جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "essential oil" در نشریات گروه "بیوتکنولوژی و ژنتیک گیاهی"

Thymus daenensis Celak is a medicinal and aromatic species widely used in the health, pharmaceutical and food industries. Most of the country's needs are met through harvesting from natural areas. Therefore, expanding this species' cultivation in agricultural lands is necessary. Since a large area of ​​these lands is exposed to drought stress, this research was conducted to evaluate the effect of different irrigation levels on the characteristics of its various populations at the Pardisan Agricultural Research Station in Qom and under greenhouse conditions.

This experiment was carried out as a two-factor factorial and in the form of a completely randomized design (CRD) in six replications (pots). The first factor included thirteen Denai thyme populations, and the second factor included irrigation levels at 80% (control), 60% and 40% of field capacity (FC). Twelve morphological and functional traits were measured with the appearance of flowering signs. For extracting the essential oil, the water distillation method was used by the Clevenger apparatus, according to the British Pharmacopoeia, for four hours. This has the highest efficiency in extracting essential oil. Variance analysis was performed, and the means were compared through Duncan's multiple range test. Also, the populations were entered into cluster analysis under two conditions: normal and irrigation at 40% of field capacity. To check essential oil quality, essential oil samples were diluted with dichloromethane and injected into the GC/MS. The corresponding chromatograms and mass spectra were obtained. The composition of the essential oils was identified using the compound inhibition index, examining the mass spectra of each compound and comparing  them to standard compounds, and using the information in the mass spectrometer library. Quantitative calculations (determining the percentage of each compound) were done using GC's software.

The variance analysis of the data showed a significant difference between genotypes and drought stress levels for most of the investigated traits at an error probability level of 1 or 5%. Also, the interaction effect of drought stress × genotype was significant on all the measured traits except the shoot dry weight. A decrease in soil moisture showed a sharp decline in relative water content. The root length increased with the reduction of water in the soil and reached the maximum value in the field capacity of 60%. Decreasing soil moisture to 60% FC not only did not reduce biomass but also placed it at a higher level than 80% FC moisture in some genotypes. The highest yield of essential oil was observed in 60% FC irrigation. At irrigation levels of 80% FC, 60% FC and 40% FC, respectively, Khorramabad (L1), Faridoshar (IS3) and Unknown (F) populations had the highest essential oil yield. Cluster analysis classified the masses into three groups under stress conditions. Group I consisted of 7 populations. Daran (IS2), Arak (M2) and Gharachaman (E-A) in group II were identified with average values. Group III included unknown populations, Feridunshahr and Markazi. Khorramabad and Qazvin had higher levels of thymol than other treatments under mild stress and normal conditions. Thymol values ​​decreased in most populations under severe stress conditions. The trend of carvacrol changes increased first and decreased with tension intensification.

 The type and percentage of essential oil compounds changed due to population type and irrigation level. Like most plants, Thyme Danai populations showed physiological and morphological reactions to drought stress conditions. Considering the efficiency of essential oil production and the percentage of important and influential compounds of thymol and carvacrol, Khorramabad, Qazvin, and Feridunshahr populations can be selected as superior populations under normal conditions and mild water stress. The relative stability of thymol and carvacrol compounds under irrigation conditions at 40% of crop capacity suggests that Qom and Urmia populations were candidates for further drought stress tests.

