جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "nacl" در نشریات گروه "باغبانی"

 Salinity stress impairs the absorption of elements such as potassium, leads to decrease in water and minerals, or due to an increase in Na+ effects the absorption of other elements. Salinity of water and soil is one of the obstacles to the expansion of agriculture in most part of the world. Salinity causes several physiological and morphological changes in plants and affects growth and photosynthesis. Salinity stress also affects the absorption of nutrients, and finally the plants sensitivity to stress increases. High concentrations of Nacl in rhizosphere reduce the water potential and cause physiological drought stress. In addition, salinity stress can cause ion toxicity and imbalance, which can damage the plant. Salinity stress has been shown to reduce plant biomass by decreasing photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll content. As stress increases, stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation decrease, which both negatively impact photosynthesis and lead to a decrease in plant growth. Dianthus is an annual or perennial plant that produces velvety flowers in various colors. Due to its resistance to cold and wide range of colors, it is commonly used in landscaping. However, limited research has been conducted on the response of Dianthus to environmental stress, making it important to investigate its behavior under such conditions.

 This research was conducted at greenhouse of municipality of Khomein, Iran. The statistical design was used in the factorial experiment based on CRD. Experimental factors included salinity stress (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 mM) and cultivars (Barbarin and Diana). After preparing the seeds, it is first disinfected using sodium hypochlorite and then planted in plastic pots containing soil, sand and manure. At the end of the experiment, morphological traits, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate, Na+, K+ and Na+/K+ was also examined. Gas exchanges were measured using an exchange measuring device (LCA4, ADC Bioscientific,Ltd., Hoddesdon, England). At the time of measuring gas exchanges, the temperature under chamber was 26-29 C and relative humidity was 58-62%. (stomatal conductivity is based on mmol/m2/s and photosynthesis in µmol/m2/s). To measure the concentration of Na+ and K+, the leaf first turned to ash (at 550 C). Then 5 ml of hydrochlorid was added to dissolve the sample and the volume of the filtered solution was reduced to 50 ml with distilled water and the concentration of Na+ and K+ was measured with flame meter. In order to measure the fresh weight of leaves and roots, plant components were separated. Fresh weight was recorded with a scale and then samples were placed in the oven (for 48 h) and weighted again to measure dry weight. Leaf area was measured with a leaf guuge device (A30325) and plant height and root length using a ruler. Statistical analysis of data was performed using Mini Tab and Excel software.

 Results showed that salinity stress generally affected the growth of both carnation cultivars and reduced vegetative and reproductive growth. According to the results obtained from the study, fresh and dry weight of shoot, root and leaves, root length, plant height, stem diameter, diameter and number of flower, lateral shoot number, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate, K+ concentration in Diana and Barbarin cultivars decreased with increasing salinity level. Na+ concentration and Na+/K+ increased with increasing salinity and these two traits were higher in Diana than Barbarin cultivar, which indicates lower resistance of Diana cultivar. The plant's first response to stress is to reduce its leaf area, which reduces the supply of photosynthetic material to the growing parts and consequently hinders growth and flowering. Salinity stress and high osmotic potential in the rhizosphere greatly affect photosynthesis as they decrease pore conductivity. Moreover, excessive absorption of Na+ can interfere with the absorption of other elements, thereby restricting plant growth. Potassium (K+) is an essential inorganic molecule that plays a crucial role in increasing plant resistance to stress. It helps in maintaining turbidity, promoting cell development, and regulating stomatal function. In this study, salinity stress affected the growth and yield of both carnation cultivars, and with increasing stress, all morphological traits decreased. This stress also reduce photosynthesis by reducing stomatal conductance and subsequently reduce other growth characteristics. Growth reduction was observed at high salinity stress concentrations in both cultivars. However, barbarin cultivar showed higher resistance than Diana

Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the fam. lamiaceae that is used as a spice for flavoring foods and also for medicinal purposes as carminative, diaphoretic, expectorant, sedative, stomachic, diuretic, antitussive, and antirheumatic. To evaluate the effects of salinity stress on some growth and physiological parameters, essential oil content, and nutrients absorption in two oregano subspecies, a factorial pot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental factors included two subspecies of oregano (ssp. vulgare and ssp. gracile) and salinity stress at four levels (0, 25, 50, and 100 mM of NaCl). The results showed that the salinity stress had a significant effect on the measured parameters. With increasing the salinity level, the growth characteristics (plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and dry matter yield), leaf relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll index (SPAD), percentage and essential oil yield, N, P, and K content and K/Na ratio in leaves and roots decreased, while Na and Cl content in leaves and roots of both subspecies increased. The two subspecies response to the different levels of salinity stress was different. The higher Na accumulation in the roots and higher K/Na ratio in the leaves compared to the roots indicated the ability of oregano subspecies to limit the transfer and accumulation of Na+ ions in their shoots. Overall, the findings of this study showed that the ssp. vulgare had higher tolerance to the salinity stress than ssp. gracile due to the less accumulation of Na and Cl ions, higher K/Na ratio, and lower reduction in chlorophyll index and dry matter yield.

Choosing suitable feed sources remove the problems of salinity from the plant. For this purpose, an experiment as factorial was conducted in a RCBD with three replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during 2015-16. The first factor was humic acid (HA) application at four levels: (0, 2.5, 5 and 7 kgha-1), the second factor was salinity at four levels: (0, 60, 120 and 180mM NaCl) and the third factor was two-years old almond rootstocks seedling at two levels (GF677 and GN15). Results showed that with increasing salinity, root/stem dry weight increased, especially in GF677, Na+ and Cl– and SI increased, especially in GN15 and SLA, K+ and N, leaf osmotic potential, gs, Pn and T were decreased, especially in GN15. Carbohydrates increased to 120mM NaCl, especially in GF677 and then decreased. GF677 with an increase in HA up to 5 kgha-1, in the salinity of 180mM NaCl, with the highest root/stem dry weight and SLA, the lowest Na+ and Cl-and the highest K+and N of leaf had the highest leaf osmotic potential (-1.9MPa) and carbohydrate (86.92 mg gFW-1) compared to other rootstocks. The highest gs (0.53 mmol m-2s-1) and Pn (18.73 μmolCO2 m-2s-1) were found in GF677, 2.5 kgha-1 HA and 0 mM NaCl. With increasing HA, in these conditions, the SI decreased, especially in GF677. Therefore, GF677 was evaluated as the most tolerant rootstock for salinity and 2.5 and 5 kgha-1HA was evaluated as the most appropriate levels for affecting almond rootstocks.

Recent advances in the biological sciences have become particularly important because they are the basis for some related sciences such as agriculture, medicine, pharmacology, biotechnology, and even bionanotechnology. In this study, the effect of different salinity treatments (0, 50, 100, and 150 µM) on Hyssopus officinalis L. and the properties of silver nanoparticles) Ag NPs) biosynthesized using these under-salinity stress plants leaves extract were investigated. The color change of the solutions, surface plasmon resonance at 450 nm and X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the biosynthesis of Ag NPs. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images showed that most of the nanoparticles were spherical, with few angular shapes visible in 50 and 100 µM treatments. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results revealed the participant functional groups of the plant extract in the biosynthesis process such as OH, CO, =CH and C=C. The 50 µM salinity treatment had the highest effect on increasing plant metabolites. The smallest nanoparticles (25.3 nm and spherical) were related to the control treatment. Some nanoparticles biosynthesized using the extract obtained from 150 µM salinity treatment were angular in shape with 34.2 nm in size and showed the highest antibacterial properties. Gram-negative bacteria were more sensitive to Ag NPs than the gram-positive ones. These results, following our previous research, revealed for the first time the effect of salinity treatments on the properties of Ag NPs biosynthesized using hyssop extract. The present results can provide an interesting background for Ag NPs biosynthesis that can be a good alternative to antibiotics.

