جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « molecular marker » در نشریات گروه « باغبانی »

The genus Lonicera belongs to the Caprifoliaceae family, and in Persian, it is called Palakhor, Shung, or Aminoddoleh. Understanding interspecific relationships based on traditional methods such as morphological features and chemical compositions has conflicting results. In this study, to evaluate the efficiency of DNA barcode in determining the phylogenetic relationships of 12 species of Lonicera under cultivation in different regions of Iran, two chloroplast DNA barcodes (psbA-trnH and trnL-F) were used. Genomic DNA extracted using available kits, and PCR reaction performed to amplify two regions, and finally, purified samples were sequenced. The results showed that the length of the psbA-trnH and trnL-F region are about 420-435 and 940-950 nucleotides, respectively. Parsimony analysis of psbA-trnH and trnL-F showed 382 and 886 conserved sites, 55 and 71 variable sites, and 15 and 16 Parsimony informative sites, respectively. Phylogenetic trees created by the psbA-trnH and the trnL-F regions showed that most species (except L. korolkovii) and the two species L. korolkovii and L. maackii were well distinguished from each other, respectively and they were placed in different clusters. The genetic distance (0.00 to 0.209) between species in psbA-trnH region is more than genetic distance (0.00 to 0.027) in trnL-F region. Therefore, the psbA-trnH region owing to its diversity and reproducibility is a suitable barcode for studying genetic diversity between Lonicera species.

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) as an important fruit crop belongs to the Amygdaloideae in the Rosacea family and is grown in regions with Mediterranean climates in the world. Apricot species were classified into six eco-geographical groups including: Central Asian, East Chinese, North Chinese, Dzhungar-Zailij, Irano-Caucasian and European. Iranian genotypes which belong to the Irano-Caucasian group are mostly self-incompatible with low chill requirement. The high level of genetic diversity in Iranian apricots is due to sexual reproduction by seeds during the years. In Iran, many of apricot local varieties have been relocated between provinces and subsequently, in some cases their names, have been changed over the years. Hence, to determine the genetically different cultivars and detection of synonyms, screening of apricot germplasm seems necessary in Iran.

Thirty eight commercial genotypes of apricot with five biological replications were collected from 14 nurseries in West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Esfahan, Semnan, Alborz, and Tehran Provinces in Iran. Additionally Orang Red apricot (Porteghali) included in the study as an outgroup sample. Also DNA sample of previously registered apricots in national list were used in this study. Young and healthy leaves of each cultivar were sampled and stored at -70 °C. Samples were powdered using mortar and pestle in presence of liquid nitrogen. CTAB extraction buffer was used for nucleic acid extraction. Quantity and quality of extracted DNA were measured by spectrophotometry and agarose gel electrophoresis.Thermal cycles were done in Eppendorf thermocycler and the cycling program were set on one cycle of 94°C for 4 minute, 30 cycles of  94°C for 30 seconds, annealing temperature of each primer for 30 seconds and 72°C for 30 seconds followed by one cycle of 72°C for 5 minutes. PCR products were resolved on 10% polyacrylamide gels in 1x TBE buffer. GelRed (Biotium) was applied for gel staining and amplified bands were revealed by UV (300 nm). Eight SSR markers which showed more diversity were selected and scored. Polymorphic alleles were scored as one for presence and zero for absence. For detection of off types, samples were classified by Paired Group method and Euclidean algorithm in PAST software. Then the data of off-types were removed from the dataset and samples were reclassified by the method. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) was carried out using PAST software. Genetic diversity indices were evaluated in Popgene 32 software.   