The success of plant breeders depends on the genetic diversity amount in plants and their wild relatives. Awareness of genetic distance and similarity makes it possible to organize hereditary reserves, effective sampling of genotypes, and better use of diversity. This research was carried out to study the genetic diversity of six basil populations (Ocimum basilicum L.) and to evaluate their biochemical response to low irrigation and two densities in the greenhouse of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Isfahan, Iran using a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. Basil populations as Afghan (green), Ghaemieh (violet), Qahjavaristan (green), Ardestan (green), Mobarakeh (green), and Mahyar (violet)) were sown in two densities of 6.6 and 20 plants/m2 in row distance at 50 cm with plant distance of 30 cm (equal to 6.6 plants/m2) and 10 cm (equal to 20 plants/m2). Drip irrigation was performed using evaporation pan in the form of three treatments of 60, 80 and 100% of field capacity (FC). In addition, 12 pairs of AFLP primers were used to study genetic diversity. According to the results obtained in all the irrigation conditions, the Afghan population showed the highest percentage of essential oil. Among the populations, the highest amounts of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were belonged to the Qahjavaristan with the values of 0.62, 0.44 and 0.53 µmol.m-1/FW, respectively. The highest amounts of chlorophyll a and b (1.49 and 0.76 mg/g FW) were belonged to the Mobarakeh. Regarding dehydration stress, it was found that the application of 80 and 60%FC led to an increase of 4% and 19% of catalase, 6% and 22% of peroxidase and 5% and 20% of superoxide dismutase, respectively. In general, the Afghan population showed the highest stress-tolerance level. Based on the analysis of AFLP results, each primer produced an average of 10.51 polymorphism bands, and primer 11 had the highest band production among the primers. Based on the genetic similarity matrix, the highest genetic similarity between Mobarakeh and Ardestan populations was at the rate of 0.99. The lowest genetic similarity (0.71) was related to Ardestan and Mahyar populations. Totally, populations with the least genetic similarity (Ardestan and Mahyar) could be used as parents in breeding programs, which leads to progeny with higher genetic diversity. The Afghan population can also be considered as parent in stress-resistant breeding programs.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the oldest medicinal and spice plants in the world. Several factors affect the growth and production of saffron including: age and the number of corms per surface area, soil texture, the time of plant culture, time and kind of irrigation, mineral nutrition and ecological factors. It seems that the quantity and quality of saffron products are greatly different at different plant ages. The plant or field age has important effect on growth indices of saffron and its secondary metabolites. In order to investigate the effects of plant age on secondary metabolites and some physiological factors of saffron, a research project was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications at the research field of medicinal plants of the University of Zanjan. Three saffron farms with different biological ages of one, two and five years old were selected as experimental treatments, and then three plots were randomly selected from each farm and the desired traits were measured. Results showed that, increasing of the age of saffron plants in this experiment increased fresh weight of plant and dry weight of stigma. 5-yraes old plants showed the highest amounts of these traits. Whereas, the contents of soluble proteins and sugars and photosynthetic pigments were higher at first year and decreased by increasing of plant age. Number of secondary metabolites decreased when the age of plants increased as in one–year old saffron plants 26 metabolites and in 5-year old plants only 15 metabolites were detected. Loliolid (18%) and thymol (17%) in 1-year old plants and thymol (19%) and camphor (14%) in 5-year old plants showed the highest level among all detected secondary compounds. Generally according to these results, plant age has an important effect on the number and kinds of secondary metabolites in saffron which should be considered at the time of saffron harvesting.

In order to evaluation the diversity of morphological traits and determine antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains including Klebsiella pneumonia, Listeria monocytogenes, and Streptococcus agalactia, three ecotypes of Mentha longifolia were collected from three habitats in Khorramabad, Aleshtar, and Delfan in Lorestan province, Iran. The measured traits were plant height, leaf length and width, number of leaves, branches, and inflorescences, length of inflorescences, and percentage of essential oil. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with five replications. The result showed that there was a significant difference among the ecotypes in terms of leaf length and width, plant height, and essential oil percentage. Khorramabad ecotype had the highest plant height, inflorescence length, and essential oil percentage. A positive and significant correlation was observed between both plant height and leaf width with essential oil percentage. According to stepwise regression and path analysis results, it was concluded that plant height could be considered as the most important index for the selection of parental lines in the breeding programs. Based on the Minimum Inhibitory (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) indices, it was concluded that the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of M. longifolia essential oil ranged from 0.03 to 0.2 mg/mL.The antimicrobial activity showed that L. monocytogenes and S.agalactiae were inhibited by Delfan ecotype essential oil and K. pneumonia was inhibited by the essential oil from the Aleshtar ecotype. In contrast, the three studied bacteria had the lowst susceptibility to the essential oil from Khorramabad ecotype.

