جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "سویا" در نشریات گروه "مکانیزاسیون کشاورزی"

The environmental effects caused by the use of chemical fertilizers, including water and soil pollution, are a threat to the health of the environment. Researchers are trying to reduce the harmful effects of using chemical fertilizers and applying as much mineral resources as possible in the soil to meet the nutritional needs of plants. The use of natural amendments such as zeolite, pumice and bentonite play an important role in reducing the loss of nutrients and increasing the fertilizer use efficiency. These amendments, having a special physical and chemical structure, play an important role to increase the absorption of water and nutrients. As a result, this research was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of zeolite, pumice and bentonite application on the seed yield, yield components and concentration of macro elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of soybean seeds and leaves in two soils with different characteristics.

This experiment was conducted as a split plot in three replicates and in 84 pots in the research greenhouse of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2021. In this experiment, the main factors include two types of soil texture (silty clay and sandy loam) and the secondary factors in fourteen levels include the control, PK chemical fertilizer treatment according to the soil test, zeolite, pumice and bentonite, each at 2 levels of 0.5 and 1% without fertilizer, 0.5% zeolite, pumice and bentonite with 75% PK fertilizer, 1% zeolite, pumice and bentonite with 50% PK fertilizer were considered. each of the treatments was mixed with 10 kg of soil to the pots. After applying the treatment, three germinated soybean seeds were planted in each pot. In all stages of growth irrigation, weeding, pest and disease control were done. After harvesting, seed yield, the thousand seed weight, pod number and concentrations of nutritional elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were measured in seeds and leaves. The data obtained from the experiment were statistically analyzed using Statistic software. The comparison of the means was also done using the LSD test method at the 5% level.

The results showed that the effect of the type of soil on seed yield, the thousand seed weight and concentration of phosphorus in seeds and also on the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in leaves was significant. In addition, the effect of the amendment treatments on all studied traits was significant except leaf potassium. While the interaction effect of soil type (texture) and treatments was significant on seed yield, leaf nitrogen, seed phosphorus and seed potassium. the highest amount of seed yield of 67/02 gram per pot was observed in silty clay soil and in 0/5 % zeolite with 75% PK fertilizer and the lowest amount of seed yield of 43.73 gram per pot was obtained in sandy loam soil and 1 % pumice with 50% PK fertilizer. Also the maximum amount of thousand seed weight and number of pods in per pot were observed in the 1% zeolite treatment and the lowest in the 1% bentonite with 50% fertilizer treatment. Bentonite 1% treatment, increased seed nitrogen by 11% compared to control. The mean comparison results showed that in silty clay soil, the highest percent of leaf nitrogen of as 7.79 percent in 1% zeolite with 50% PK fertilizer was measured and in sandy loam soil, the highest percent of leaf nitrogen of 6.86 percent was measured in 0.5% zeolite with 50% PK fertilizer. the highest percent of seed phosphorus and seed potassium was obtained in silty clay soil and 1% bentonite and sandy loam soil and 0/5 % zeolite with 75% PK fertilizer treatments respectively. The lowest amount of seed phosphorus and potassium were measured in sandy loam soil and 0/5 % pumice treatments.

among the amendments studied in this research, zeolite and bentonite had the greatest effect on the studied traits. The positive effect of different levels of zeolite alone and with PK fertilizer was observed on seed yield, thousand seed weight, number of pods in per pot, leaf nitrogen and seed potassium. The general results of the present research showed that the use of 1% zeolite, improved the growth of the plants and increased the yield components. Also the use of zeolite with PK fertilizer for increasing the seed yield was recommended.

Understanding the suitability of the lands is very important in terms of the ability to cultivation a particular crop. Having information in this field helps us to act more intelligently in prioritizing land allocation for the cultivation of various crops. Also, adapting the current-grown lands under cultivation of a crop selected by the farmer to the final layer of land suitability can give us an overview of the right or wrong choice of land use. This information will help agricultural policymakers to replace crops when necessary and to replace crops that have been misallocated in disproportionately desirable lands with other crops or to improve their crop management. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the land suitability of Golestan province agricultural lands for soybean cultivation and the degree of adaptation of current soybean-grown fields to the obtained suitability layers.