Eight SSR loci produced 124 alleles with the average 15.5 allele per locus. Nei’s gene diversity and Shannon’s information index were 0.32 and 0.48, respectively which showed high level of diversity in this collection. Distance matrix based on Nei’s gene diversity showed that the most genetic distance (0.74) was between Askar Abadi and Zodras, Mahali Goushti Zodras and Nasiri cultivars. Clustering of samples indicated that some samples including 19 (Shahroudi), 59 (Nakhjavan), 107 (Shahroudi), 127 (Soltani), 137 (Ghavami), 144 (Tabraze) and 156 (Daneshkade) were off-types.For identification of synonyms the off-type samples were disregarded. Cluster analysis illustrated that some local cultivars with different names had same genetic backgrounds. Thus, the names of these samples should be unified in the germplasm. Depicted graph based on first and second coordinates in PCoA demonstrated that the 38 collected groups of apricots are genetically 26 distinct cultivars and there are some duplicates in the germplasm. Results showed that three loci including UDP98-021, UDP98-409 and UDP98-411 were able to distinguish all 26 genotypes. To check the genetic identity of saplings with the same name, some cultivars including Jahangiri, Askar Abadi, Shamlou, Saltanati, Shahroudi, Shams, Tabarze and Rajab Ali were collected from two different nurseries. Surprisingly, the results showed that Nasiri, Tabraze and Shahroudi which were sampled twice from distinct nurseries and provinces, despite of identical names, had different genetic backgrounds.

Detected off-types among five biological replications of local varieties propagated asexually by nurseries showed that there was not sufficient attention in the selection of propagating material in the nurseries. In this context, establishment of foundation blocks by public sector and mother orchards by private sector of economy from Iranian apricot local varieties can be an effective solution so that nursery operators can provide certified propagating material for production of certified nursery stocks. Moreover, seed and plant certification and registration institute should made inspection and testing procedures in mother orchards and nurseries to ensure that propagated trees are healthy, genetically uniform and original.

One of the problems in almond production is self-incompatibility in this plant, which is considered as an important point of breeding. Self-incompatibility causes non-uniformity of harvesting time as well as some of garden management and pollination problems. Most cultivars of almonds have gametophytic self-incompatibility that is controlled by a multi-allelic gene locus. The fertilization inhibitor factor in this phenomenon, pollen tube growth stops in the middle of the style. The purpose of this research was identification and determination of the self-compatible genotype in the Yazd province.in this investigation better genotypes of almond were collected and after DNA extraction was done, in order to detect S alleles in different almond and some hybrid genotypes, the specific primer pairs, including AS1II-AmyC5R, ConF-ConR and Cebador2-Cebador8, were used in the polymerase chain reaction. In polymerase chain reaction, using the AS1II-AmyC5R and Cebador2-Cebador8 primers, the Sf allele with the size of 1200 base pairs was detected. Using the ConF-ConR pair of primer, the S1, S2, S3, S10, S11, S23, and S31 alleles were detected in the self-incompatible samples. Using AS1II-AmyC5R pair of primer, the known alleles of S3, Sf, S2, S1, S5, S10 S11 S23, and S13 were detected. The other bands obtained from the PCR were related to the known self-in-compatibility alleles that might be considered as new alleles.  According to the obtained results, S1, S2, S3, and S11alleles had the highest frequency and S5, S23, S10, S13and S31alleles respectively had the lowest frequency.

Athelia rolfsii is a globally distributed soil-borne fungal pathogen causing root rot disease in many crops. In order to study the genetic diversity of this fungus, 90 isolates were collected and isolated from Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces (North of Iran). Genetic diversity of these isolates was investigated using Mycelial Compatibility Groups tests (MCG) and ISSR and SCoT markers. In this study, nine MCG groups were identified. The MCG3 group (with 36 members) was the most frequent in terms of the number of isolates and the most diverse group in terms of host domain (due to infection of eight host species). This group (MCG3) was also the only group that isolated from specimens in all three provinces. The dendrogram derived from cluster analysis of ISSR primers divided the isolates into four groups at a similarity level of 57%. The dendrogram obtained from cluster analysis of SCoT primers placed the isolates in a similarity level of 59% in three groups. Based on the results of both markers, Golestan isolates (except two isolates) were separated from Guilan and Mazandaran isolates. However, the presence of these two isolates in a separate cluster along with the isolates of Guilan and Mazandaran provinces was consistent with the results of MCG grouping. The results of this study showed that, these two types of markers are useful to differentiate isolates based on geographic regions.