Anise is an annual plant belonging to Apiaceae family and fruit essential oil of this herb is used in various pharmaceutical, cosmetic and beverage industries. Drought stress is one of the most critical limiting factors for anise production in worldwide. In this research, to finding interrelationships among different traits and performance, some anise genotypes were evaluated using the biplot method. In this study, 18 anise genotypes were evaluated in normal irrigation regime and drought stress conditions according to a randomized complete block design with three replications at the field of the Western Australia University (UWA), Australia. Fifteen phonological, morphological and physiological traits were measured. Results indicated the positive and significant correlations between yield and fruit number and fruit thousand weight in both conditions. Due to the negative correlation between phonological features with fruit yield in two different irrigation conditions, it could be concluded that to have genotypes with high fruit yield, selection for early ripening genotypes should be done in anise. In this study, a significant correlation was observed between fruit yield and relative water content in the stress condition. Therefore, this trait can be used as a physiological index to evaluate drought tolerance in anise. According to cluster analysis based on the measured traits, genotypes were divided into 3 groups in both non-stress and stress conditions. According to the results of the comparison of the means of the groups in non-stress and drought stress conditions, genotypes No. 1, 5, 6, 11, 12, 14, 15 and 16 were identified as the most drought-tolerant genotypes. These genotypes could be utilized in breeding programs for further improvement of drought tolerance in anise germplasm.

Bacterial resistance is one of the problems in the world of medicine today. Many efforts are underway to find alternative methods, one of which is to use the capacity of native plants of each region. The chamber was powdered as a homogeneous mixture and its essential oil was extracted by water distillation. Then, the components of the essential oil were identified and the amount of the components was identified using a gas chromatography device connected to a mass spectrometer. GC-Mass analysis showed that the most important effective compounds with antimicrobial activity of this plant were 2- boronanone (12.36%), camphor (6.87%), 3-carn (5.35%). The range of growth inhibition zone varied from 9 to 40 mm. Essential oil with growth inhibition zone of 40 mm had the greatest effect against Staphylococcus aureus even in comparison with clindamycin, although essential oils had no effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and could not inhibit its growth. In general, essential oils had a better effect on gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria.

Jashir (Prangos spp.) is forage, medicinal and indigenous herb from some parts of Iran that is used in traditional medicine in the treatment of many diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of altitude on morphological traits and essential oil compounds of Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl. at the flowering stage in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran. For this purpose, 10 plants were selected from each of three altitudes (2000-1600, 2400-2000 and 2800-2400 m above sea level). Measurements were made for 30 morphological traits and essential oil content and compositions of the plants in each altitude. Result of one-way ANOVA showed a significant difference among altitudes classes (p < /em><0.01) for most of traits. The results showed that with increasing altitude, the number of branches, the number of leaves per plant and the number of primary leaflets decreased and the number of umbrellas per plant, leaf length, internode length, fresh and dry weight of plant increased. Significant correlations were observed between some important morphological traits such as (leaf number and umbrellas number, leaf length, internode length, fresh and dry weights) with the essential oil content. Path coefficients analysis of morphological traits showed that altitude had the greatest effect on the canopy diameter (P = 0.733) and leaf width (P= 0.857). In total, 22 compounds of essential oil were identified in three different altitude classes. The major compounds were Δ-3-carene, α-pinene, (Z)-β-ocimene, myrcene, β-phellandrene, and α-terpinolene. Altitude had a negative effect on the essential oil yield. Overall, the results of this study showed that the many of the studied traits in P. ferulacea were strongly affected by altitude and there were significant differences among the three altitude classes. Finally, the observed diversity can be related to the role of altitude and the genetic structure of the populations, which can also be considered as a kind of adaptation and physiological response of Jashir to environmental conditions.

Savory is an annual plant of the dicotyledonous genus Labiatae of the genus Satureja and the species Hortensis, Which is cultivated for extraction of essential oils and medicinal purposes. Therefore, choosing the appropriate method for drying savory is necessary to extract high-quality essential oils. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of harvest time and drying methods on quantitative and qualitative traits of savory in 2017. In this experiment, the effect of harvest time and drying methods was examined. The results showed that the effect of harvest time had the highest wet and dry yield at the time after flowering and the lowest wet yield at the beginning of flowering. Among the three harvest times, the post-flowering stage had the highest essential oil and the lowest essential oil was allocated to before flowering. The percentage of free radical scavenging increased with increasing plant age. The amount of flavonoids at harvest time after flowering was higher than the beginning of flowering and full flowering. The highest amount of Savory plant essential oil was observed in the shade drying method and the lowest amount was observed for the amount of essential oil in the oven drying method at 60 and 75 ° C with zero grams of essential oil. After the drying method in the shade, the highest amount of Savory plant essential oil was obtained in the 90 watt microwave method and in the sun.

