is obtained from steam distillation of the flowers or green foliage of Pelargonium graveolens or some of its hybrids. Geranium oil is sometimes listed on the label of supplements promoted for athletic performance, weight loss, and body building. Sometimes it is used for nerve pain (neuropathy), depression, diarrhea and various skin conditions or to help with healing. Also, geranium oil is likely safe when taken by mouth in food amounts. Analyses of phytochemical profile of geranium oil included the major constituents such as citronellol, citronellyl formate, geraniol and isomenthone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the compounds of geranium essential oil in treatment of three types of fertilizers including organic, chemical and compost fertilizer.
In order to investigate the effects of organic, chemical and compost fertilizers on chemical composition of essential oil of geranium, an experiment was conducted at Barij research farm, Kashan, Iran, in 2015 as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included; organic fertilizer at one level (3 tons/ha), chemical fertilizer as urea at two levels (75 and 100 kg/ha), compost fertilizer as plant debris at two levels (15 and 20 tons/ha) and control (no fertilizer). The aerial parts of the treated geranium were collected during stage of flowering in October, and their essential oils were obtained from Clevenger apparatus, and after dehydration were analyzed by GC device. The GC analysis was carried out using Varian 3800 GC, equipped with a CP-Sil 8 fused silica capillary column (60 m × 0.32 mm i.d., 0.25 µm f.t.); carrier gas, Helium; flow rate 1.0 ml/min; split ratio, 1:50 and using a flame ionization detector. The column temperature was programmed at 50 °C heated to 250 °C at a rate of 3.0 °C/min, then kept constant at 250 °C for 20 min; injector temperature, 230 °C; detector temperature, 250 °C. Also, plant height, number of branches per plant, average fresh weight of the plant, maximum fresh weight of the plant and plant yield were measured. Data analysis was done by SPSS Statistic 17.0.
The results showed that treatment with different fertilizers had no significant effect on essential oil percentage. In the cultivation of aromatic herbs, despite the percentage of essential oil, the type and composition of the essential chemical composition is also important. So, the chemical compounds of essential oils obtained from different treatments were studied. Citronellol (44.5%-56.6%), citronellyl formate (12.2%-18.3%), geraniol (2.2%-7.6%), and isomenthone (1.9%-6.1%) were found as four major components in essential oil of geranium. However, it’s found that the amount of citronellol (51.94%) reach to the highest level in the essential oil obtained from germanium treated with compost fertilizer at level of 15 tons/ha. However, other treatments had no significant effect on other compounds of essential oil. Several studies indicate that the use of compost on land may soil parameters and improve several plant and which would make compost an interesting option for soil restoration purposes, as well as take advantage of its fertilizer properties. Other potential benefits of compost application are enhanced nutrient availability for plants, improved biological activity, and the suppression of soil borne diseases. Moreover, many authors have reported higher yields with compost application and better quality of the harvested crops. Also, no significant differences among geranium for plant height, number of branches per plant, average fresh weight of the plant, maximum fresh weight of the plant and plant percentage were observed.
The results point to the beneficial effects of a compost fertilizer at level of 15 tons/ha as alternative nutrition systems on the growth characteristics. So, in addition to reducing costs, can be achieved high quality essential oil.

Though chemical fertilizers increase crop production, their long-term use causes soil compaction and decreased fertility, increased air and water pollution, as well as increased greenhouse gases emission, ultimately leading to serious damage to human health and the environment. A greenhouse experiment was conducted during 2018 to evaluate the effects of chemical and bio-fertilizers on the quality and quantity of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) in a randomized complete block design with four treatments. The experimental treatments included chemical fertilizer (NPK), seaweed extract, humic acid, and control (without fertilizer) with five replications. The results showed that the treatments had a significant effect on most of the traits. The highest plant height, plant dry weight, number of umbels per plant, number of seeds per plant, 1000 seed weight, number of primary branches, chlorophyll content, leaf carotenoid content, and essential oil content were obtained in the plants treated with chemical fertilizer as well as seaweed extract. The highest plant fresh weight was obtained from chemical fertilizer treatment, and the highest number of secondary branches (9.08) and linalool percentage (61.32%) were obtained from the seaweed extract treatment. The results indicated that the seaweed extract could be a good replacement for chemical fertilizers in coriander.