One of the constraints in development of cowpea cultivation in growing areas of this crop is soil salinity. In order to investigate the effect of salinity on germination and seedling growth of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), an experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with 4 replications. The study was carried out June 2013 at the genetic and gene nation bank laboratory of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. Treatments were including of 4 levels of salinity (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM), 15 genotypes of cowpea (mashhad, omid bakhsh1, omid bakhsh 2, 001, 002, 7245, 7254, 7262, 7288, 7244, 7256, 7291, 7289, 7278 and 7305). The results showed that the effects of genotypes and salinity levels on different measured traits were significant at 5% probability level. Germination under saline conditions gave significant reductions for each treatment tested. The interaction effects of genotype and salinity, cultivar Mashhad in 150 mM NaCl salinity had the highest final germination percentage (84 %) and vigor germination (8.1). Also, the highest and lowest germination rate in high salinity (150 mM NaCl) had obtained in 7291 (5.3 seed per dar) and omid bakhsh 2 (3.7 seed per dar) cultivar, respectively. Increasing NaCl applications generally decreased the fresh and dry weight of Plumule and fresh and dry weight radicle. In high salinity level (150 mM NaCl), the highest of fresh and dry weight of Plumule had obtained in cultivar Mashhad (0.76 and 0.995 gr). Decrease in Plumule and radicle weight by NaCl application is due to increase in osmotic pressure of soil and decrease in availability of soil water because of NaCl Genotypes mashhad and 001 in NaCl salinity were evaluated as the most resistant and susceptible genotypes, respectively. Based on the results of this experiment, there is necessary genetic diversity among the Cowpea genotypes of Iran for selection of salinity resistant cultivars.

Cynara scolymus L. is an economically valuable medicinal plant, but salinity can limit the regions under cultivation of this crop. Therefore, identifying the appropriate tissue culture method for this plant can be useful for selecting salinity tolerant cultivars. This research was carried out with the aim of identifying the appropriate explant and method for tissue culture of this plant as the first step to produce tolerant cultivars in future projects. In this study, firstly, sterile seedlings of plant seeds were prepared. Then, the terminal meristem was selected as a suitable explant during a pre-test and evaluated in vitro to study salinity tolerance with five different concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mM) in a completely randomized design with three replications. This research was performed in the medicinal plants research center of Sistan and Baluchistan University in 2017. Salinity reduced some morphological traits (stem length, root length, shoot and root fresh and dry weight) of seedlings grown from terminal meristem explant. As the concentration of sodium chloride increased to 60 and 80 mM, the amount of soluble sugars and proline increased. The lowest amount of soluble sugars (33 mg g-1 dry weight) and proline (50 µM) was related to zero and 20 mM sodium chloride concentrations, respectively. The results indicate that this plant is sensitive to different levels of salinity, although it is somewhat tolerant to low and moderate levels of salinity.

Due to the increasing of saline lands and the lack of suitable lands for agriculture, the identification of tolerant medicinal plants to salinity is very important. In this research were studied the seeds laboratory characteristics of different ecotypes of cumin in the Research Laboratory of Birjand University under salt stress and normal conditions in 2014. The experiment was carried out as a factorial in a completely randomized design with two factors and three replications. Factor A included 10 ecotypes (Sabzevar, Khousf, Quchan, Sarayan, Kashmar, Gonabad, Zirkooh, Esfarayen, Tabas and Torbate Jam) and factor B included five levels of salinity of NaCl (One, three, five, seven and nine ds/m). Analysis of variance showed that different ecotypes had significant differences at the 1% level in all traits, except seedling dry weight, and radicle/shoot length ratio. In general, most of traits decreased with increasing salinity levels. Ecotype × stresses interactions comparisons showed that the Kashmar and Ghoochan ecotypes at three dS/m and Esfarayen and Gonabad ecotypes at one and five dS/ m had highest and lowest amount of measured traits, respectively. Cluster analysis at 1 and 9 ds/m levels grouped ecotypes into three major groups. Group 1 (Kashmar, Zirkooh, Sarayan, Torbate Jam, Tabas, Gonabad and Sabzevar) and group 3 (Khousf and Sabzevar) had maximum resistance to salinity stress at 1 ds/m and 9 ds/m levels, respectively. At 3 ds/m level, ecotypes were classified in four group, in which the group 3 (Sabzevar, Kashmar and Gonabad) had maximum resistance. At 5 and 7 ds/m levels were recognized four main groups of ecotypes and in both level, group 4 (Sabzevar) had maximum resistance. In general, ecotype Sabzevar had the highest resistance at all levels of salinity.

