جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « عملکرد دانه » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

The aim of present study was to investigate the effects of NPK chemical fertilizer management on parameters related to lodging, yield components, grain yield and NPK nutrient uptake in local rice cultivars. The experiment was conducted in farms located in Mazandaran province, Sari, during 2017 and 2018. The experiment was performed as split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The different doses of fertilizer treatments at five levels including F1: N250P150K150, F2: N200P100K100, F3: N150P75K75, F4: N100P50K50, and F5: Control (N0P0K0) as main plot and local rice cultivars at two levels of Sang Tarom and Tarom Hashemi were considered as sub-plots. The results showed that the highest third and fourth internodes lodging index were observed in N250P150K150 and N200P100K100 treatments. Application of N200P100K100 treatment increased the number of fertile tillers per hill (13.25) and finally produced highest grain yield (4806 kg/ha-1), although there was no significant difference with N250P150K150 and N150P75K75 treatments. When the doses of NPK fertilizers increased, the concentration of NPK in grain and straw and as well as grain protein content also enhanced. There was no statistically significant difference between the two cultivars in terms of grain yield and concentration of N and K in plant, but the concentration of P in grain for Tarom Hashemi cultivar was about 8.9% higher than Sang Tarom. According to the findings of this study, the application of N150P75K75 treatment is a better option to improving the grain yield of rice cultivars along with a decrease in chemical fertilizers and subsequent reduced fertilizers costs and environmental damages.

To survey the effects of hand weeding and different densities of dragoon’s head on yield and yield components, a field experiment was conducted in the 2015-2016, at the research station of the faculty of agriculture, university of Tabriz. The experiment was a two-factor factorial in the basis of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental factors included: different planting densities and weed control. The interaction of experimental factors on all studied traits were significant. Chenopodium album L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., and Asperugo procumbens L., were the predominant weeds of dragon’s head and that’s had the highest number and dry weight in density of eight plants per m2. In weeding conditions, increasing the plant density to 24 plants.m-2 reduced the number and dry weight of weeds and increased biological yield of dragon’s head (17.7%). Density of 16 plants per m2 in weed control condition, due to high grain and biological yields, number of capsules and seeds per plant and 1000-seeds weight (25.5 g), had a high harvest index. Among the studied traits, the number of seeds per plant showed the highest positive correlation with yield and harvest index. The Dragoon’s Head produced significant yields even when weeds were not controlled, especially at densities of 8 and 16 plants.m-2. Therefore, the density of 24 plant.m-2 and hand weeding can be considered as agronomic and managerial strategies in control of weeds and the density of 16 and 24 plants.m-2 as the optimal density to increasing the production of dragon’s head.

To study the effect of the pre-mix herbicide, clodinafop propargyl+ metribuzin (29% WP), to control weeds of wheat fields an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and 4 replications in Alborz (Karaj), Fars (Darab), Semnan (Shahroud), and Khorasan Razavi (Mashhad) during 2021-2022. The treatments included the application of the herbicides pre-mixture herbicide Clodinafop propargyl+ Metribuzin ("CloMetri" is used as an abbreviation) at the rates of 500, 600, and 700 g/ha, Metsulfuron methyl+ Sulfosulfuron (Total@, 80% WG) at the rate of 45 g/ha, Mesosulfuron+Iodosulfuron+ Diflufenican (Othello@, 8.25% OD) at the rate of 1.6 l/ha, Clodinafop propargyl (Tapik@, 8% EC)+ Tribenuron methyl (Geranestar@, 75% DF) at the rate of 0.8 l/ha + 20 g/ha, Tapik@ + Bromoxynil+ MCPA (Bromicide MA@, 40% EC) at the rate of 1 + 1.5 l/ha, , and a Weed-free (Hand-weeded) control. The results showed that the application of herbicide treatments significantly reduced weed density and dry weight and increased grain yield of wheat. The Clometri (700 g/ha) showed control efficacy against Veronica persica Poir., Malva neglecta Wallr., Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.-Foss., Fumaria officinalis L., and Centaurea iberica Trevir. ex Spreng., ranging from 70% to 85%. Overall, compared to the other herbicides in the experiment, the efficacy of clometry herbicide in controlling most weed species was weak and unsatisfactory. Therefore, its use is not recommended as an option for weed control in wheat fields.

