جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "mucilage" در نشریات گروه "باغبانی"

This study was performed to evaluate the morphological diversity in 16 Plantago ovata ecotypes in a randomized complete block design with three replications using 22 morphological traits. In cluster analysis using standardized data, the distances between the ecotypes were estimated with the square Euclidean distance method and the dendrogram was plotted by Ward’s method. Factor analysis was performed by Verimax method. The mean squares of ecotypes were significant for all traits, except the amount and percentage of mucilage. The results of cluster analysis grouped the ecotypes into three clusters. The accuracy of the results of clustering was confirmed by discriminant function analysis. In factor analysis, five factors were extracted that explained 86.77% of the variance among traits. The most important effective traits in determining the variance were plant height, inflorescence tail length, spike length, harvest index and 1000-seed weight, which were in the first factor. Morphological diversity among the ecotypes was significant for most traits and PO12, PO15, and PO6 ecotypes were superior to the other ecotypes in terms of mean grain yield and mucilage content.

To investigate the effect of integrative application of mycorrhizal fungus and chemical fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of medicinal plant dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica Benth.) under rainfed conditions, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and three replications in the research farm of Maragheh University, Iran, in 2017. Treatments included 100% conventional chemical fertilizer (250 and 150 kg ha-1 urea and triple superphosphate, respectively), Glomus mosseae (GM), G. intraradices (GI), 50% chemical fertilizer+GM, 50% chemical fertilizer+GIand 50% chemical fertilizer+GI+GM. The results demonstrated that the highest (802.8 kg ha-1) and lowest (463.5 kg ha-1) seed yield and the highest (40.64%) and lowest (25.85%) harvest index were achieved in the integrative application of 50% chemical fertilizer+GI+GMand separate application of GI treatments, respectively. Besides, the highest content (9.18%) and yield (73.75 kg ha-1) of mucilage was observed in 50% chemical fertilizer+GI+GM treatment. Furthermore, the highest amount of mucilage compounds (glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, arabinose, raffinose, galactose, glucose, xylose and rhamnose) was obtained in 50% chemical fertilizer+GI+GM treatment. Based on cluster analysis, the treatments were divided into three groups. In general, the application of 50% chemical fertilizer+GI+GM while reducing the use of chemical fertilizers improved the quantitative and qualitative yield of the dragon’s head.

In order to investigate the effects of combined and separate application of macro and micro nano fertilizers with chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative traits of medicinal plant dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica (MB) Fischer & Meyer), a field experiment was performed based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with seven treatments and three replications on the research farm of Maragheh University in 2017. Experimental treatments included the use of 100% conventional chemical fertilizer (urea and triple superphosphate with values of 150 and 100 kg ha-1, respectively), 100% macro nano fertilizer, 100% micro nano fertilizer, 50% macro nanofertilizer+50% micro nano fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer+50% macro nano fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer+50% micro nano fertilizer, and 50% chemical fertilizer+25% macro nanofertilizer+25% micro nano fertilizer. The results showed that the highest (73.3) and lowest (59.1) chlorophyll indices were obtained by applying 50% chemical fertilizer+25% macro nano fertilizer+25% micro nano fertilizer, and separate application of 100% micro nano fertilizer, respectively. Also, the highest values of number of lateral branches, main stem length, number of flower cycles per plant, number of seeds per plant, biological yield, seed yield, 1000-seed weight and seed mucilage content were obtained in 50% chemical fertilizer+25% macro nanofertilizer+25% micro nanofertilizer treatment. Chemical analysis of the essential oils demonstrated that linalool, menthol, geraniol, geranial, menthyl acetate, β-bourbonene, geranyl acetate, (E)-caryophyllene, germacrene D, spathulenol and caryophyllene oxide were the main constituents of essential oils. The highest content of β-bourbonene, caryophyllene oxide, (E)-caryophyllene, menthol, and geraniol was obtained with the combined use of 50% chemical fertilizer+25% macro nanofertilizer+25% micro nano fertilizer. In general, based on the results of the present research, the combined use of chemical fertilizers and macro and micro nano fertilizers can be recommended due to the increased seed yield and dragon’s head qualitative traits under rainfed conditions.