In order to study morphological characteristics, yield, elements and Gallic acid contents in Rhus coriaria L. fruits under the influence of manure and chemical fertilizers, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Manure factor was included control, 20 and 40 tons per hectare and chemical fertilizers (Mixture of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) were N0P0K0 (control), N50P25K25 and N100P50K50 kg ha-1 from urea, triple superphosphate and potassium oxide sources. Results showed that the interaction of manure and chemical fertilizer on plant height and trunk diameter was significant at 1% probability level. Manure had a significant effect on leaf number and width, fresh and dry yield of cluster at a probability level of 5%, and on leaf length and leaf weight at 1% probability level. The effect of chemical fertilizer on leaf weight was significant at 1% probability level. The effect of manure fertilizer on nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron was significant at 1% probability level. Mean comparisons of morphological traits showed that the highest number of leaves (683.44 number per plant), leaf length (24.06 cm), leaf weight (1754.9 g per plant), fresh cluster yield (301 g per plant) and dry cluster yield (281.2 g per plant) were achieved with using of 40 tons per hectare manure. The highest percent of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were obtained with mean of 1.9, 0.32 and 0.71%, respectively with consumption of 40 tons per hectare manure. The highest amount of Gallic acid was obtained from manure application of 40 tons per hectare with 0.44 mg/kg of fruit. Results showed that this plant has been affected by fertilizer and increased fruit and Gallic acid with the use of fertilizers.

Meadow saffron (Colchicum) is a non-domesticated medicinal plant, rich in isoquinoline alkaloids. These alkaloids are used in medicines mainly for their anti-gout and myorelaxant properties. Meadow saffron has an unusual biology that does not favor cultivation. Flowers of Meadow saffron appear in September and fruits mature in June. The corms enter dormancy phase in winter (January to March) and after fruiting in summer (June to September). Each year, a mother corm produces one daughter corm, or sometimes two daughter corms. The uptake of mineral element in plant is a complex process that governed by numerous factors influencing each other. nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium application can significantly increase the yield and improve the quality of plants. Meadow saffron need more consider in fertilization managements in comparison with other crops because it has shallow roots than other crops and exposes to more problems in uptake of immobile nutrients in the soil. The object of this study was to determine the effect of different fertilizers and mother corm weight on yield characters of Colchicum kotschyi Boiss.

This experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in two years, 2012- 2013 and 2013-2014. The Corms of Colchicum kotschyi Boiss. were harvested from natural site of Binalood Mountains during their summer dormancy. The mother corm weight was considered as a factor in the experiment, because of the variation between the collected corms. In order to evaluate fertilizers effect, soil analysis was conducted. So, the experimental factors were: mother corm weight (less than 40 g and more than 40 g), cow manure (0 and 50 t.ha-1), urea (0 and 50 kg.ha-1) and superphosphate (0 and 25 kg.ha-1). Before planting, cow manure and superphosphate were well mixed with soil and urea was added to soil during emergence of leaves. Planting date was 28th August 2012. Planting depth was 12-15 cm and the space between plants was 25 cm. During flowering, flower number was recorded. Plants were harvested when the color of leaves and capsules were changed from yellow to brown, and characteristics such as corm yield, seed yield, biological yield, 1000-seed weight, capsule number, capsule dry weight, seed number, seed dry weight, corm and seed HI were measured. Data analysis was done by SAS Ver. 9. Mean comparisons were done by LSD test at 5% probability.