Assessment of genetic diversity in Mango can provide a platform to deepen our knowledge about its genetic background and determine the high quality genotypes for involving in the inbreeding programs. The high observed diversity among native landraces of mango can be used in breeding programs to produce better cultivars and utilization of these cultivars as donor parent to transfer desirable characteristics to high-bearing cultivars. Suitable mango cultivars to prepare rootstock and scion and resistant cultivars against diseases and the high yielding cultivars (with regards to alternate bearing in mango) can be recognized by better understanding of available germplasms. In the past two decades in southern Iran, the process of producing the grafted mango trees via seed culturing and grafting suitable cultivars (What has been registered such as Sindary and Langra and what has not been registered) on the seedlings has been accelerated. Therefore, studying the diversity of mango germplasms in these regions can be a good way to identify and distinguish these genotypes. In the present study, native genotypes of mango from Minab and Rudan counties (Hormozgan Province) were collected, which are mainly produced through seed and over time they have been propagated by vegetative methods based on the quality and taste and their diversity, was evaluated using morphological attributes and molecular markers. In this experiment, we studied genetic and morphological diversity of 39 mango genotypes collected from Minab and Rudan counties (Hormozgan province) using ISSR markers and morphological attributes. Morphological characteristics were assessed using IBPGR descriptor. DNA extraction was done using modified CTAB method. Similarity coefficient of ISSR markers was calculated by Jaccard’s procedure. Polymorphism information content (PIC) was calculated using PIC=2fi(1-fi) formula, where fi was frequency of the amplified bands and 1-fi was frequency of the null bands. In order to analyze morphological data SAS 9.1 software was used and the means were compared using LSD test. In addition, it was prepared a 0 and 1 matrix from morphological data and dendrogram of morphological attributes was designed using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient. The dendrogram inferred from morphological characters grouped all genotypes in eight main clades in which similarity of the dendrogram ranged from 0.12 to 0.83 with mean value of 0.54. The least similarity was observed between Almehtari and Charak, and the most similarity was observed among Moshk, AnaMG, Noghal and HalMG. Analysis of 21 morphological parameters in the studied genotypes demonstrated being of significant differences among these genotypes in terms of morphological attributes (except flower density and inflorescence shape). The ISSR primers produced totally 145 scorable bands that the highest and lowest polymorphism band were observed in MI808 (20 bands) and MI827 (6 bands) primers, respectively. Average of PIC was 0.450. The similarity for ISSR markers ranged from 0.31 to 0.90, in which the least similarity was observed between Majlesi and Charak. However, the highest similarity was observed between Gilasi and KalanMB genotypes. It was observed the differences among same genotypes grown in the various regions. In Rudan region in due to better quality of irrigation water as well as sufficient and proper availability to irrigation water, growth conditions for mango trees is better than Minab region. These differences between Rudan and Minab regions in viewpoint of growth conditions can be reason of morphological diversity among mango similar genotypes in both regions, which it has been caused to incompatibility of morphological and molecular markers. For this reason, the genotypes that are genetically similar to each other may have different morphological differences and/or two homonymous genotypes in two regions have significant genetic differences. For example, Clanfar Baziari genotype, which had high genetic similarity (0.90) with Gilasi genotype, had morphological similarity coefficient equal 0.37 together. However Gilasi genotype collected from Ahmadabad Minab had same ecological similarity with Baziari region. In other instant, genetic similarity coefficient of AnaMG genotype was 0.85 with ShozMD, while in these genotypes had 38% morphological similarity. Correlation coefficient between similarity matrix of ISSR and morphological markers was 0.336 and not significant. It seems that the observed high diversity among morphological attributes is intrinsically and stemming from mango propagation procedure in which mango genotypes highly diverged due to seed propagation. The high genetic diversity showed by morphological attributes was also corroborated by ISSR markers, indicating low environmentally influence-ability of the attributes.

Squirting cucumber (Ecballium elaterium (L.) Rich.) is a wild species that is native to temperate regions of Asia, North Africa, and Europe. This plant is one of the most important medicinal plants in the world. In the present study, morphological and biochemical traits of squirting cucumber ecotypes were investigated from three natural habitats in Ardabil province including Germi, Bilesuar-Anjirlooin and Parsabad regions (10 genotypes per region). The results showed that Parsabad ecotypes had large fruits and higher chlorophyll and carotenoids content. Since the genetic diversity of this plant is not been thoroughly investigated, the genetic diversity of three squirting cucumber ecotypes were examined by using ISSR markers. To assess the genetic similarity between samples a cluster analysis was performed using Jacquard. Among primers, the primer ISSR-13 showed the most polymorphism (46%). The lowest genetic similarity was found between the two genotypes of Bilesuar and Germi population. Cluster analysis of molecular data was categorized into five groups. This preliminary study demonstrated that ISSR markers were an effective method to evaluate genetic variability among squirting cucumber plant genotypes.