This study was carried out in the agricultural lands of Golestan province with an area of 821 thousand hectares. First, the real lands under cultivation of soybean were separated using 1674 land samples taken from different crops and object-based image analysis (OBIA) method. To separate the lands under soybean cultivation in Golestan province, sentinel 2 satellite images with a spatial accuracy of 10 meters related to planting to harvesting time in 2018 were used. Then, the layers of soil, climate, and topography characteristics were provided to investigate land suitability for soybean cultivation. Climatic components including minimum, optimum, maximum temperatures, and rainfall were estimated using long-term statistics of synoptic stations in the province (maximum available statistics). Data of soil texture, nitrogen, organic matter, phosphorus and potassium, soil pH, and salinity were also received from the provincial agricultural and natural resources research center, and from the data, the soil properties map was obtained. The digital land elevation map (DEM) of the province with a spatial resolution of 20 meters was used to extract slope, elevation, and aspect maps. The process of interpolation of climatic and soil layers was performed using ordinary kriging method. The relative importance of each factor was determined through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). This was done by designing questionnaires based on AHP paired matrices and completing it by agricultural specialists. After extracting the weights from the questionnaires and preparing the classified raster layers, these layers were imported in GIS version 10.3. Combining and overlaying the layers was done by assigning AHP weight to each layer. Finally, a land suitability map was prepared for the cultivation of the soybean in the study area which, in turn, was used to determine the adaptation of current soybean fields with determined suitability classes.

The accuracy of classification by object-oriented method using kappa coefficient and overall Accuracy coefficient (0.87 and 90%, respectively) shows the acceptable accuracy of soybean land separation in this study. In the study of land suitability for soybean cultivation, the results obtained from hierarchical analysis showed that the soil criterion had the greatest effect on the site selection of soybean cultivation with a coefficient of 0.52 with respect to both climate and topography factors. The results showed that most of the fields (about 87% of total) placed in suitable class and 13% placed in a relatively suitable class. In suitable areas for cultivation, despite having the best conditions for factors such as maximum temperature, average temperature, slope, aspect, height, soil texture, soil pH, phosphorus and soil salinity, soybean production is limited by factors such as precipitation (400 to 500 mm per year), minimum temperature (10 to 12 °C), phosphorus (8 to 10, 15 to 20 mg/kg soil). In these areas, maximum yield can be achieved by managing the mentioned factors and applying desirable agricultural management. In relatively suitable areas, limitations of nitrogen deficiency (less than 0.5 mg/kg soil), organic matter (less than 2%), salinity (above 6 dS/m), slope (more than 5%), restriction of soybean cultivation due to heavy soil texture (high percentage of soil clay), potassium (less than 100 mg/kg soil), phosphorus (more than 20 or less than 8 mg/kg soil), precipitation (less than 400 mm per year), minimum temperature (less than 10 °C), slope (more than 8%) and aspect (west and north) caused relatively high land restrictions for soybean cultivation. Compatibility analysis of the current soybean fields with the suitability maps indicated that about 99% of total cultivated lands are located in a suitable class, which demonstrates the proper selection of farm locations by the farmers.

By considering the position of Golestan province in the production and area under soybean cultivation in the country, if it is possible to identify suitable soybean cultivation areas according to the environmental requirements of this product and identify the limitations created by the environment, more yield per area can be achieved, which will improve the agricultural economy and the level of income of the country.