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is one of the most well-known and available belong to Achillea genus from Asteraceae family is considered as an important medicinal plant in the world, due to its diversity of habitat and wide distribution in the Iran, which is widely used in traditional medicine, especially in the treatment of gastrointestinal inflammation. In order to study the essential oil compositions in Homayoun habitat located in the northern mountains of Zanjan, after selecting a suitable plant sample, the whole vegetative body of the plant was harvested in full bloom stage and above ground and after drying in room shade, it was powdered as a homogeneous mixture. The distillation method was extracted with water. Then, the components of the essential oil were identified and the amount of the components was identified using a gas chromatography device connected to a mass spectrometer. The results showed that the essential oil of the dry vegetative body of the plant had a white color with a yield of 0.74%. The most important main compounds identified in essential oils were: beta-pinene (4.71%), 1 -8-cineole (eucalyptol) (8.64%), (+) 2-bornanone (2.57%), borneol (4.23%), Caryophylline (2.11%), betanrolidol (7.78%), and caryophyllenoxide (4.89%), francol (9.87%), 7-epiodiodispermol (2.46%), xenyl acetate (3.52%). Cesquiterpene francol was first reported from this plant in Zanjan region with a value of 9.87%, which is noteworthy due to its anti-tumor effects.

Savory (Satureja spp.), due to its essential oil compounds such as thymol and carvacrol, has a special place among medicinal plants. In this study, transplants of 18 accessions of six species of savory originated from five provinces of Iran, cultivated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Tikmehdash station of East Azerbaijan, Iran. Morphological and phytochemical traits were recorded over two years. Results showed high diversity between and within the species. Among the species, S. spicigera (Ganjeh accession from Guilan)with the highest essential oil yield (20.4 kg/h) and S. sahendica (Zinjanab accession from East Azerbaijan)with the highest establishment rate early flowering date coupled the highest amount of thymol were identified as the most compatible species. Thymol content had a positive correlation with aerial floral weight and leaf area. In cluster analysis, the species were divided into three groups: S.bachtiarica from Yazd in group 1, S. mutica from North Khorasan in group 2 and species adapted to East Azerbaijan climate: S. spicigera, S. sahendica, S. atropatana and S.macrantha in group 3. In the principle components analysis, selection based on the first and second components leads to the selection of species with high essential oil yield and oil quality, respectively. Distribution of the accession/species in the biplot diagram based on the first and second components was in agreement with the results of cluster analysis. According to the results, for cold regions, early or moderate maturity species with high proportion of leaf and flower to stem and high leaf area should be selected and the performance components should be raised to a degree that does not reduce essential oil efficiency.

Objective Herbal essential oils are added to the poultry diet for a variety of reasons, such as improving performance, production and increasing the level of immunity. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fennel and savory essential oils and their mixtures on growth performance, carcass characteristics, antioxidant parameters and hepatic interleukin-6 gene expression in broilers. Materials and methods The study was conducted in a completely randomized design with a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with 9 treatments and 4 replications, each replication containing 15 birds. (540 Ross 308 broiler chickens). The experimental diets included the levels of 0 g/kg, 0.15 g/kg and 0.25 g/kg of fennel and savory essential oils and their mixture. Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were calculated at starter (1-10 days), grower (11-24 days) and finisher (25-42 days). Each repeated three birds were bled at day 42. Interleukin-6 gene expression was performed on day 42. The ileum contents were sampled at 42 days of age to determine the microbial population.   Results The results showed that in the finisher (25-42), the experimental groups that received the essential oil had a lower conversion ratio than the control treatment. Among the experimental groups, the mixture of 0.25 fennel + 0.25 savory essential oils (g/kg feed) had the best production index (p<0.05). The essential oils used reduced the amount of malondialdehyde produced in the broiler drumstick (p<0.05). Herbal compounds increased the lactobacillus and reduced the coliforms and E. coli in the contents of the ileum. All savory supplementated groups except 0.25 (g/kg) + fennel 0.15 (g/kg) increased expression of hepatic interleukin-6 gene.   Conclusions Diets containing 0.25 (g/kg)fennel + 0.25 (g/kg) savory essential oils had the highest effect on improvment of the performance and expression of the broiler liver gene.