Weeds are one of the most important factors that reduce the growth and yield of plants, and weed control is one of the most important managements in farms. Various methods have been reported to control weeds. In order to control weeds, farmers have to use herbicides with destructive biological effects. The use of high concentrations of herbicides increases the resistance of various weeds and endangers the health of the environment. Weeds are controlled by manual, agronomic and chemical methods. Although weed management by methods such as weeding and the use of herbicides are effective in controlling weeds, these methods are uneconomical and cause environmental pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to use an alternate method to control weeds. According to the mentioned topics, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of integrated and agronomic management of weeds in spring safflower fields and the yield and yield components of safflower seeds (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Kalibar city in East Azerbaijan.

In this study, the effect of integrated and agronomic management of weed control on the yield of safflower oil seed and medicinal plant was carried out in four replications based on a randomized complete block design. In this study, experimental treatments include the application of various weed control methods at 9 levels, including 1. Complete weeding of weeds during the entire safflower growth period (control), 2. Straw and stubble mulch of wheat (three tons/ha), 3. V. villosa (density of 50 plants per square meter), planting distance on the row 10 cm and between rows 20 cm, 4. V. ervilia cover plant (density of 50 plants per square meter), planting distance on the row 10 cm and between rows 20 cm, 5. Application of 100 % trifluralin herbicide (2.5 L/ha) before planting, 6. Application of 100% haloxyfop – R-Methyl herbicide (1 L/ha) in the five-leaf stage of weeds and narrow leaf plants, 7. Application of 50% trifluralin herbicide (1.25 L/ha) along with straw and stubble mulch before planting, 8. Application of 50% haloxyfop – R-Methyl herbicide (0.5 L/ha) along with straw and stubble mulch in the five-leaf stage of weeds of narrow leaf plants, 9. Lack of control of weeds. Weeds were present throughout the growth period (uncontrollable evidence). Analysis of the variance of the measured traits was done in the form of randomized complete block design with four replications. Before analysis of variance, establishing the assumptions of normality of distribution of deviations, uniformity of within-treatment variances and summability of block and treatment effects were checked and confirmed by Tukey 's test. Comparison of the average traits was done using Duncan's test at the five percent probability level. SPSS and Excel software were used for statistical analyzes and graphs.

According to the findings of this study, the highest yield of safflower seed was achieved in the complete weeding of weeds, which was not significantly different from trifluralin herbicide + straw mulch and wheat stubble. Trifluralin herbicide treatments + straw mulch and wheat stubble and complete weeding caused an increase of 119% and 128.6% respectively in safflower seed yield. The application of mulch alone increased the yield of safflower seed by 62.5%, but the cover plant of safflower, the cover plant of cowpea and the herbicide haloxyfop – R-Methyl had no significant effect on the yield of safflower seed. The weed control treatments increased the grain yield by increasing the number of seeds produced, but the 1000-seed weight was not affected by the weed control treatments.

The highest increase in the number of seeds per plant (34.3%), the number of seeds per plant (97.8%) and the yield of seeds (119.%) was obtained in the treatment of trifluralin herbicide + straw and stubble mulch of wheat. These results show that trifluralin herbicide + straw and stubble mulch of wheat were the most effective among the non-mechanical weed control treatments of safflower field. The results showed that the seed yield with 128.6% and the number of seeds per plant with 110% changes showed the greatest response to weed control treatments. The results showed that using straw and stubble mulch can reduce the use of chemical pesticides in weed control. According to the results of weed control, it has had a significant effect on reducing the density and biomass of weeds.

Medicinal plant chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is widely found in temperate regions around the world and in Iran, which is one of the first main and important sources due to its high content of inulin (more than 70% of the dry weight of the root). Inulin production is known at industrial-commercial level (Franck, 2002). Due to having advantages such as the possibility of enrichment with dietary fiber, low calorie content and other nutritional characteristics, inulin is successfully used to replace fat and sugar (Roberfroid, 2005). Considering the need to localize the industry of extracting and processing inulin from chicory root, which is possible by using industrial lines for extracting sugar from sugar beet in sugar factories, the cultivation of this plant on a large scale and using the seeds of superior chicory masses and with high efficiency It is also necessary (Darjani et al., 2016). It is necessary to use new technologies in the agricultural industry more than ever. Potassium nano-chelate increases the efficiency of water consumption, increases plant tolerance to frost, drought, salinity, pests and diseases, increases leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthesis efficiency, and increases the absorption of micronutrients, especially iron, zinc and manganese. Calcium nanochelate contains 7% of chelated calcium, which is effective in root development and preventing damage caused by freezing and flooding stresses. Considering the lack of resources and research in the field of the effect of fertilizers prepared with nanotechnology on the amount of inulin and effective substances of the medicinal plant chicory in the country and due to the high cost of importing inulin, one of the goals of this research is to introduce a potentially rich source of inulin for extraction. And the use of inulin seems necessary.