Breeding and production of new varieties of ornamental plants as well as their propagation and developing are an expanding industry. Researches find it necessary to increase the genetic variation in Lilium, because of value of this ornamental plant as the fourth cut flower in the world. The present study was carried out to investigate gamma radiation effects on in vitro mutation induction in Lilium. ISSR markers were used to determine genetic variation in resulting explants. Thin cell layer (TCL) explants were treated with 2, 6 and 10 Gy of gamma rays. Treated explants were cultured in MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BA and 0.5 mg/l NAA. Results showed all treatments induced genetic diversity, but the optimal dose was 2 Gy, because of increase diversity and survival rate of explants. The results confirmed the efficiency of ISSR markers for detection of genetic variations. Furthermore, the results suggested that mutatants induced by gamma irradiation are not only as a source for genetic variations but also as a useful tool for early selection of desirable mutants by breeders.

Pomegranate is an importantly popular fruit crop with Iran the main center of its diversity throghout the World. The richest pomegranate genetic resources believed to exist in Iran. The present investigation was carried out to study the genetic diversity of 15 genotypes of pomegranate in Tarume Zanjan making use of RAPD markers. Genomic DNA was extracted from the plant,s leaf, and tested for the perspective quality and quantity features in PCR reaction. A set of 39 arbitrary primers was used that produced 273 reliable bands among which 201 bands were polymorphic and 72 monomorphic. RAPD data was used to compute genetic similarities as based on Simple Matching (SM) index. Data analysis was carried out through NTSYS-2.2 software. Finally a dendrogram was constructed using SMC similarity coefficient and UPGMA method. The highest and lowest similarity coefficients were found aqual to 83% and 59%, respectively. In cluster analysis, the genotypes were divided into two clusters, 'Post-nazok' being placed in one cluster, and the remaining 14 genotypes grouped together. Co-phentic correlation coefficient between similarity matrix and the Coph matrix amounted to 76%. Results of Principal Coordinate Analysis supported the cluster analysis results. RAPD profiling was found effictive in revealing the DNA polymorphism among the genotypes. RAPD data indicated a relatively low level of genetic diversity among the studied genotypes. 'Poost-nazok' genotype, individually separated from the others, can be a promising candidate in breeding genotypes, grouping as based on PCA, confirming the results of the cluster analysis.

In the present study selected indicator from previous studies (non-placental markers AM2), on DNA of single plants of modification mass obtained by cross breeding wild species Beta maritima (having resistance gene Rz2) with sugar beet were called to F2BC1 mass were investigate. To do this first about 1160 seeds of target mass were planted and after one month plants preparation, about 100 Seedling applied to evaluate the phenotypic resistance to the rhizomania contaminated soil was moved to the greenhouse and two months were maintained in this soil. During this period, DNA of plant leaf samples was extracted. Then the quality and quantity of extracted DNA spectrophotometrically was determined. Next, AM2 markers related- primer on single plant DNA with PCR-RAPD method was used to amplify fragments of DNA template. After electrophoresis, RAPD-PCR reaction products in one percent agarose gel and staining gel and observation of the band pattern, presence or absence of markers in a single plant was marked. Then the resistance level of plants cultivated in soil contaminated by the virus concentration in plant roots with Elisa serological tests in the laboratory was determined. Thus the resistant and susceptible plants were identified. The relationship and degree of correlation and agreement between markers (based on molecular data) and resistance (based on ELISA data) in desired single plants was found. By comparing the mean and variance analysis for non-balanced completely randomized design, it was found that the average values of absorbed ELISA of dominant heterozygous and homozygous genotypes has no significant difference. Also comparison of the results for the existence percentage of markers traits as a balanced completely randomized design with four genotypes, including mass F2BC1 (having resistance gene Rz2), Regina (Rhizomania susceptible control varieties), Paulleta (Rhizomania resistant control varieties) and breeding mass S1 (with Resistance gene Rz1) showed that there is no significant differences between genotypes and reproducibility of non-placental markers AM2 in different genotypes was confirmed.