At the first year of experiment, most of transplanted corms did not flower due to transplanting. Therefore, just the results of the second year were presented here. The results showed that mother corm weight had significant effect on the yield (p≤0.05). The weight of daughter corms was increased by increasing mother corm weight, because of more supply of nutrients. The weight of the corm is basically determined by the amount of total food stored in the corm by the plant through the process of photosynthesis. The initial plant growth and its vigor are determined by the amount of food supplied to the growing plant by the corm. The results showed that seed yield characters were affected by the cultivated corm weight. The most flowers per area unit, capsule number per plant, seed number and dry weight per plant were belonged to heavier cultivated corms. The effect of corm weight on corm HI was not significant (p≤0.05), but smaller corms had more seed HI than bigger corms (p≤0.05). The effect of cow manure on most characters was significant (p≤0.05). Corm yield and corm HI increased in cow manure treatment in comparison with control. Organic fertilizers cause improvement of soil structure, better development of roots, regulation of soil temperature and useful microorganisms, supply of nutrients for plant and supports plant in nutrient absorption. Capsule number, capsule dry weight and seed number per plant were not influenced by cow manure. The number of capsules per plant and the number of seeds per capsule were determined during fertilization. The only parameter that can vary during capsule development was the thousand-seed weight. The results showed that seed dry weight per plant, 1000-seed weight, seed yield and seed HI were decreased in cow manure treatment in comparison with control. It seems that cow manure has more effect on vegetative growth and decrease proportion of seed compared to corm in whole plant weight. Meanwhile, the competition between corm and seed for photosynthetic materials may decrease seed dry weight. The effect of superphosphate was significant on some studied characters. Superphosphate utilization was increased corm yield and biological yield compared to control. Many researchers reported that phosphorus that was effective in leaf photosynthesis and carbon metabolism in plants. Phosphorus increased seed dry weight per plant, seed yield and 1000-seed weight. Phosphorus is a very important nutrient in plant nutrition and is more effective in the formation of flower, fruit and seed. Many researches have shown that phosphorus promote reproductive growth.

The results showed that colchicum could have a good response to treatments especially cow manure and superphosphate. It seems that more levels of fertilizers especially urea could improve quantitative and qualitative yield of plant.

In order to investigate the effects of Plant Growth Promothing Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on growth, yield, flowering and biochemical content of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with five treatments and four replications during the 2015-2016 in the Faculty of Agriculture of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The treatments included Entrobacter closea R13, Entrobacter closea R33, Pseudomonas sp., chemical fertilizers (NPK), and control (no fertilizer). The results of the experiment showed that the highest flower number per square meter, leaf number, stem branches, receptacle diameter, and capitol diameter were observed in E. closea R13, while the highest capitol fresh and dry weight was found in E. closea R33. Moreover, the most leaf phosphorus and nitrogen content, and leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids content were observed in the plots incubated with E. closea R13. The highest and lowest total phenolic content was found in the Entrobacter treatment and control, respectively. Mean comparison of treatment effects showed that the effects of E.closea R33 were similar to E. closea R13 in most parameters and there was no significant difference between them. According to the positive and additive effects of PGPR on calendula plants, the PGPR could be recommended as an alternative to chemical fertilizers to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers and guaranty the production of medicinal plants, free of chemicals.

A field experiment was conducted focusing on the effects of biochar on quantity characteristics of Black Seed (Nigella sativa L.) under water deficit conditions. The experimental design was split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Three levels of irrigation (I1: 100%, I2: 70% and I3: 40% of water irrigation requirement) were assigned as main plots and the combination of three levels of biochar (B1: 0, B2: 10 and B3:20 t.ha-1) and two levels of chemical fertilizers (F1: without and F2: with chemical fertilizer) were allocated as sub plots. Results were shown that seed number per plant and seed weight per plant significantly increased by 10 t.ha-1 biochar application compared with 20 t.ha-1. Chemical fertilizer significantly affected the yield components of black seed except 1000-seed weight. The interaction between biochar, chemical fertilizer and water requirements significantly affected the seed yield and biological yield. The result revealed that the application of 10 t.ha-1 biochar plus 70% water irrigation requirement and using chemical fertilizer (I2B2F2) produced the highest seed yield and biological yield (1365 and 5776 kg.ha-1, respectively). Application of biochar combined with chemical fertilizers could improve soil nutrient and water availability conditions and increased the yield of black seed.