In order to study the effect of vermicompost, granular compost and mycorrhizal fungus on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of borage, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted. Experimental treatments consisted of five levels of organic fertilization (zero, 5 and 10 tons per hectare vermicompost, 3 and 6 tons per hectare granular compost) and two levels of mycorrhizal fungi (no application and application of Gluomus mossae species). Results indicated that the highest yield of flowering shoot and LAI was obtained from the application of 10 tons per hectare vermicompost + mycorrhizal fungus. Also the highest baranch number per plant, height, 1000 seed weight and Musilage, belonged to the treatment of 10 tons per hectare vermicompost. Overal, results of this experiment showed that using of vermicompost and mycorrhiza can increase the LAI, height, 1000 seed weight, yield of flowering shoot, biological yield and mucilage percentage in borage. Therefore, the optimum organic and biologic inputs can be used to produce healthy borage plant.

Mullein (Verbascum phlomoides L.) is a valuable medicinal plant belonging to the Scrophulariacea. In this study, the yield and active substances of flowers in Shahrekord and Sepidan regions were investigated. The experiment was based on a completely randomized design with four replications. Seeds were sown in autumn. Flowers were collected at full flowering stage for evaluation of yield and active substances. Total phenols, total anthocyanin, mucilage, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity were measured using Folin-ciocalteau, different pH, hot extraction, colorimetric aluminum, and DPPH methods, respectively. Shahrekord region had the highest flower yield (652.5 kg/h), total flavonoid (3.53 mg rutin/g dw), total anthocyanin (1.35 mg/ml) and antioxidant activity (117.42), showing significant difference with Sepidan region (P

Nitrogen is an essential element forplants and in combination withelements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and sulfur results ineven more valuable materials such as amino acids, nucleic acids, alkaloids. Hibiscus tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa ) from Malvaceaefamily is known by different names in different parts of the world. In Iran it is calledthe Maki tea, tea Meccaorred tea.As an important plant,it is decided to investigate its growth and development in Jiroft.
The experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in farm research of Islamic Azad University of Jiroft during 2010. The first factor was nitrogen foliar application in four levels (0, 1, 2 and 3 percent) and second factor was foliar application of zinc at twolevels (0 and 1 percent). The measured quantitative characteristics were stem diameter, plant height, calycle fresh weight,calycle dry weight, plant fresh weight,plant dry weight, leaf fresh weight,leaf dry weight, mucilage percentage and mucilage yield.
The results of ANOVA showed that nitrogen foliar application on leaf dry weight, calycle fresh and dry weight was effective. Plant fresh weight, dry weight, stem diameter, plant height, mucilage percentageandmucilage yield showedsignificanteffects. Zinc foliar application significantly affected leaf fresh weight,leafdry weight, calycle fresh weight, plant fresh weight,plant dry weight, mucilage percentage andmucilage yield.The interaction effect of nitrogen and zinc on leaf dry weight, plant freshweight and plant dry weight was also significant.
The mean comparison of studied characteristics revealed that byincreasing the amount of nitrogen up to N2 level, the stem diameter, plant height, leaf dry weight, calycle dry weight, mucilage percentage and yield increased but there was no significant difference between N2 and N3 levels. Plant fresh weight and plantdry weight increased with increasing amountof nitrogen up to N3 level. Theapplication of zinc fertilizer significantly increased the plant fresh weigh, plant dry weight, mucilage percentage and yield. The interactions of nitrogen and zinc improved the calycle, leaf dry weight, plant dry weight, and the highest calycle dry weight were achieved from N2Zn1 and N3Zn1 treatments.
The results showed that any givenlevel of nitrogen fertilizer and zinc fertilizer increased growth, yieldand quantitative traits of Hibiscus tea, but the level of interaction between nitrogen and zinc fertilizer hada significant effect on growth traits of Hibiscus tea, and even reduced the growth and yield of quantitative traits. The nitrogen and the fertilizer mixture of nitrogen and zinc had a significant influence on Hibiscus tea quantitative traits. Nitrogen fertilizer with a higher level of performance and yield had the greatest effect on Hibiscus tea.The greatest impact of nitrogen fertilizer, zinc fertilizer and the fertilizer mixture of nitrogen and zinc on sepal fresh weight were215.481 gr, 209.935 gr and 216.893 gr respectively.The effect of nitrogen fertilizer, zinc fertilizer and fertilizer mixture of nitrogen and zinc on leaf fresh weight,leaf dry weight andsepals dry weight were 61.787 gr 13.378 gr and 19.482 gr respectively.
The results of this study showed thatin order to increase crop yield and quality,nitrogen fertilizer and spraying of manure on Hibiscus tea is recommended. Because of having useful properties in the treatment of diabetes, as well as the climate and soil conditions of Jiroft area, this plant is grown as a medicinal plant at a large scale. Since Jiroft region is a suitable place for growth of Hibiscus tea and due to the importance of medicinal plants, it recommend that this experiment should be repeated to evaluateplant characteristics.