a factorial experiment was conducted in complete randomized block design with 32 treatments and 3 repetitions for one crop year of 2015-2016 at the Rice Research Institute of Iran (Rasht). Each test plot consisted of four planting lines with a length of four meters at a distance of 50 cm from the next row and the distance between plants was 20 cm (with a density of 15 plants per square) and the distance between treatments and repetitions was considered to be one meter. In this experiment, the first factor, eight cultivars of chicory (indigenous landrace of northern Iran, Kashan, Urmia, Sistan and Baluchestan, Tilda, hickory, Orkis, Modified Hungarian cultivar) and the second factor was nanofertilizers use (nano-K chelate, nano- Full micro chelate, nano-Ca chelate (20.00), plus a zero control treatment. Traits such as Inulin content, inulin yield, plant height, number of inflorescences, number of seeds per inflorescence, 1000 seed weight, grain yield, biological yield and root yield were measured at the end of the growing season and after harvest in different nano fertilizer spraying treatments. The data analysis was performed using SAS and MSTAT-C software, and the comparison of means was conducted using the Tukey's test (HSD).

The comparison of the mean interaction effect of chicory genotypes and spraying treatments showed that the Tilda variety with the use of Nano-Ca chelate had the highest grain yield (1462kg.ha-1), Inulin content (13.60%), Inulin yield (559.7 kg.ha-1) and Root yield (4114 kg.ha-1). Hickory genotype Nano-Ca chelate (481.3 kg.ha-1) was ranked second after Tilda variety. The indigenous ecotypes of Sistan and Baluchistan without the use of nanofertilizers had the lowest grain yield (461 kg.ha-1) and the indigenous ecotype of northern Iran without the use of nanofertilizers had the lowest amount of inulin (7.06%) (Table 3). It seems that, due to the design of the nanotechnology structure, the Nano-Ca chelate can use the calcium it contains intelligently and at the right time by quickly making nutrients available during the stages of plant growth, helping to increase growth and development of the root system, photosynthetic capacity, development of plant cover, increase in absorption process, production of cultured material and decrease in physiological removal rate of flowers, grain yield, inulin content, root yield and inulin yield (Prasad et al., 2012). In general, the results of the research showed that the inulin yield of the indigenous stands of Iran was minimized due to their low inulin percentage and weak root yield.

According to the soil analysis of the place where the experiment was carried out, the amount of absorbable Ca was less than the amount of K, it seems that the spraying of Nano-Ca chelate increases the components of grain yield, Inulin content, inulin yield, root yield and biological yield. The amount of inulin extracted from foreign chicory was relatively superior to the inulin extracted from native Iranian chicory. It seems necessary to introduce new plant sources and cultivars for extracting and exploiting inulin with the aim of reducing inulin import costs, domestication of foreign varieties and commercialization.

Drought is one of the most destructive stresses affecting the growth and development of plants. The increase in global population and wheat demand as well as drought period has increased the importance of breeding for drought tolerance in bread wheat. The use of selection indices for drought tolerance is an effective strategy to screen and identify wheat tolerant genotypes in wheat breeding programs. The objective of the current study was to investigate the relationships between tolerance indices, to determine the efficiency of indices in separating genotypes, and finally to select drought tolerant genotypes in bread wheat cultivars and landraces.

To investigate the effect of drought stress on grain yield of bread wheat, an experiment was conducted in a simple alpha lattice design under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions in the research field of Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Maragheh, Iran, in two consecutive years, 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. The plant materials were 300 bread wheat genotypes, including 210 landraces and 90 commercial cultivars (15 dryland and 75 irrigated cultivars; 64 spring, 15 winter, and 11 facultative cultivars). To evaluate sensitivity or tolerance of genotypes to drought stress and identify drought-tolerant genotypes, various indices such as tolerance index (TOL), mean productivity (MP), stress sensitivity index (SSI), stress tolerance index (STI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HM), drought tolerance index (DI), abiotic tolerance index (ATI), and modified stress tolerance index (MSTI) were calculated using grain yield under normal and stress conditions for all genotypes. Also, to increase the selection efficiency and screen drought tolerant genotypes, the SIIG index was calculated based on the integration of 12 studied indices. The analysis of variance was performed using Agricolae package, heirarchical clustering of bread wheat genotypes using heatmap3, RColorBrewer, dendextend, gplots and colorspace packages, bi-plot diagrams using factoextra package, and heatmap diagram of correlation among grain yield under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions and stress tolerance indices using corrplot package in R4.2.2 software.

