جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "تصمیم گیری چند معیاره" در نشریات گروه "جنگلداری"

Because human and non-human factors are present in most part of the Iranian northern Zagros Forests, an extensive portion of the forests in these areas have been lost or are at risk of destruction, making forestry initiatives increasingly important for the environment. Even enriching the existing forests is a particular approach to dealing with the quantitative and qualitative degradation processes. Furthermore, afforestation is a strategy for recovering degraded areas and is recognized as a method of protecting soil and water, combating desertification, providing wood, and increasing carbon and nitrogen stores. The selection of suitable tree/shrub species based on expert opinion and decision-making model criteria is one of the most effective factors in the success of afforestation and reforestation projects. The current study aimed to enhance the Iranian northern Zagros Forests in the Perdanan area of Piranshahr and to restore its destroyed regions (empty spots) by finding the most appropriate forest tree/shrub species.

In this research, all destroyed spots, clearings, and empty spots of tree and shrub species were first identified and extracted as destroyed spots using the satellite images of 2022 from ESRI and the Google Company. To prepare the homogeneous units of the investigated area in the Pardanan forest lands of Piranshahr (northwest of Iran, the starting point of the Zagros forests), the topographical layers of the area, including slope, direction, height above sea level, geological maps, land ecology, and the map of micro-ecosystems, were combined to prepare the map of the ecological unit (homogeneous units) of the studied area. Because of the existence of destroyed spots, gaps, and empty spots of tree plant species, three one-kg soil samples from a depth of 0-30 cm were prepared from each of the environmental units. The soil samples passed through a two-mm sieve and thensubjected to measurements of soil physicochemical properties, including pH, electrical conductivity, texture, moisture, lime, nitrogen, organic carbon, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bulk density, and particle density factors. The findings of the soil samples were then analyzed with SPSS software to categorize the region based on soil properties by generating a dendrogram of the retrieved parameters using the K-Means Cluster technique. The acquired parameters were split into three good, medium, and poor stands after being separated into distinct groups and identifying the limiting characteristics of the studied region. The best species were selected through an extensive literature review of studies conducted in the area of Zagros forests. A list of 29 species of the most important and best species as final options was prepared and delivered to the questioners, which included university members and forestry experts in Iran. The most suitable species were selected based on the examined criteria and the soil properties of the region. Finally, the introduced species (options) were prioritized independently for each habitat by the TOPSIS method utilizing the opinions of the respondents (university members and forestry specialists in the forest areas of Iran), the AHP approach, and the decision-making criteria (viz. power of adaptation, the cost of keeping seedlings and seeds in afforested regions, water and soil protection, drought and natural element resistance (e.g., wind, pests, fire, etc.), growth rate, and seedling or seed purchase price).

The findings of extracting damaged spots, clearings, and vacant spots of tree and shrub species using remote sensing data revealed the presence of 141 places covering a total area of 685 ha. Decomposing the decision-making problem into smaller elements created a hierarchy on three levels. The first level contained the purpose of decision-making, and the second level comprised six criteria (maintenance cost, purchase price, growth rate, resistance, compatibility, and soil and water protection). In the third level, options with 29 native species were examined through a questionnaire among five experts, and finally, the most suitable species (option) was selected for each habitat (good, medium, and poor habitats) determined by examining the results of the sample dendrogram. The soil patches were separated and selected using the TOPSIS method. The results of the TOPSIS ranking technique showed that  Arjan and Ars species were the most preferred species, with closeness indexes of 0.63, 0.65, and 0.64, respectively, in good/medium and poor habitats, respectively. Walnut, sand, and hackberry species (with closeness indices of 0.489, 0.487, and 0.484, respectively) were selected as the most unfavorable species for afforestation and forest restoration in these areas.

The adaptability of the selected species for afforestation and forest enrichment projects to the region's current environmental conditions, as well as its low demands in comparison to other tree species, are the primary success factors for these programs. Plants, on the other hand, prefer certain conditions over others based on their biology and ecological demands, such as the quantity of light in different life stages, humidity, bedrock, and soil depth. Knowing these requirements will undoubtedly improve the accuracy of species selection and planting site selection and increase the chances of achieving a satisfactory result. According to the findings of this study, the studied region may be divided into good, medium, and poor stands based on its soil properties, and each of these areas has the necessary potential for afforestation. Nevertheless, given that each species has unique ecological demands, the relatedness of the species' ecological needs to the current ecological circumstances in the region is a prerequisite for the success of afforestation and reforestation projects. According to our findings, native species are the best alternative for recovering destroyed forest areas, and nursing species are more important than climax species in restoring degraded forest areas. The findings of this study can help forest managers plan effective forestry operations, particularly in Zagros ravaged areas (particularly in Iranian Northern Zagros forests).