In order to study the effects of phosphorus and zinc on the yield and the amount of active ingredients of Plantagoovata Forsk., an experiment was performed in the Bam city. In this experiment, the effects of phosphorus at four levels:(0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha) and zinc at three levels (0, 20, and 40kg/ha) were studied on seed yield, thousand seed weight, plant height, number of leaves per plant, spike length, number of flowers per plant, seed swelling and the percentage of mucilage, in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized blocks design with three replications. The effects of different levels of zinc and phosphorus on the seed yield of Plantago ovata were significant at 1% level of significance. The seed yield increased by increasing zinc and phosphorus up to 40 kg/ha and 80 kg/ha, respectively. However, phosphorus at a level of 120 kg per hectare had no statistically significant difference compared to phosphorus at 80 kg/ha. The effects of different levels of zinc and phosphorus on the thousand seed weight were not significant. The effects of different levels of zinc and phosphorus on the mucilage percentage of “Plantago ovata” seeds were significant at 1% level of significance. Increasing zinc up to 40 kg/ha and phosphorus up to 120 kg/ha caused an increased seed mucilage percentage. In addition, the effects of different levels of phosphorus and zinc on other traits (number of leaves per plant, number of flowers per plant, spike length, plant height, and seed swelling) were significant. According to the results, the use of zinc at 40 kg/ha and phosphorus at 80 kg/ha showed the best effect in increasing the growth and yield of Plantago ovata as well as increased mucilage production.

Medicinal plants are rich in active substances and primarily have been used in the manufacture of many drugs. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the important medicinal plants whichbelongs to the Lamiaceae family. Basil essential oil content (between 0.5 to 1.5 percent) varies according to climatic conditions of habitat location. Basilneeds a lot of water during growth period and it is very sensitive to water stress and shows wilting symptoms very soon after water shortage. Iran is located in an arid and semi-arid region which has little precipitation that is not enough for crop water requirements. Nowadays, the use of superabsorbent polymers is one of the ways to create sustainable agriculture and increase irrigation efficiency. They can store high water or aqueous solutions in root zone of plants and to reduce negative effects of drought stress. So, improvement of plant growth, increasing of irrigation intervals, reducing water loss and costs of irrigation is due to the application of superabsorbent polymers. Mucilages are also the herbal polysaccharides, soluble in water, and commonly include carbohydrates and can be used as hydrophilic polymers. The aims of this investigation were to study the effects of hydrophilic polymers on water use efficiency, morphological characteristics (dry matter, leaf area, and leaf number), essential oil quantity and yield of basil to harden plant to drought stress and to evaluate its potential to cultivate in arid regions. In addition, taking steps forward towards sustainable agriculture, by reducing the cost of agricultural production, helps protecting the environment.
This research was conducted as a pot experiment at the department of Horticultural Science‚ college of Agricultural‚ Ferdowsi University of Mashhad‚ Iran, during 2012-2013.The research was set out in a factorial experiment on the basis of completely randomized block design with three replications.Two hydrophilic polymer Stockosorb® (industrial) and malva leaf (herbal) with two application methods (mixed with soil, mixed with soil꺊) at 4concentrations (0, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% w/w) were used. Leaf number, leaf area, dry matter yield, water use efficiency, essential oil quantity and yield were measured. Improved seeds of Ocimum basilicum var. Keshkeniluvelou were sown and seedlings were transplanted to the pots in four-leaf stage. Hydrogels were prepared and mixed with water after weighing the polymers according to determined concentration. After establishment, all pots were irrigated with a determined amount of water after reaching to the highest concentration (0.3%) of the wilting point. So, in this state in addition to the treatment at 0.3% treatment, lower levels (0.2% and 0.1%)were reached to wilting point earlierand were exposed to water stress.
Superabsorbent polymers can by absorption of irrigation and rain water, prevent deep percolation of water and with decreasing irrigation interval and reduced water consumption and increase water use efficiency. The results showed that using Stockosorb superabsorbent polymer and malva leaf as herbal hydrophilic polymersare useful for water supply of the plant in water stress.Application of these substances on morphological characteristics, water use efficiency and basil oil, were superior to the control.According to the obtained results, malva leaf use in soil and roots in treatmentless than (0.1% and 0.2%)number and leaf area and higher than (0.3%)increased dry matter yield, water use efficiency and the essential oil quantity and yield. Stockosorb (0.2%) byboth applying methods increased dry matter yield and water use efficiency. Also Stockosorb (0.2%),soil application increased leaf number and area. The essential oil yield and quantity increasedwith use of Stockosorb in soil root in for0.2% and 0.3% treatments, respectively.
Due to the importance of cultivation of medicinal plants to provide conditions to increase essential oil yield and quantity at the same time, the best method used were malva leaf and Stockosorb with concentrations higher than (0.3%) and soil application methodor the use of both polymers with application method in soil root in the moderate concentration (0.2%).For that purpose, we obtained favorable conditions for improving the morphological characteristics, water use efficiency and increasing the quantity and of essential oil yield in drought stress simultaneously. The results showed that natural compounds can be a good alternative for chemical compounds, but further experiments are needed for their commercialization.