The results of analysis of variance for grain yield showed that the environment, genotype, and genotype×environment interaction effects were significant (P<0.001). The significance of the effect of genotype indicates the appropriate diversity among the genotypes, and the significance of the interaction between genotype and environment indicates different responses of genotypes to changes in environmental conditions. Cluster analysis based on the data of each year and the average of two years classified the genotypes into three clusters. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that cultivars Shanghai, Naz, Falat, Bam and landraces 626358, 623109 and 621908 in the first year, as well as cultivars Shanghai, Koohdasht, Karim, Pishgam, and landraces 628189, 627460, and 627616 in the second year were drought tolerant genotypes, while based on the average data of two years, cultivars Koohdasht, Karim, Pishgam, Adl, Naz, and landraces 628189, 627460, 624944, and 627299 were identified as drought tolerant genotypes. The estimation of correlation coefficients showed that grain yield had a negative and significant correlation with SSI and TOL indices and a positive and significant correlation with other indices, especially MP, GMP, HM, STI and K2STI.  

The results of drought tolerance indices as well as the SIIG index, the old spring and irrigated cultivars Adl, Naz, and Shanghai and the new spring and dryland cultivars Karim and Koohdasht, as well as the landraces 626358 (originating from Isfahan) and 621908 (originating from Arak) were drought tolerant and high performance under two normal and drought stress conditions. The results obtained from this study provided valuable information on the selection of drought tolerant genotypes, which can be used to produce new cultivars with high yield potential in wheat breeding programs. The tolerant genotypes identified in this experiment can also be used as parents for genetic analysis, gene mapping, and improvement of drought stress tolerance in wheat.

Optimum sowing date is very important and it is one of the important factors for maximizing yield production. Although chemical fertilizers provide plant nutrients faster, to increase the quality of products, especially medicinal and aromatic plants, the use of organic fertilizers is better. The purpose of this research was to Investigate the effect of planting date and different amounts of farmyard manure on nitrogen crop efficiency, nitrogen absorption efficiency, nitrogen utilization physiological efficiency, nitrogen harvesting index and seed yield The experiment was carried out in the form of split plots based on a completely randomized block design in three replications in the research farm Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University in 2021. Experimental treatments included farmyard manure as the main factor (0, 10, 20, and 30 ton ha-1) and sowing date (April 4, April 24, and May 14) as a sub factor. The results showed that sowing date, farmyard manure and their interaction had a significant effect on all evaluated traits. The increase in farmyard manure decreased nitrogen capture efficiency (NCE), nitrogen physiological efficiency (NUE), nitrogen agronomic efficiency (ANUE) and nitrogen harvesting index (NHI). By increasing farmyard manure application from 0 to 30 ton ha-1, NCE, ANUE, NUE and NHI decreased 50.23, 54.55, 73.16 and 61.65, respectively. Based on the results, the sowing date of April 4th, accompanied by the application of 30 ton ha-1 of farmyard manure, was the best treatment in this experiment.

In order to investigate the effect of biofertilizers application on agronomic characteristics and yield of corn cultivars this study was conductedin Borujerd region of  Lorestan Province in 2023. This experiment was done factorially based on a completely randomized block design with three replications. The experimental factors included three fertilizer application levels (control, humax, nitroxin and humax + nitroxin) and corn cultivars (KSC400, KSC201 and KSC410). The results showed that the effect of fertilizer and cultivars on plant height, ear height from the soil surface, leaf length, stem diameter, ear length, number of seed rows in an ear, number of seeds in an ear row, number of seeds in an ear, 100 grain weight, seed yield, dry matter yield and harvest index were significant. The interaction effect of treatments wassignificant on the plant height, ear height from the soil surface, number of seeds in a row of ears, number of seeds in an ear, weight of , 100 grain weight, seed yield and dry matter yield. KSC410 was the better cultivar and the highest growth rate and grain yield components belonged to this cultivar. The integrated application of humax and nitroxin fertilizer had the highest efficiency in increasing the growth and  yield.  KSC410 cultivar with the integrated application of nitroxin and humax had themaximum values of plant height (231 cm), cob height from the soil surface (111 cm), and seed numbers per cob (601). The highest hundred grain weight, grain yield and biological yieldobtained from the mentioned treatments. these values were 34 g, 9216 and 30256 kg ha-1, respectively. Based on the results of this study, in order to achieve the highest corn yield in Borujerd region of  Lorestan Province, KSC410 can be used with the integrated application of nitroxin and humax fertilizer.