Abiotic stresses are very harmful in plant species due to their extensive presence in agricultural lands and increase in the probability of their severity under climate change conditions. To investigate the effects of salt stress on some morphological and physiological characteristics of miniature rose (Rosa chinensis Jacq. var. minima Rehd.) cultivars a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design in greenhouse conditions. Treatments were water with electrical conductivity of 2 and 4 dS m-1 provided by NaCl along with tap water as control and rose cultivars including red (R. chinensis ‘Little Buckaro’), pink (R. chinensis ‘Sourati Local Cultivar’) and yellow (R. chinensis ‘Little Flirt’) flower plants. The results revealed that salinity of 4 dS m-1 decreased the number of leaves and flowers, flower diameter, plant height, dry weights of shoots and roots, leaf area, chlorophyll index, chlorophyll fluorescence and visual quality while leaf ion leakage was increased. ‘Sourati Local Cultivar’ had the lowest plant height, flower diameter, dry weight of roots, visual quality, leaf area, chlorophyll index, and the highest leaf ion leakage in salinity treatments (2 and 4 dS m-1), while in the control treatment this cultivar had the maximum number of leaves and flowers. ‘Little Buckaro’ with the highest plant height, dry weight of roots, visual quality, leaf area, and chlorophyll index was the most tolerant cultivar to salinity stress. Therefore, its cultivation in areas with saline soils can be suggested.

This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of two mycorrhiza species on growth, yield and oil content of geranium under salinity stress. The experiment was done at research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Iran, in 2014. Four levels of substrate (sterilised and non-sterilised control soil and sterilised soil inoculated with Glomus mosseae or G. intraradices), and three levels of salinity (0, 30 and 60 mmol NaCl) were combined factorially based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results showed significant differences at 0.05 probabilty level for plant height, stem diameter, number of lateral shoots, number of leaves, leaf area, root length, root volume, leaf fresh and dry weights, stem, root and shoot fresh weights, essential oil content and yield, relative water content and electrolyte leakage and at 0.01 probability level for number of nodes, root diameter, stem and root dry weights. The results showed that as salinity level increased, plant height, stem diameter, number of lateral shoots and leaves/plant, leaf area, leaf, stem and root fresh and dry weight, and oil yield decreased, while, oil content increased. Inoculation with both mycorrhiza species increased leaf relative water content, decreased electrilyte leackage and improved shoot yield, oil content and oil yield under salinity stress, so that, oil yield in plants treated with Glomus mosseae and G. intraradices were 41.9 and 56.8 percent hiegher compared with control, respectively. According to these results and due to environmental sustainability, application of mycorrhiza in substrate could be recommended to decrease the detrimental effects of salinity stress and increase plant yield in geranium.

Listeria monocytogenes is an important food-borne pathogen and its control in foods is a significant challenge. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Mentha spicata essential oil on limitingL. monocytogenes growth at different temperatures (4, 9 and 14°C), pH (5, 6 and 7) and NaCl concentrations (0, 1, 2 and 4 g/100mL). Chemical constituents of the M. spicata essential oil were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The susceptibility of bacterium was performed by the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the micro-broth dilution technique. The major detected components were carvone (78.76%), limonene (11.50%) and menthol (1%). The MIC value of essential oil was 160µl/mL. The results obtained showed that the effectiveness of M. spicata was pronounced by increasing of salt and temperature and decreasing pH. In conclusion, the encouraging results indicated that the essential oil of M. spicata might be exploited as natural preservative for the control of L. monocytogenes.

In the present study, the effects of different concentrations of NaCl (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 100mM) were investigated on some physiological parameters and antibacterial activities of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Ten-days-old seedlings, prepared in sterilized petri dishes, were transferred into pots containing washed sand and irrigated with Hoagland nutrient solution. Pots were located in a growth chamber (at 25°C for 16h in light and 18°C for 8h in darkness) and after certain growth period, plants were harvested for analyses. For antibacterial analyses, the plants were treated throughout flowering and fruit production stages. Results showed that in all treated plants, proline content was increased and photosynthetic pigments were decreased in high concentrations of NaCl. Also, the studies on growth factors showed that in dill, these parameters were affected by NaCl. Studies on antibacterial activities showed that in most of the cases, the zone of inhibition was increased by increasing of salt concentration and the antibacterial effect of extract was significant in high concentrations. Of course, choosing the best way and solute for preparing the extract is important for reaching a noticeable antibacterial effect.