Fumitory is an annual and herbaceous plant. Its active substances that mostly exist in aerial parts are including alkaloids such as fumaryn and Synaktyn, and also resins and mucilage. Vermicompost is a bio organic fertilizer which contains enzymes, bacteria, plant residues and animal manure. In this study an experiment was run as completely randomized design in three replications and five treatments. Treatments were including of control (No fertilizer), three levels of vermicompost (5, 15 and 30 percent) and chemical fertilizer (N:P:K, 20:20:20). After flowering of the plants, alkaloids were measured by HPLC using internal standard noscapine and external standard fumaric acid. The results showed significant effect of vermicompost on the amount of Fumitory alkaloids. The vermicompost treatment of 30 percent had the maximum and minimum amount of alkaloids, respectively. All micro and macro elements had significant differences in compared to control plants. The results indicated a positive effect of vermicompost on all the measured traits in this experiment. Totally, the use of agricultural inputs (organic and chemical) and favorable impact on yield and secondary metabolites of in this plant.

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.), belonging to the Asteraceae family, is an annual plant and prefers light and fertile soils. Silymarin is the most important compound extracted from the seeds of this plant and it is used in the treatment of liver diseases, hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer prevention. In usual agricultural systems, the purpose of using fertilizers and their combination is to obtain the highest seed yield and quality of the active substances. In order to investigation of the effect of different fertilizers and their combination on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of milk thistle, an experiment was arranged in split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Farm of Agricultural Institute, University of Zabol, during 2013-2014. In this study, the main factors were Hungary genotype (A1) and Mashhadi population (A2) and the sub factors were application of different fertilizers such as control treatment, manure, chemical fertilizer (urea ammonium phosphate potassium), mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mossaea), combination of nitroxin, bio-sulfur and bio-superphosphate, combination of chemical fertilizer and manure, combination of mycorrhizal fungi and manure, and nano-iron chelate. The results showed that there was not any significant difference between Hungary genotype and Mashhadi population. Totally, the mycorrhizal fungi (G. mossaea) was the best treatment than other fertilizer treatments in the milk thistle plant and it caused enhancing the growth and better activity of photosynthetic pigments as well as improved seed yield and increased silymarin substance in the milk thistle plant.

In order to evaluate the effects of organic and biological fertilizers on seed yield and yield components of dwarf chicory, a field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during growing season of 2011-2012. The experimental layout was factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The experimental treatments were all combination of organic and chemical fertilizers factors (Compost 4 t/ha , vermicompost 4 t/ha , urea fertilizer 130 kg/ha and control ) and biological fertilizer factor (Biosulfur biofertilizer pure sulfur 100 kg/ha and control). Results indicated that studied factors and their interactions had not significant effect on morphological traits (plant height, number of tiller per plant, number of branch per plant) and on yield components of seed such as: number of seed per inflorescence, 1000-seed weight and HI. The Results showed that organic and chemical fertilizers factor had significant effect on number of inflorescence per plant, number of seed per plant, biological yield (p