The aim of this reserch was determining of the Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch essential oils composiation that was growned in natural counditions.Collected plants were harvested at full bloom stage in july 2019 and dried in the shade of the room condition then pulverized in the form of a homogeneous mixture and its essential oil was extracted by distillation with water. The components of the essential oil were identified and measured using the gas chromatography device connected to the mass spectrometer. The results showed that the essential oil obtained from the dried vegetative body of the plant had a yellow color with a yield of 0.89%. The results of GC-MS showed that the essential oil of this plant in the desired area consisted of a combination of 106 substances. Percentage of total essential oil, the most important main compounds identified in essential oil were: α-Thujene (2.21%) Camphene (2.38%), Sabinene (0.53%), Eucalyptol(1,8-cineole) (5.71%), Terpinen-4-ol (2/55%), Nonanal (4/25%), Camphor (9/87%), (+) 2 Bornanone (5/59%), Endo-borneol (4/05%), α-Terpineo (2/46%), Rosefuran (3/52%) Caryophyllene (0.64%), α-Farnesen (1.83), Terpinolene (3.44%) and Caryophyllene oxide (5.62) -Based on our knowledge this is the first report of Zanjan Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch.

Thymes are native plants of Iran and are considered as the most important medicinal plants due to their unique properties. In this study, morphological, ecological and essential oil percentage variation of 15 thyme populations (eight populations of T. kotschyanus, three populations of T. migricus, two populations of T. fedtschenkoi and one population of T. fallax and T. pubescens) from natural habitats of the northwest and west regions of Iran, were studied. For essential oil measurement, the flowering shoots of the populations were harvested during flowering season and the essential oils were extracted using Kelevenjer apparatus by distilled water for three hours. By examining the soil characteristics, climatic parameters and geographical position of the habitats, it was found that despite the geographical proximity, there were significant differences between the locations in which thymes were collected. This, along with genetic differences among the populations, led to a remarkable variation for all measured traits. There was negative correlation between essential oil percentage and inflorescence length. Using principal component analysis, the first three components explained 85% of the total variation. Using cluster analysis, the 15 populations divided into three groups. The populations in the third group had the highest values for most traits followed by the second and the first groups, respectively. According to results, Ghoghjeh population had the highest values for morphological characteristics. There was also a significant difference among the populations in terms of essential oil content. The essential oil percentage of the populations ranged from 0.92 to 2.82%. The highest values of essential oil 2.82%, 1.9% and 1.7% were obtained from Sardasht, Qushchi and Naghadeh populations, respectively. According to the results, the populations of Sardasht from T. fedtschenkoi, Qushchi from T. migricus and Naghadeh from T. kotschyanus had the highest essential oil content, and suggested for cultivation and using in related industries, pharmaceuticals, and improve breeding varieties.

Common sage (Salvia officinalis) is one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants and possesses anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. One of the essential oil components of the sage plant is monoterpene, 1,8-cineole, that is responsible for some of these effects. The effect of foliar application of chitosan (control, 0.0, 0.25 and 0.50 g/L) under different levels of water deficit (FC = 60, 75 and 100%) were investigated on the expression level of cineole synthase gene in the roots and accumulation of 1,8-cineole content in the leaves of the sage plants. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications. The level of gene expression was determined by real time PCR in plant roots and the 1,8-cineole content was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in leaves. Results indicated that the expression of studied gene and 1,8-cineole content were strongly up-regulated with water deficit. Furthermore, foliar application of chitosan (specially in 0.5 g/L) effectively up-regulated the cineole synthase gene expression in roots and 1,8-cineole content in the shoots. Overall, water deficit stress was more effective than chitosan in the up regulation of cineole synthase gene and 1,8-cineole synthase content. The maximum level of cineole synthase gene expression and 1,8-cineole content were observed in mild drought stress and 0.5 g/L chitosan condition. Slight water deficit stress had no effect on gene expression but the final product was increased in shoots. For the first time, our results indicated that water deficit stress and chitosan could increase cineole synthase gene expression in the roots of common sage. Therefore, chitosan along with water deficit probably increase 1,8-cineole content in shoots, in part, through increasing the expression level of 1,8-cineole synthase gene in roots.

Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) is an annual plant in Apiaceae family which is used in traditional medicine and medical science. This study was carried out to determine the quantitative expression pattern of some genes on monoterpenoid biosynthesis pathway and essential quality in Ajowan treated by methyl jasmonate. Ajowan essential oil compounds and the amount of MECPS, DXR,  and GDs genes expression as main genes related to Thymol biosynthesis pathway in response to methyl jasmonate in 4 different times were analyzed.  

