جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « گلرنگ » در نشریات گروه « باغبانی »

This study in order to investigate the purification of forage safflower plant under heavy cadmium metal contamination conditions by foliar application using of dalgin growth stimulant in a completely randomized design with four replications in the Faculty of Agriculture of Islamic Azad University, Varamin - Pishva Branch in 2019 was conducted.  The applied factors in this study were included cadmium at zero (control), 50 and 100 mg/kg soil levels and dalgin foliar application at zero (control) levels was 1 and 2 per thousand. The results showed that cadmium was decreased shoot length (%31.28), root length (%41.35), wet and dry weight of shoot (%60.46 and %44.69), wet and dry weight of root (%26.77 and %58.11), leaf surface index (%52.05), relative leaf water content (%39.74), chlorophyll (%22.54) and catalase enzyme activity (%10.73) and was increased proline (%164.38), malondialdehyde (%88.1) and cadmium of aerial and root organs concentrations. The most effect of cadmium was obtained in the treatment of 100 mg.kg of soil. It was also observed that the using of dalgin could increase shoot length, root length, wet and dry weight of the shoot and root, leaf surface index, relative leaf water content, chlorophyll and cadmium concentration of aerial and root organs and could decrease proline and malondialdehyde. In general, the most positive effect in using of one per thousand of dalgin was obtained. From the obtained results, it can be found the positive effects of dalgin, especially in the presence of cadmium, and the reduction of the negative effects of stress in the forage safflower. Therefore, the using of one per thousand of dalgin to increase the plant refining of heavy metal cadmium stress by forage safflower is recommended.

In order to investigate the effect of sodium nitroprusside levels on growth and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in arsenic contaminated soils, a pot experiment was conducted in a research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva Branch, in 2016-2017 in factorial experiment and in the form of design Completely randomized in 3 replications. The experimental treatments included of sodium nitroprusside spraying at three levels: (0, 50 and 100 μm) and soil contamination with arsenic at four levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 mg of arsenic per kg of soil). The results showed that arsenic and sodium nitroprusside had a significant effect on grain yield, 1000 grain weight, catalase enzyme, malondialdehyde content, proline content and safflower arsenic content. The highest grain yield was obtained in sodium nitroprusside treatments in application of 100 μM (with an average of 1.01 g / plant), and the lowest was related to control treatment (no application) with mean of 0.83 g / plant. By increasing the concentration of arsenic, yield and yield components decreased, and the plant increased its proline content to cope with stress. Application of sodium nitroproside reduced stress in plants under arsenic toxicity. No significant differences were observed between the concentrations of sodium nitroprusside spraying. With increasing arsenic levels, the amount of arsenic content increased and sodium nitroprusside reduced the amount of arsenic in the seed. In general, use of sodium nitroprusside as a regulator in the metabolism of free oxygen radicals reduces the effects of oxidative stress caused by soil contamination with arsenic.

This study was performed in order to evaluate the drought tolerance of some safflower genotypes in a field experiment carried out at the research farm of Isfahan University of Technology located at Lavark, Najaf-Abad, Iran (40 km south west of Isfahan, 32º 32´ N, 51º 23´ E, 1630 m asl). In this study, five genotypes including A82) interspecific hybrid), landrace Kooseh, Goldasht, C111 and Ac-stirling were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications at two moisture levels (normal and 90% water-depletion), separately. Seven drought tolerance indices including Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Tolerance Index (TOL), Stress Susceptibility index (SSI), Mean Productivity (MP), Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP), seed yield in stress (Ys) and non-stress (Yp) environments were calculated for each genotype based on seed yield under stress and normal conditions. The results analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among the genotypes for all traits. The drought stress had significant effect on head diameter, number of heads per plant, number of seeds per head, seed weight per head and seed yield. Mean comparisons showed that control genotypes were significant differences for all studied traits except seed weight per and seed yield traits with the genotype A82 under non stress and stress conditions. Principal component analysis (PCA), indicated that the first and second components justified 91% of variations between drought tolerance indices. First vector showed 67% of the variations and was recognized as yield potential component and drought tolerance indices (MP, GMP, STI) and the second rector justified 24% of total variations which would be named as “drought susceptible components (TOL and SSI indices). Biplot analysis also indicated that STI, MP, GMP were more reliable indices to identify drought tolerant safflower genotypes and discriminated Goldasht genotype and genotype A82 as the most drought tolerant. The indices STI, GMP, MP identified the Goldasht  and A82 genotype as a drought resistant genotype and this genotype was obtained from interspecific crosses between cultivated safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and wild species (C. oxyacanthus). This genotype had the highest grain yield under stress and non-stress conditions. Therefore, it could be used in safflower breeding programs to improve drought tolerance.