Purple coneflower with scientific name Echinacea purpurea (L.) is an herbaceous perennial plant native to North America and is the one of the most important medicinal plants in the world. Root of Echinacea purpurea is commonly used around the world for stimulation of immune system. It is used as herbal medicine in respiratory infections, against malignant tumors and several inflammatory conditions However, nitrogen and phosphorus are the main elements that make up the proteins in plants and herbs for natural growth, especially is necessary in their productive organs. The results showed that nitrogen and phosphorus are important in continuation of flowering, the flowers fresh and dry weight and in essential oil. Fertilization of E. purpurea plants indicated that in absence or at low levels of nitrogen fertilization (0 and 100 kg acre-1), the addition of 50 and 100 kg acre-1 of potassium increased aerial parts, flower heads and root yield. Another report indicated that highest aerial biomass and root yield in E. purpurea was obtained with 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen at constant rates of phosphorus and potassium. Polyphenol content was not influenced by nitrogen fertilization and values fluctuated between 2.4 and 5.4 % in the aerial part at flowering and between 1.6 and 3.5 % in the roots. Fertilization with nitrogen caused a decrease in the concentrations of echinoside. Echinoside content was 1.16 % without nitrogen fertilization, and 0.94 % with nitrogen fertilization.
To evaluate the effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and yield of coneflower, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Treatments were included three levels of nitrogen (0, 1 and 2 gr urea per kilogram of soil) and three levels of phosphate fertilizer (0, 0.75 and 1.5 gr of phosphate (P2O5) per kg of soil). Nitrogen fertilizer was applied to the soil before planting and one month after transplanting seedlings and phosphorus fertilizer was added to the soil after transplanting.
A difference in plant height at different levels of nitrogen was significant. By increasing the amount of nitrogen to 1 gr, plant height from 69.44 increased to 81.11 cm. Number of lateral shoots wasn’t significant in any levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. Increasing of nitrogen from 0 to 2 grams per kg of soil increased leaf weight from 2.4 to 7.5 g. However, with increasing levels of phosphorus, weight and leaf area increased. So that the treatment without phosphorus, dry weight was 4.37 grams and in 1.5 grams of phosphorus was the highest leaf dry weight with 5.77 gr. With increasing levels of nitrogen from 0 to 1 gram, shoot dry weight increased and with increasing nitrogen from 1 to 2 grams of weight shoot dry weight was low. Treatment with 1 gr of nitrogen per kilogram of soil had the highest stem dry weight per plant with 8.7 grams and showed significant differences with other treatment. Based on the results, the effect of nitrogen fertilizer treatments in the number of flowers and flower dry weight was significant at 1%, the effect of phosphorus on flower dry weight was significant. But the interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer treatments in any levels was not significant. The highest SPAD index in1.5 gr of phosphorus and lowest (53.74) in the treatment without phosphorus was observed. Different levels of nitrogen fertilizer had not significant effect on the length and diameter of the root but a significant effect of phosphorus on root length was showed. It seems nitrogen in 1 gr per kg is related to increase photosynthesis and the growth of organs. Nitrogen with increasing in meristem cell division can increase vegetative growth and plant size. Zeinali et al (1387) reported that phosphorus can increase carbohydrates and mineral combinations in the shoots, flowers and roots. As a result increase in shoots, roots and flowers dry weight is related to nitrogen and phosphorus.
In general the results showed that with increasing nitrogen fertilizer height, flower number and shoot dry weight was significantly increased. Also, increasing the amount of phosphorus up to 1.5 gr per kilogram leads to an increase in plant roots. Due to the interactions of nitrogen and phosphorus in leaf dry weight and root dry weight, nitrogen and phosphorus in 2 and 5.1 gr per kg of soil had the best results.