Nowadays, due to growth and development of the husbandry and its worthiness in providing human basic needs, affecting parameters such as costs, efficiency and fuel consumption is significantly important. So, increasing the efficiency of threshing machine could lead us to huge savings in energy. However using the conventional drums and concaves have some problems such as damaging seeds due to impact, complicated manufacturing technology and spending a lot of energy in separating process. Therefore in order to overcome above mentioned problems especially energy consumption, a new seed pod husker based on rubbing was designed, fabricated and tested in this research. Practical tests of this device were carried out on soybean which was harvested in a farm of Babolsar city. The experimental design was simple randomized complete design with three replications. The rotational speed of rollers and distance between rollers varied in three levels of 110, 170, and 210 rpm and 7, 8, and 9 mm for soybean. The measured parameters consisted of efficiency, separation and loss. For designing the seed pod husker, the required electric motor power and the torque for separating seeds from its pods were calculated. After reviewing the physical and mechanical characteristic of some seed pod crops specially, soybean, a seed pod husker was designed in SOLIDWORKS 2013 software. In order to facilitate seeds separation from the pod, it was preferred to use the right-round and left-round Archimedes screw on the rollers. According to the preliminary evaluations, it was considered to use a speed range of 110 to 210 rpm; it was because of that the speed lower than 110 rpm was not able to open pods and the speed higher than 210 rpm caused hyper movements of pods. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and mean comparisons and interaction between the parameters were performed using the SPSS 22 software. The results indicated that the rollers were acceptable and sticking of pods were not seen. Results indicated that the efficiency of this device was increased with increasing the rotational speed and then was decreased. Increasing the rotational speed was led to increase separation. It is because of this fact that the performance of the husker’s component will be more powerful and crops suffer bigger impacts. The chart of device loss had a relatively upward slope. It could be due to a tougher collision between the seeds and the rollers. Increasing the roller distance, first decreased the efficiency of soybean and then increased that. The results indicated that separation efficiency decreased by increasing the distance. The reason for that was due to unavailable necessary force to separate the seed and pod. As the roller distance increased, the total losses of the device also increased. The reason for this was likely increasing in the movement of the seeds. The results of practical tests and qualitative observations showed that the device had sufficient resistance against the maximum torque produced by the crop. Influence of rotational speed of rollers and rollers clearance on the efficiency, separation and loss were significant for new fabricated seed pod husker (P<0.01). The capacity of the machine for soybean was 28.506 (kg hr-1). To achieve maximum efficiency, maximum separation and minimum loss for soybean, authors suggest using (9mm-170rpm), (7mm-210rpm) and (9mm-110rpm) compounds, respectively. Eventually, it is suggested to evaluate this machine for other seed pod crops and for other parameters such as germination percentage, electric conductivity and ergonomic issues such as noise and machine vibration. Of course, it is recommended to survey the impact of length of husking roller, shaft rotation method and thread types on measurement parameters.

In order to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density on stem physical properties and shear energy of Gorgan-3 variety of soybean, an experiment was conducted in 2013-2014 at field No.1 of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. This study had two main factors, the first factor was the amount of nitrogen fertilizer at three levels (100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1) that was added to the soil and the second factor was plant density at three levels (100000, 150000 and 200000 plant ha-1). Plant height, stem diameter and stem shear energy were measured. Cutting experiment was conducted by pendulum system and then the relationship between shear energy and stem diameter was examined. The experiments were carried out in the form of factorial experiment based on the complete randomized block design. The highest and lowest plant height was 71.23 cm and 50.73 cm respectively wich were respectively acquired with planting density of 200,000 and 100,000 plants per hectare and nitrogen fertilizer amount of 300 kg and 100 kg nitrogen per hectare, respectively. With increasing the nitrogen fertilizer, stem diameter increased from 8.15 to 9.6 mm. And With increasing the planting density, stem diameter decreased from 11.02 to 6.61 mm. With increasing the nitrogen fertilizer, shear energy increased from 2.49 to 2.88 J. And with increasing the coefficient.

Nowadays, agricultural systems are seeking economic, ecological and bioenvironmental goals for production of agricultural crops with protection and sustainability of the environment. Therefore, there is need to extend sustainable agricultural systems such as conservation agriculture. One of the principles of conservation agriculture is conservation tillage. Conservation tillage is a kind of tillage that retains crop residues on the soil surface or mixes it with soil using related machines. It could also affect on machine performance parameters. Energy consumption for producing one kilogram crop could be studied for conservation tillage. Several researchers have conducted studies on this issue for production of different crops including wheat, sunflower and forage crops. This study conducted to assess machine performance parameters and energy indices of conservation tillage systems for soybean cultivation in Golestan province.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of conservation tillage systems on machine performance and energy indices in soybean production at the Gorgan research station of Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center in 2012. The precipitation was 450 mm. Soil texture was silty clay loam. Treatments were four tillage methods, including no-till using row crop direct planter, no-till using grain direct drill, conventional tillage usin a disk harrow with working depth of 10-15 cm and minimum tillage using chisel packer with a working depth of 20 cm. Machine performance parameters and energy indices studied in a farm covered by wheat residues in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatments and four replications. Machine performance parameters consisted of field efficiency, field capacity, total field capacity and planting uniformity index were measured. Energy indices such as energy ratio, energy productivity, energy intensity and net energy gain were also calculated.
The results showed that no-tillage methods by grain drill and row crop planter had the lowest field efficiency (56% and 58.9%, respectively), but had the highest field capacity (0.76 and 0.71 ha h-1, respectively), as the passage of implements in the field was less than that of conventional tillage. Peruzi et al., (1996) also reported that required time for minimum tillage and no-till was 80% less than conventional tillage. No-till using grain drill with the total field capacity of 0.76 ha h-1 and conventional tillage with 0.33 ha h-1 had the highest and lowest field capacity among the treatments, respectively. Minimum tillage had the best horizontal distribution uniformity for seed placement on the row. No-till using seed drill had the highest energy ratio of 4.5 and yield of 3612 kg ha-1, which were higher than the other treatments. No-till also produced 0.19 kg crop per each MJ energy consumption. It consumed the lowest amount of energy with 5.3 MJ for production of 1 kg soybean and had the highest net energy gain among treatments. Minimum tillage had the lowest consumption of energy with 2030.2 MJ ha-1 among the treatments. It had the lowest amount of net energy gain because of having lowest yield (2794 kg ha-1). Zentner et al., (2004) and Razzaghi et al., (2012) also concluded that conservation tillage systems had the lowest amount of energy consumption compared to the conventional tillage.
The study of energy indices is important for producing agricultural crops to decrease energy consumption. Among the tillage methods, no-till method had the best indices about reducing energy consumption. Although the size of no-till grain drill will increase the weight and energy consumption of machine, but it well penetrates on the soil. Results showed that minimum tillage and no-till methods are proper alternatives for replacement of conventional method for producing soybean, according to the precise of planting and improvement of energy indices. However, the existing planters can be modified for row crops and increasing of planting accuracy indices with correct management of no-till methods at crop protection stages. It can also help to localize conservation tillage implements and speeding up new methods for reaching to sustainable energy and production resources.