Irrigation treatments were applied at two levels of 40% and 60% available soil water (ASW) depletion on Mashhad and Urmia ecotypes of two Lallemantia speciesincluding L. iberica Fisch. & C. A. Mey. and L. royleana. (Benth.) Benth. Increased available soil water depletion caused an increased seed mucilage percentage. The highest percentage of seed mucilage was obtained in 60% ASW depletion، L. royleana، and ecotype of Mashhad. The highest (11. 22kg/ha) and lowest (6. 25kg/ha) seed mucilage yield was obtained in 40% and 60% ASW depletion، respectively. In L. iberica، seed mucilage yield of Mashhad ecotype was 34. 04 kg/ha higher as compared to Urmia ecotype. By increasing available soil water depletion، seed protein content decreased to 7. 30% in L. iberica; however، it remained unchanged in L. royleana. Oil content was not affected by irrigation treatments. Oil yield of Mashhad ecotype of L. iberica was 41. 5% higher as compared with Urmia ecotype. The highest grain yield (208. 4kg/ha) was obtained at 40% available soil water depletion. The grain yield at 60% available soil water depletion (107. 3kg/ha) decreased to 43. 84% as compared to 40% available soil water depletion. Contrary to L. iberica، significant differences were observed among the ecotypes of L. royleana in terms of grain yield. In general، under deficit irrigation، seed mucilage percentage of balangu increased، however، the protein percentage decreased.

Application of organic manures is one of the most important strategies for plant nutrition compared to chemical fertilizers، especially in organic management of medicinal plants. In order to evaluate the effects of different organic and chemical fertilizers on yield، yield components and qualitative characteristics of isabgol (Plantago ovata)، a field experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station، College of Agriculture، Ferdowsi University of Mashhad، during growing season of 2011-2012. Treatments included three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (25، 50 and 75 kg. ha-1)، three levels of cow manure (5، 10 and 15 t. ha-1) and three levels of vermicompost (2، 4 and 6 t. ha-1) and control. The results showed that the effectof different fertilizers was significant (p≤0. 05) on all studied traits except swelling rate of isabgol. The maximum amounts were observed in 6 t. ha-1 vermicompost and 15 t. ha-1 cow manure. The highest seed yield (548. 4 kg. ha-1) was observed in 6 t. ha-1 vermicompost that it enhanced up to 26% compared to control. By increasing in organic fertilizers enhanced mucilage content، swelling factor and swelling content of isabgol. The maximum mucilage content and swelling factor were observed in 15 t. ha-1 (with 35. 3% and 13. 4 ml، respectively). Since، organic matters improved quantitative and qualitative yield of isabgol compared to chemical fertilizer، it concluded that these organic inputs could be regarded as a suitable alternative to enhance the growth and yield of medicinal plants such as isabgol especially in low input systems.

In order to investigate the response of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of isabgol (Plantago ovata Forssk.) to different levels of cow manure and nitrogen fertilizers، an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with four replications at the research farm، Shahrekord University in 2011. Treatments consisted of: control (no fertilizer) and three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (30، 60 and 90 N/ha in the form of urea) and three levels of cow manure (14. 29، 28. 58 and 42. 78 Mg/ha). Results showed that there were no significant differences in quantitative and qualitative characteristics between cow manure and urea fertilizer applications. The highest grain yield and aboveground biomass (1618 and 9464 kg/ha، respectively) were observed in 90 kg N/ha from urea fertilizer، but it had no significant difference with that of the 42. 87 Mg/ha of cow manure. The application of 42. 87 Mg/ha of cow manure resulted in the greatest seed mucilage amount (%26. 75)، swelling factor (10. 38 ml) and mucilage yield (415 kg/ha)، but swelling factor and mucilage yield of this treatment had no significant difference with that of the 90 kg N/ha from urea fertilizer. In general، it is concluded that the use of cow manure in isabgol production، not only does not reduce grain and mucilage yield of isabgol but also it can produce high- mucilage seeds، resulting in reduced pollution caused by the use of chemical fertilizers.