According to the necessity of using the substances reducing the harmful effects of salinity stress in areas with saline water and soil, and providing major plant nutrients through fertilizers, a split-plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Research Farm of Zabol University during 2012. Two levels of irrigation water quality (0.59 and 4.180 dS.m-1 EC) were in the main plots, and four levels of fertilizer (control, chemical fertilizer in the ratio of 80:40:30 kg.ha-1 from CO (NH2)2, Ca(H2PO4) and K2SO4 respectively, 40 ton.ha-1 manure and combination of fertilizers in half amount of mentioned) were in sub-plots. Results showed that saline water irrigation (EC: 4.180 dS.m-1) increased the activity of CAT and APX antioxidant enzymes, and other enzyme activity was reduced. In addition, the content of putrescine (Put), spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd), proline and carbohydrates, sodium and photosynthetic pigments in cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.)leaves increased. A separate application of NPK-fertilizer and manure showed no significant difference for physiological traits except spermine content, proline, sodium, and potassium. The combined application of NPK-fertilizer and manure was more efficient in reducing the antioxidant enzymes activity of CAT and GPX and enhancing the content of spermidine, proline, photosynthetic pigments, and potassium. The potassium content in combined treatment (581 ppm) compared with the separate application of NPK-fertilizer and manure increased 17.61 and 18.53 percent, respectively. According to the results of this study, in order to reduce the unilateral use of chemical fertilizer and supply plant nutrients required in salinity, NPK fertilizer with 40:20:15 kg.ha-1 ratios with 20 ton.ha-1 manure is recommended.

Date palm tree reaction to fertilizer is very slow, due to the trunk nutrients. This fact leads to farmer unwillingness to feed the trees. However, balance fertilizing improves vegetative growth and reduce the period for flowering. This study aimed to assess the effects of manure, chemical and organic sulfur on vegetative characteristics of ‘Piarom’ date palm offshoot in a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications for two years. Treatments consisted of control (no fertilizer), cattle manure at 20 and 30 kgtree, mixed NPK fertilizers at three levels: 150, 150 150, 200 200 250 and 300 250, 250g of nitrogen (ammonium sulfate), phosphate (triple superphosphate), potassium (potassium chloride), and organic sulfur source at three levels, 500, 750, and 1000g per offshoots per year. Analysis of variance showed a significant positive effect (1%) of organic sulfur on increasing vegetative growth. The highest increment in diameter, tree height and trunk, (7.16, 3.23 and 7/61 cm) increment in the number of leaves (7.11), increase in leaf width and length (15.7 and 36.0 cm) were obtained with the highest level of organic sulfur consumption. There was no significant differences among organic sulfur levels. Therefore, using 500g organic sulfur accompanied with 20 kg of manure in the planting bed is recommended to improve growth of rate date palm offshoots.