In order to gain competitive advantage, marketing managers to make decision on topics such as compete in developing market share, developing new products, changing prices, changing product features, and change advertise channels of distribution, have to study the needs, perceptions and behavior of customers.This research was carried out with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the choice of the wooden office furniture from customers using hierarchical analysis method.
By reviewing the research literature, the main factors and components were identified and its conceptual model was based on a combination pattern. By designing the questionnaire including the 5 main- indicators and 45 sub-indicators, Information gathered from 260 buyers of wooden office furniture in the designated areas of Tehran. . The importance degree of criteria and alternatives after getting expert’s opinions and applying analytical hierarchy process are determined. The questionnaire reliability was measured by Cronbach’s alpha test.
The characteristics of "process, quality and design" followed by "economic and after-sales" features had the most impact on the choice of office furniture from customers, as well as the sub-items such as quality of raw materials, foam and wood components, life The product benefits from the purchase price, Delivery time of the product, the internal environment of the product, the size and volume of the product at the time of presentation of technical specifications of the product and the superiority of the wooden office furniture products in comparison with similar products have the highest score.
In the wooden office furniture, the quality and design factors play a significant role in choosing customers unlike the home furniture, in which the most important element is elegance. Also, paying attention to the price and the proportion of sales price with the expected value of a product is one of the most important demands of customers in choosing wooden office furniture. Producers of such products must pay special attention to guarantee the product and its ability to be replaced for obtaining new export markets and consumer choice. From the consumer's point of view, the relatively low importance of the beauty, fashion, and branding of the wooden office furniture can be a sign of particular role of the strength and quality of the product and the weakness of the domestic manufacturers. On the other hand, many consumers are still not aware of the importance of brand role in the various wood industries. Successful branding in the wooden furniture industry will increase the competitiveness of manufactured products in comparison to similar products. It seems that attention to the results of this research can be a very good guide to meet needs of customers and achieving new markets for the export of such products.

National parks have basic role in conservation of natural ecosystem in national and universal area. Since identification and prioritization ecological, economical and social criteria and indexes for assement of national parks are very important. Therfor in this study, we use Delphi questionnaire for identification very important ecological, economical and social criteria and indexes indexes in assement of national parks and Entropy technique used for calculation wight of them. In the continue multi-criteria decision making techniques such as SAW and TOPSIS used for priority of ecological, economical and social indexes of national parks. The analysis of result of study use of Delphi method identificated 129 indexs and 7 criteria from aspect ecologic, economic and social for national park that after customization 89 ecologic indexes, 7 economic indexes and 15 social indexes was determinate. The result of Entropy technique showed that protective and environmental functions criteria whit 0/228161 weight, concervation of biological diversity whit 0/168609 weight, maintenance and development of social functions whit 0/148688 weight and productive capacity and functions whit 0/109170 weight recpectivly had the highest weight . Also the result of TOPSIS and SAW techniques showed that that protective and environmental functions criteria and concervation of biological diversity aspect of ecology have more proity in comparison whit other criterias. The comparison between two methods showed that result of TOPSIS technique is better than result of SAW and it more near than to reality. National parks have basic role in conservation of natural ecosystem in national and universal area. Since identification and prioritization ecological, economical and social criteria and indexes for assement of national parks are very important. Therfor in this study, we use Delphi questionnaire for identification very important ecological, economical and social criteria and indexes indexes in assement of national parks and Entropy technique used for calculation wight of them. In the continue multi-criteria decision making techniques such as SAW and TOPSIS used for priority of ecological, economical and social indexes of national parks. The analysis of result of study use of Delphi method identificated 129 indexs and 7 criteria from aspect ecologic, economic and social for national park that after customization 89 ecologic indexes, 7 economic indexes and 15 social indexes was determinate. The result of Entropy technique showed that protective and environmental functions criteria whit 0/228161 weight, concervation of biological diversity whit 0/168609 weight, maintenance and development of social functions whit 0/148688 weight and productive capacity and functions whit 0/109170 weight recpectivly had the highest weight . Also the result of TOPSIS and SAW techniques showed that that protective and environmental functions criteria and concervation of biological diversity aspect of ecology have more proity in comparison whit other criterias. The comparison between two methods showed that result of TOPSIS technique is better than result of SAW and it more near than to reality.

The selection of tree species is one of the most important steps to achieve a successful forest plantation projects. In this study we used Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) techniques in order to selecting the suitable species for plantation endeavors using tangible and intangible criteria in southern Zagros forests. The problem is decomposed into 3 levels to better study of the problem. Goal of the problem was adjusted at the first level and accordingly six criteria were located at the second level, including conservation cost, cost of price, growth speed, resistance, adaptation and the conservation of soil and water. Also five alternatives were located at the third level including Quercus persica, Pistacia atlantica, Pyrus commonis, Cupressus arizonica and Thuja orientalis. The results of expert’s judgments showed that the resistance to the environmental condition was the most important criteria and Quercus persica was the most suitable species (priority scores= 0.321) accordingly, while Thuja orientalis introduced as a less important species for this objective (priority scores = 0.104). The results of TOPSIS confirmed these results, too. Totally, the results showed that we should much focus on native species in rehabilitating Zagros forests and Quercus persica may only be a prominent species than the other species for achieving this objective.