In order to evaluate the effect of water salinity on growth, quantitative and biochemical characteristics of safflower cultivars, a pot experiment was carried out with factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with three replications. The factors included irrigation water salinity in in four levels of 0.4 (normal water as control condition), 4, 8, and 12 dS/m and different cultivars of safflower (Isfahan, Goldasht and Soffeh). The results showed that the difference among cultivars for root dry matter, shoot dry matter, chlorophyll a, b and total, number of heads per plant, number of seeds per head, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index was statistically significant. Also, with the increasing of salinity level, grain yield and other traits significantly decreased. The interaction between cultivar and salinity level was significant for all traits except for chlorophyll b. With increasing salinity levels, the yield of all three cultivars decreased, significantly. The maximum grain yield (31.4 g/pot) was obtained from Isfahan cultivar in 0.4 dS/m and the minimum value was 10 g/pot at 12 dS/m salinity in Soffeh cultivar. In addition, the maximum grain yield was belonged to Isfahan and Goldasht cultivars under increasing salinity stress, respectively. In general, the results showed that under the application of water salinity, Isfahan and Goldasht cultivars were better than other cultivars regarding yield and other traits and recommended to be cultivated by farmers.

Genotype safflower is scattered throughout the world from India and China to Africa and Europe. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between plant yield, yield components and morphological traits, as well as accurate recognition of traits affecting the yield on 32 safflower genotypes in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch. Among the studied genotypes, there was a significant difference in all studied traits such as plant yield, 1000-seed weight, number of branches, number of bolls per plant, boll weight, flowering time, flowering time, plant height and flowering time until there was an examination that indicated a high diversity in the germplasm studied. Among the yield components, the most heritability was attributed to 1000 seed weight and number of branches, and the lowest heritability was attributed to plant yield, which indicates that indirect modification of yield would be more beneficial. Plant height and number of branches can be used as an index of selection in breeding programs. Cluster analysis based on morphological traits categorized genotypes into five clusters. Based on the results of this study, it can be stated that by improving the traits of boll weights and number of bolls per plant, it is possible to achieve the desired grain yield in safflower genotypes.

Abstract
Safflower is one of the oil seeds plants than was cultured in arid and semi-arid areas. Due to increasing population and per capita consumption of oil, it is necessary to increase in the area under oilseeds cultivation and increase their yield to reduce the dependence on other countries. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at educational and research farm branch of Karaj- Mahdasht in 2014 to 2015. The first factor consisted of two items of Sofeh & Goldasht, and the second factor includes four levels of fertilizers 0, 50, 75 and 100 kg/ha of Potassium sulphate. The results obtained from analysis of variance showed that the characters of, weight of single-bush trays, weight of thousand seeds, total number of single-bush seed, seed function, at probability level of 1% were become meaningful number for the factor. For the factor of Potassium fertilizer, the characteristics of weight of single-bush trays, total number of seeds in single-bush, weight of dry material in single bush, Grain yield, biological yield, Harvest Index was become meaningful at level of 1%. Interactions of number at various levels of potassium fertilizer for the total number of seeds in single-bush, performance of seeds and height of seed’s fullness are meaningful at probability level of 1%. Potash role in photosynthesis. On the other hand, according to the soil analysis that the amount of bromide is less than 200PPM, Its consumption improves photosynthesis and plant growth has been.

The present study was performed with use of Esfehan variety in the research field of Arak Azad University in the 2009 agricultural years. This experiment was performed in factorial split plot in randomize complete block design in 4 Replication and 48 plot. Treatment included two planting date 10 may and 10 July(delayed plant) and different level of N include (46¡92¡138)kg per hectare and two plant density included 400.000 and 800.000 plant per hectare that 800.000 plant per hectare executed in double row planting. the result of this study showed that the highest yield of the 821.17 oil per hectare was related to the treatment of date of planting 10 may with 92 kg N and plant density of 800.000 per hectare. Also¡ the lowest yield of 444.42 kg/h was related to the date of planting 10 may with 92 kg N and 400.000 plant density per hectare¡ Therefore¡ plant density has very influence on the yield of safflower. So¡ according to the result¡ 800.000 plant density in per hectare has direct effect on the yield of safflower rather than 400.000 plant density.