Medicinal and aromatic plants can play an important role in commercial crops, which also represent a safe alternative for chemical pharmaceutical industries. St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) due to its therapeutic efficacy has been used for decades in folk medicine and is considered as a promising medicinal plant with valuable potential as a source of hypericin, essential oils and antioxidants. Studies on agronomic factors such as application of potassium and humic acid as well as nitrogen fertilization on yield, essential oil and antioxidant activity of Hypericum perforatum have not been investigated thoroughly until now. This study was designed to study the effect of using humic acid and potassium sulphate on morphological and phytochemical characteristics of Hypericum perforatum.
The plant material was prepared from Science and Technology Park in Khorasan-e Razzavi–Mashhad. In spring, the plants were transplanted into the field of Horticulture department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, for fertilizing treatments. The experimental layout was factorial in a complete randomized design (CRD), with three replications. Potassium Sulphate (K2SO4) was applied at the rates of 0.0 (K0), 60 (K60) and 100 (K100) kg ha-1. The other treatment were humic acid, which was applied at three rates 0 (H0), 20 (H20) and 40 (H40) L ha-1. Plants were treated at two stages, before flowering by potassium fertilizer and fertigated four times in 15-day intervals with humic acid. Besides the fresh and dry weight, number of flowers, stem height and number of flowering stems were determined at the end of the growing stage.
The ANOVA indicated that most of measured attributes of Hypericum perforatum plant were significantly affected by both treatments. Data presented revealed that the highest stem (91.6 cm) was recorded at the highest level of potassium sulphate (K100) treatment, while the shortest height (60.4 cm) was recorded at the lowest level of potassium sulphate (K0) treatment. On the other hand, the highest stem (80.33 cm) was achieved with the highest level of humic acid treatment. No significant difference was observed between the highest level of humic acid (H40) and the second level (H20), while both mentioned levels showed a significant difference with control (H0). This means that the control plants possessed the lowest stem height (66.7 cm). The DPPH method for evaluation of antioxidant activity reflects the ability of the present compounds to scavenge hydrophilic free radicals. DPPH inhibition was investigated and the results were evaluated as relative activities against α-tocopherol as positive control. A lower EC50 indicates a higher antioxidant activity. As it is shown, the least EC50 which indicates the highest antioxidant activity belonged to plants treated with potassium sulphate at (100 kg.ha-1). Control plants possessed the least antioxidant activity and showed no significant difference compared with plants treated with 60 kg.ha-1 of this fertilizer. Humic acid had a significant effect on antioxidant activity of H. perforatum. The lowest value of EC50 was related to the highest level of humic acid, while the highest value of EC50 was obtained from control plants. There was also significant difference between control and two other levels (20 and 40 L ha-1) of humic acid. Applied fertilizers at their high levels showed significant effects on EC50 decrease, which means the increment of antioxidant activity of H. perforatum. The high antioxidant activity of this medicinal plant is the reason of flavonoids and phenols existence. It seems that application of these fertilizers have led to increment of the mentioned secondary metabolites and followed by an increase of antioxidant activity in comparison with control plants. Totally, H. perforatum possessed a high antioxidant activity. Based on recorded data of the present study, application of the mentioned fertilizers separately or simultaneously caused the increase of this important medicinal plant fresh and dry weight, and finally the yield. Number of flowers, stem height and flowering stems reached the highest value at the highest level of both fertilizers (K100H40). As potassium plays an important role in the development of reproductive parts of plants, it might be one of the reasons of the above mentioned increase. The highest essential oil content was recorded at high levels of both fertilizers (K100H40). Since the highest essential oil content accumulates in the flowering stems, an increase of these stems height and a higher number of flowers would lead to an increase of essential oil content of H. perforatum. Antioxidant activity of this plant is flavonoids contributed. It seems that application of these fertilizers increased the antioxidant activity by an increase of this pigment content.