After flowering, the 0.1 mM methyl jasmonate hormone was sprayed onto the plants. Samples were taken in 4 times (after 8, 24, and 48 treatment and control treatment). RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and Real-Time PCR have done from flowers and the date from these gene expressions were analyzed. Essential chemical compounds were studied by GC-GC/MS. Generally, in 4 samples (samples were taken after 8, 24, and 48 treatment and control treatment), 10 different compounds were distinguished.  

Based on results, the study of the essential oils of Ajowan showed that the changes of the amount of secondary compounds in the essential oil, the amount of γ-Terpinene (precursor of monoterpenoids like Thymol) went up after 24 hours methyl jasmonate treatment. Due to Real-Time PCR dates, the quantity of all 3 studied genes increased after 24 hours methyl jasmonate treatment. The increasing of these genes expression can be causes the incline level of γ-Terpinene in essential oil.  

Increasing the amount of 3 mentioned genes expression and also a high amount of γ-Terpinene in essential oils after 24 hours in flowers show that this hormone can affect the gene expression in MEP pathway which causes monoterpenoids production increase after one day of using the hormone.

Thyme is a medicinal plant with abundant phenol compounds that has antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and is also used in food industry and household uses. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of Lead on the antimicrobial properties of thyme and the changes in the amount of the essential oil compounds. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring the zone of inhibition using disc diffusion method and the MIC values were determined for bacteria of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli that were sensitive to the essential oil. The findings of this study showed that the amount of thymol in the plants treated with Lead decreased 22% in comparison with the control group plants and the biosynthesis of carvacrol was stopped by Lead stress. The diameter of the zone of growth inhibition for essential oil samples containing Lead decreased in all gram-negative bacteria used in this study, but the minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oil of under stress plants was more than the control. The effect of the essential oil of control plants on the growth of B. subtilis and S. aureus bacteria was more in comparison with the antibiotic gentamicin, while the essential oil of plants treated with Lead showed weaker performance compared to the gentamicin.

One of the important components of medicinal plants is essential oils that have many biological effects. Using of natural compounds to control pests and plant diseases, is one of the ways to reduce environmental hazards. Replacement industrial fungicides by natural compounds (especially with plant origin) that are not toxic, has attracted a lot of attention. In this experiment, the inhibitory effect of different concentrations of the essential oil of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) belonging to the Lamiaceae family, that is an important, economic and high consumption of medicinal plants in Iran, studied against plant pathogenic fungi Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium cerealis ،Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lentis, Fusarium proliferatum, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. For this purpose, factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Also, oil extracted by clevenger apparatus in concentrations 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 ml of essential oil per liter of PDA medium were used and without essential oil medium considered as control. Results showed that pennyroyal essential oil has a significant effect on inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungi and with increasing concentrations, the inhibitory effect significantly increases, so that maximum inhibitory effect (IP) of fungal growth observed at concentrations 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 ml of essential oil per liter of PDA medium.

The term "cryopreservation" refers to the storage of cells, organs, and tissues in liquid nitrogen ( 196 ° C). At this temperature, the physical and biochemical reactions of cells are virtually stopped; in these particular circumstances, the time of protection is unlimited. Storage of seeds is arguably the most efficient method for the ex situ preservation of plant genetic resources. Low storage costs and regeneration of whole plants from genetically diverse material, offer distinct advantages for the storage for conservation of seeds compared with other types of plant tissues.

In order to preserve seeds of Foeniculum vulgare(Apiaceae) medicinal plant, in cryopreservation condition, we used Desiccation pre-treatment for seeds. After a week seeds of treatment were extracted from the liquid Nitrogen and were melted in Ben Murray with 42°C. Then treatment and control seeds were transferred to a germinator in 24°C and 16/8H optical period.The seeds were distillated by Clevenger apparatus and the essential oils obtained were analyzed by GC/MS. The antioxidant activity determined by DPPH method.

The percent of viability of the control seeds (83%) was observed in comparison to the treated (53%). The major component of essential oil was anethole (80.04%) comparing the control (78.6%). No adverse effects were observed on the antioxidant properties and their essential oils.