In order to study the Effect of mycorrhiza on yield and yield components of Safflower under drought stress an experiment in split plot based on complete block design with three replications in 1392 in Varamin region was done. treatments were first factor drought in four irrigation regimes including 50 (Control), 90, and 130 mm evaporation from evaporation pan (Class A) and the second factor consisted of four levels of mycorrhiza (Control, 100, 200 and 300 mg) respectively. Results showed a significant effect of mycorrhiza on oil percentage and catalase, glutathione enzymes. Effect of drought stress on catalase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase enzymes and proline and protein and oil percentage was significant. Interactions between drought stress and mycorrhiza was significant and The Best Results in normal irrigation (control) and 200 mg treatment was observed. The highest oil content in the seed inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi 200 mg (B3) and control (B1), respectively, with an average of 28.11 and 23.44 per cent respectively. The highest and lowest catalase activity in the treatment of 130 mm evaporation Class A3 (severe stress) and 50 mm evaporation Class A1 (conventional irrigation), respectively, 16.6 and 9.7 mg protein per minute Was obtained. Most of the glutathione peroxidase activity in the treatment of severe drought stress (4.8 mg protein per minute) and the lowest in the treatment of stress (9.4 mg protein per min).

To determinate eight exotic adaptable safflower genotypes for seed and oil yields (Hartman، Kino 76، Sonora 92، Bacum 92، Saff – 891، Mantel 81، CW 88، Sidwiil) and two Iranian ones (Goldasht، S-55) selected from Ajabshir mass، an experiment was conducted in Bojnord by RCDB design in 2010-2011. During growth period important traits such as germination time، stem elongation time، days to heading، days to flowering، days to 50% flowering، days to maturity، head number per plant، number of seeds per head، were recorded. The experiment was irrigated after planting، beginning of stem elongation، beginning of flowers appearance، beginning and after flowering، seed filling stage. Analysis of variance was conducted on seed yield، oil percent and yield components. Comparison of means was done after significance of F- test. Results showed Goldasht with 1056 kg/ha seed yield and 304 kg/ha oil yield highest rank. Correlation of seed yield and oil yield، seed yield and head number، number of branches and plant height showed significant correlation between them. Cluster analysis showed that Iranian and exotic genotype were separate together.

In order to study the effect of Azotobacter and Mycorrhiza symbiosis on protein percentage and some agronomic characteristics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), the experimental was conducted as factorial based of randomized complete block design in three replications during growing season of 20112012 in research farm of college of Arak Islamic Azad University.Treatments including of inoculated with Azotobacter in three levels (Non-inoculated, inoculation with Azotobacter-5 and inoculation with Azotobacter-12) and Glomus fungi treatment in four levels (Non-inoculated, inoculation with Glomus intraradices, inoculation with Glomus mosseae and inoculation with mixed G.intraradices and G.mosseae).The traits such as branching height, biological yield of sub-sub boll, harvest index of sub-boll, grain yield of sub-boll, saturation water deficit and grain protein percentage were measured. Based on the results of the variance analysis table, all characters except grain yield of sub-boll were significant as affected by main effect of Azotobacter and Glomus fungi of safflower. Also interaction effect of Azotobacter and Glomus fungi were significant on traits branching height, biological yield of sub-sub boll, grain yield of sub boll, saturation water deficit and grain protein percentage of safflower. Based on the mean comparison table, of the highest biological yield of sub-sub boll (30.50 gr.plant) related to treatment A2M3(inoculation with Azotobacter-12 and inoculation with mixed G.intraradices and G.mosseae) that showed significant differences, while the same treatment showed higher rates in grain protein content of safflower (19.44%). Also, highest grain yield of sub boll equal to (44.33 gr.plant) was obtained from treatment A1M3 (inoculation with Azotobacter-5 and inoculation with mixed G.intraradices and G.mosseae) and lowest equal to (33.28 gr.plant) was obtained from treatment A0M0 (non-inoculated with Azotobacter and Glomus fungi).

In order to response of yield and yield components of safflower cultivars to simultaneous cropping with some of crops, this study was carried out in field of Kashan city of Esfahan province in 2013. A factorial arrangement of treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Spring safflower cultivars (V1= Faraman, V2= Goldasht, V3= Esfahan local, V4= Soffeh) and Simultaneous cropping treatment, (S1= Cultivation of safflower chickpea, S2= Cultivation of safflower alfaalfa, S3= Cultivation of safflower onion, S4= Cultivation of safflower) were assigned in plots. Each sub plot consisted of 4 rows, 5 m long with 60 cm between rows space and 4 cm between plants on the rows was used. In this study characteristics such as: days to 50% bolling, height of plant, number of boll per plant, number of grain per boll, weight of 1000 grain, wet weight of plant in m-2, number of grain per m-1, grain yield and grain yield of onion were assessed. Results indicated that the effect of safflower cultivars on the characteristics such as: days to 50% bolling, height of plant, number of boll per plant, number of grain per boll, weight of 1000 grain, wet weight of plant in m-2, number of grain per m-1, grain yield was significant. Effect of Simultaneous cropping treatment on the characteristics such as: number of boll per plant and number of grain per boll was significant, too. The maximum and minimum of grain yield (2084 and 1710 kg ha-1) were obtained with the Esfahan local and Soffeh cultivars, respectively.