Citrus are one of the important orchard fruit production that after banana is second in production at the world level and every year, Chemical fertilizers having most important role in increasing crops productions, but in long application of fertilizers cause soil destructions and polluting underground water. Also soils of dry regions are very poor in organic matter level. Nowadays in most countries, climatically condition and poor management cause poor organic matter content of soils. In Iran more than 60 percent of cultivated lands having less than 0.5 up to 1 percent organic matter. This may be due to intensive cultivation and poor managements For this reason if we have combine applications of manure and chemical fertilizers, the results would be much better. The aim of this research was to evaluate suitable ratio of manure and chemical fertilizer in order to reduce the chemical fertilizer use in citrus orchard in north of Iran. This experiment was conducted in one of the orchard at Sari district with low organic C. This research carried out on five years old citrus threes. This experiment carried out as factorial experiment on the base of complete randomized block design with 9 treatments and three replications. Treatments included three manure levels (0, 6 and 12 kg per tree) and three levels of macro fertilizer including potassium sulphate, ammonium sulphate and super phosphate triple (o, 30 and 60 percent on the bases of soil test). Total treatment were 27 plots, (each plots were includes two threes).all treatments were applied at March. All analysis was done with standard methods. This experiment was done as factorial on the bases of complete randomized block design with 9 treatments and three replications. The treatments were as follows:T1: Zero percent chemical fertilizer and zero kg manureT2: 30 percent chemical fertilizer (potassium sulphate 50 kgha-1, ammonium sulphate 30 kg ha-1 and super phosphate triple 45 kg ha-1) and zero kg manure.T3: 60 percent chemical fertilizer (potassium sulphate 100 kgha-1, ammonium sulphate 6 kg ha-1 and super phosphate triple 90 kg ha-1) and zero kg manure.T4: Zero percent chemical fertilizer and 6 kg manureT5: 30 percent chemical fertilizer (potassium sulphate 50 kgha-1, ammonium sulphate 30 kg ha-1 and super phosphate triple 45 kg ha-1) and 6 kg manure.T6: 60 percent chemical fertilizer (potassium sulphate 100 kgha-1, ammonium sulphate 6 kg ha-1 and super phosphate triple 90 kg ha-1) and 6 kg manure.T7: Zero percent chemical fertilizer and 12 kg manureT8: 30 percent chemical fertilizer (potassium sulphate 50 kgha-1, ammonium sulphate 30 kg ha-1 and super phosphate triple 45 kg ha-1) and 12 kg manure.T9: 60 percent chemical fertilizer (potassium sulphate 100 kgha-1, ammonium sulphate 6 kg ha-1 and superphosphate triple 90 kg ha-1) and 12 kg manure.All data analysis was done with MSTATC software and mean data comparison done with Duncan test levels at 1 or 5 percent levels. The results of analysis of variance showed that simple effect of manure and fertilizers and their interactions had no significant effect on TSS, but simple effect of fertilizer and their interactions between them had significant effect. The simple effect of chemical fertilizer and its interaction with manure were significant at 1 percent level on titration able pH of fruit juice and the simple effect of manure effect on fruit juice pH were significant at 5 percent level. The simple chemical fertilizer effect on C vitamin was not significant but simple effect of manure and its interaction effect with chemical fertilizer were significant at 5 percent level. The analysis of variance showed that simple effect of chemical fertilizer on fruit juice potassium were not significant, but simple effect of manure and its interaction with chemical fertilizer were significant at 5 percent level. Analysis of variance showed that simple effect of manure and fertilizer on the fruit juice calcium was significant at 1 percent level but their interactions were significant at 5 percent level. Simple effect of manure and fertilizer and their interactions on the fruit magnesium, iron manganese, zinc and copper were significant at 1 percent level. Analysis of variance showed that simple effect of manure and fertilizer and their interactions on the fruit juice magnesium, manganese, iron and copper was significant at percent level, but simple effect of manure on fruit juice zinc were significant at 5 percent level. In this study the treatment with combined application of 30 percent and 12 kg manure had highest Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and zinc concentration in fruit, also combined application of 60 percent fertilizer and 12 kg manure had effect on pH and potassium of fruit juice.

In order to study the effects of chemical and biological fertilizers on soil physical properties، nutrient uptake، nutrient concentration in soil and plant and seed yield and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.)، a field experiment was conducted in Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran University in 2011. Trial study was carried out as two-ways factorial in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Chemical fertilizer at three levels (C1=0-0-0 kg/ha NPK، C2=60-60-48 kg/ha NPK and C3=120-120-96 kg/ha NPK) was the first factor، and different biological fertilizers at six levels (B1=control، B2=Biosuperphosphate+Nitroxin، B3=Nitroxin، B4=Biosuperphosphate، B5=Biosulphur and B6=Sugar cane waste compost) were the second factor. Results showed that chemical fertilizer had significant effect on all traits except soil bulk density، soil porosity and essential oil yield. The interaction of chemical fertilizer and biological fertilizer was significant for seed phosphorus، soil bulk density and soil porosity percentage. The highest grain yield (237. 66 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (6. 46 kg/ha) was found at sugar cane waste compost in combination with 120-120-96 kg/ha NPK and the lowest grain yield (103. 15 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (2. 63 kg/ha) was obtained at bio sulfur without chemical fertilizer application، respectively. Also، sugar cane waste compost in combination with 120-120-96 kg/ha NPK had the highest grain nitrogen (2. 61%) and phosphorus (0. 33%)، respectively. The lowest was obtained at control treatment. Totally، the results suggested that the sugar cane waste in combination with 60-60-48 kg/ha NPK was the best treatment for fennel cultivation.