Abstract In order to determine the best water production function (CWPF) for predicting grain yield of a soybean crop four models were evaluated. The four functions evaluated were Jensen (1968)، Minhas et al (1974) and modified Stewart et al (1977) and modified Bras and Corodova (1981) models. Field experiments were carried out for evaluation of the models. The grain yields simulated by the crop water production function were compared with the field measured data. The grain yields simulated by the crop water production function were compared with the field measured data. The base moisture stress sensitivity indices obtained for the vegetative، flowering and grain filling growth stages of the soybean crop were 0. 23، 0. 82، and 1. 1 respectively for Jenson (1968) and 0. 73، 2. 72 and 3. 4 respectively for Minhos et al (1974) model. The moisture stress sensitivity indices for the vegetative، flowering and grain filling growth stages for the modified Bras and Corodova (1981) model were 0. 25، 0. 73، and 1. 05 respectively and 0. 25، 0. 73 and 1. 05 respectively for modified Stewart et al (1977) model. The indices of the grain filling stage were noticed to be higher than the other growth stages، followed by the flowering stage and then the vegetative، for all models. The trend of the indices therefore implies that the grain filling growth stage was more critical to moisture deficit. Results showed that the models give good estimates of soybean grain yield with modified Bras and Corodova (1981) model performing slightly better than the other three models.

Water shortage in the agricultural sector is currently a major challenge in crop production. The more efficient water usage is that which increases yield without increasing water use. Thus, a determination of the water-yield relationship is essential. A field study was conducted to examine water-yield relations in three genotypes of soybeans, including optimum irrigation depth, a comparison of deficit and full irrigation, and the yield response factor (Ky) at Gorgan Research Station in the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons. Four irrigation treatments (W1, W2, W3 and W4) were identified according to their decline in irrigation caused by increased distance from the line source. Testing was based on a strip plot design and examined the effect of fixed irrigation rates on three cultivar treatments (SAHAR, G3, DPX) with four replications. Each irrigation treatment of each strip was divided into three cultivar treatments along the length of the laterals. Results indicated that the grain yield was affected by irrigation treatment and cultivars. The highest grain yield was obtained by treatment W1 (3306 Kg/ha) with the DPX cultivar (2905 Kg/ha). Under deficit irrigation scheduling, when effective rainfall (P) during the growing season is negligible, the optimum values for irrigation water (I) showed little difference between cultivars and were obtained at 430 mm. Under full irrigation, the SAHAR, G3 and DPX cultivars required 437, 467 and 523 mm of irrigation water and 550, 580 and 640 mm of applied water (I+P), respectively. Ky for SAHAR, G3 and DPX for the total growing season were 1.1, 1.06 and 0.92, respectively. The DPX cultivar had the lowest Ky (0.92) and, therefore, is a more suitable response to water deficit than were the other cultivars.