In order to evaluate the effects of different levels of nitrogen on seed and oil yieldsand yield components in safflower spring genotypes، an experiment was conducted asfactorial based on randomized complete block design with 4 replications atexperimental field of Islamic Azad University، Saveh Branch in 2004. The treatments included nitrogen in four levels (60، 100، 140 and 180 kgha-1) and genotypes in three levels (line ILIII، cv. Local Isfahan and line PI). Results showed that the effects of genotype and nitrogen were significant on all traits except oil percentage. With increasing of nitrogen to 100kgha-1، seed yield and yield components were increased، but application of greater amounts of nitrogen decreased those traits. Different treatments of nitrogen fertilizer had no effect on oil percentage، but application of 100 and 140 kgha-1 nitrogen increased oil yield via increasing seed yield. The maximum seed yield (1717kgha-1) was obtained in 100kgha-1 nitrogen treatment that was not significantly different from 140kgha-1 treatment. Line ILIII with 1535kgha-1 seed yield had higher yield than other two genotypes. Based on the results of the present study، line ILIII and 100kgha-1 nitrogen could be recommended for Saveh region. As the effect of genotype was not significant on oil yield، depends on the availability، each of the genotypes can be cultivated in this region.

This study was carried out in order to comparison of tolerance chilling stress and grain yield in prechilling spring cultivars with winter safflower cultivars in field of farahan university in Markazi province in 2006. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used 10 number of prechilling spring cultivars and 18 number of winter safflower cultivar: (Padide, S-6-46, LRV-51-13, LRV-51-20, 697, LRV-290, K.W.2, Yenice, LRV-51-11, K.C.72, K.A.72, IL-128, Marand local variety, L.S.P, IL-119, IL-111, Miandoab local, Gila, uc-1, Nebraska-10, Esfahan local variety, Arak-2811, FO2, Davari-2811, ES.68, IL-111(2), LSP(2), LRV-51-51. Each plot consisted of 2 rows, 5 m long with 50cm between rows and 5cm between plants on the rows. Some important characteristics such as: plant height, umber of branches per plant, number of grain per head, 1000-seed weight and grain yield were recorded. The results indicated that 697 cultivar with (2691 kg/ha), LRV-51-20 cultivar with (2062 kg/ha) cultivar and, K.C.72 with (2043 kg/ha) grain yield were significantly superior to the other treatments. The purpose of use prechilling spring cultivars to define least on new cultivar for planting in autumn in climate Farahan region.

Varamin region with its dry subtropical climate is well known for being the most suitable site for the production of medicinal herbs. This study was undertaken to investigate some morphologic traits, yield and yield components of 6 medicinal plants species in a randomized complete blocks design with six treatments (species) and three replications. The 5 traits recorded during growing season were as follows: Dry biomass, hay and stands per plot (7.5 m2), earliness (days to maturity), and grain yield (kg/ha). Analysis of variance and F test of data showed the highest yield in Sesame (3512 kg/ha) and the lowest in Coriandrum, and Foeniculum (451 kg/ha). Foeniculum was the only herb that produced higher yield in the second year. In regard to maturity Coriandrum with 146 days was the longest and Foeniculum with 100 days was the earliest maturity. In order to overcome heterogeneity at harvested plants numbers, the covariance analysis was employed on some characters such as dry biomass weight per plot, and yield. The results demonstrated respectively 152.69 %, and 210.56 % relative efficiency to the analysis of variance.

In order to study drought tolerance of 16 genotypes of safflower an experiment was conducted in Research Farm of Shirvan Islamic Azad University during 2004 –2005 growing season. The experiment was performed as a Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 replications in two separate irrigated and dry land conditions. Length of each plot was 1/5 with 5 meters in width. The seed rate was 20 seeds per square meter and planting method was by hand. During growing season some agronomic traits as days to maturity, number of heads per plant, seed yield of total head per plant, TKW and seed yield per plot were recorded. Drought tolerance index, Drought susceptibility index. Electrical conductivity and Relative water content used to select drought tolerant genotypes. The results showed that two genotypes of LRV-51-51and CW74 had higher drought tolerance index and lower drought susceptibility index compared with other genotypes. Drought tolerance index in these two genotypes in order were 1.22 and 1.18 and Drought susceptibility index were 0.8 and 0.49.These two genotypes also produced in order 1140 and 1089 gram seed per plot that were greater than other genotypes. The seed yield of these two genotypes in dry land condition in order were 882 and 921 gram per plot that were greater than other genotypes as well. In irrigated condition, LRV51-51, HARTMAN, PI-53759 in order produced 1089, 1126 and 1116 gram seed yield per plot that were greater than other genotypes. According to results of these experiments two genotypes of LRV-51-51 and CW74 are advisable to plant in dry and low rainfall region.