Jujube (Ziziphus jujube Mill.) is one of the medicinal plants containing mucilage and is used in the fields of pharmaceutical, medical, healthcare and industrial purposes. In evaluation of medicinal plants, secondary metabolites could be considered as a valuable indicator. In this experiment, optimizing extraction method of mucilage was evaluated based on the Patumi and Karawya methods and comparing the amount of mucilage in jujube ecotypes. For this purpose, 25 ecotypes of jujube were collected from different parts of the country. Research was performed in two separate experiments in a completely randomized design with four replications in the Genetics and Plant Physiology lab of the University of Tehran during 1388 and 1389. Results of this study showed that warm extraction was identified as the most suitable method. Also, results showed that there were significant differences among ecotypes in terms of amount of mucilage. The variation range of mucilage differed among the ecotypes from 28/92% to 11/58%. Maximum amount of mucilage was recorded for ecotypes of Kasva (Qom) and Kolaleh (Mazandaran). Generally, results of this research could be used to select the best ecotypes for medicinal purposes as well as providing good information for linebreeding of the valuable medicinal plant.

This study has been conducted in two experiments in order to evaluate salinity tolerance and absorption of salt by Borage (Borago officinalis L.).In first experiment, the effect of salinity on qualitative and quantitative yield of Borage was studied. The treatments were water salinity (Control, 4, 8 and 12 dS/m²).The measured parameters were: quantitative yields (percentage of germination, dry and fresh weight of root, stem and florescence, Root/shoot, height and number of flower and leaf per plant) and qualitative yields (content of mucilage, total ash, Na, Cl, Mg, Ca and K in plant tissues). The results indicated that salinity increased content of Na, Cl and total ash in plant tissues. The salinity reduced height, germination percentage, number of flower and content of mucilage, Ca and K. Because of high content of mucilage in plant tissue and stability of yield under salinity conditions, it can be deduced that borage is tolerant to salinity (to 12 dS/m²). High content of Na, Cl, total ash and mucilage is related to accumulation of solutes for osmoregulation that can be used as an index for salinity tolerance in Borage. Second experiment has been conducted to study the absorption of salt by Borage. Measured parameters were Na, Cl, Mg, K and Ca content in soil at pre and post planting of borage. The results indicated that content of Na, Cl, Mg and Ca reduced in soil after planting borage. Regarding the results of this study, it can be suggested that borage can uptake salt from soil and accumulate harmful ions in its plant tissues. Therefore it can be introduced for improvement of saline and sodic soils.

Dragon's head (Lallemantia iberica F. & C. M.) an annual or perennial herb, or dwarf shrub that originates in the Caucasian region and was cultivated for ornament and may be domesticated in East and East Central Europe. Dragon head was cultivated for its seeds from which oil is extracted. The seed contains up to 30% of a drying oil. One of effective compounds in this plant is mucilage. Mucilage has different applications in the broad field of pharmacy and medicine now. Mucilage was extracted from dragon's head seed and was identified by using thin-layer chromatography. Method involves the following steps: first by extraction, purification, dialysis, lyophilization, deionization, hydrolyze and TLC analysis for choosing the best separation system, these separation systems were: 1- Silica gel G 60 HF plate using n- butanol: acid acetic: water (50:25:25 v/v) as mobile system. 2- Silica gel G 60 HF plate using chloroform: methanol (60:40 v/v) as solvent system. 3- Kieselguhr G plate using n- butanol: acetone: phosphoric acid (40:50:10 v/v) as mobile system. Finally, the best results achieved by using n-butanol: acetone: phosphoric acid (40:50:10 v/v) as mobile system on the Kieselguhr G plate as stationary phase. Lallemantia iberica mucilage was separated into seven spots. Mucilage of Lallemantia iberica seeds was composed of galacturonic acid, galactose, mannose, arabinose, xylose, glucose and rhamnose monosaccharide. This result is useful for more and better characterization of dragon's head mucilage for application in food industry.