Germplasm collections in gene banks provide valuable genetic resources for responding to the current and future challenges imposed by changing climate. In this research, 14 genotypes from the oat collection of the national plant gene bank of Iran and cv. Euro, were evaluated using in 2020-2023 cropping seasons in the research field station of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj, Iran. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with three replications. Mean day to flowering for cv. Euro (G15) was 173, and for genotype no. 1 (G1) was 188 days. Mean day to physiological maturity grouped G13, G10, G7, G5 and cv. Euro as early maturity, and G1 was identified as late maturity genotypes. The tallest genotypes were G3 and G6 with mean plant height taller than 100 cm, and cv. Euro with less than 80 cm plant height was the shortest. Genotypes, G3, G9 and G14 with mean dry forage yield greater than 1.5 kg m-2 were superior in comparison with other genotypes. Cultivar Euro and G3 had higher mean grain yield among evaluated genotypes. The results of this research showed that day to panicle emergence and day to flowering had significant role in determination of dry forage yield of studied cultivated oat genotypes. The results of this research can be used in the cultivated oat breeding programs and supplementary studies. 

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the widely-adapted crops for cultivation in the diverse conditions around Iran. Moreover, this cereal crop ranks fourth in the world in terms of economic importance after wheat, rice, and corn. Simultaneous application of several traits in selection of superior high-performing genotypes can be a difficult task, as each genotype can be superior in terms of some traits. With increase in number of traits, it becomes difficult to select the appropriate genotype, necessitating reliance on selection indices. Using the selection indices, all traits become one index and it becomes easier to rank and identify superior genotypes. Thus, the aim of this study was to select superior hull-less barley genotypes based on grain yield and some morphological traits using different indicators.

To select superior barley genotypes, 69 genotypes of hull-less barley were evaluated in the non-repeating Augment design with three incomplete blocks along with three hull-less barley check genotypes (Loot, EH-85-9 and EH-87-4) in Darab Agricultural Research Station, south of Iran, during the 2020-2021 cropping season of. The studied genotypes were planted in six lines 6 m at length with a distance of 15 cm from each other. Seeding was done in 400 seeds m-2. Seeds were sown using an experimental plot planter (Wintersteiger, Ried, Austria). Fertilizers were used as 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen (twice), and di-ammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate in 100 and 50 kg ha-1, respectively (before planting). All experimental plots were harvested with an experimental grain harvester (Wintersteiger, Ried, Austria). The studied traits included days to spike appearance (DHE), days to maturity (DMA), plant height (PLH), thousand kernel weight (TKW), length of grain filling period (GFP), grain yield (YLD), spike length (SL), awn length (AL), grains/spike (NGS), awn type (AT), peduncle length (PL), spike density (SD), spike weight (SPW), spikes m-2 (NSP), stem situation (SS), spike situation (SPS) and row type (RT). The multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI) and ideotype design via best linear unbiased prediction (FAI-BLUP) were calculated using 17 morphological traits to select superior genotypes.

According to the results of analysis of variance, a significant difference was observed between the studied lines for all traits (except TKW) at the probability levels of 5 and 1%. The results of factor analysis for the 17 studied traits identified five hidden factors that explained 72.7% of the total variance of the data. The results showed that low values ​​of the NGS, SD and RT and high values of the TKW, LS and DHE were effective factors in selecting superior genotypes using the first factor. Based on this factor, L66 was superior. In the second factor, high values of the DMA, SPW and GFP were the main factors in selecting genotypes, and based on this factor, L27 genotype was ideal. The third factor selected genotypes based on high values ​​of both trait YLD and NSP. L24 genotype was the superior one based on the third factor. Fourth factor selected genotypes based on low Al, PL, AT and SPS (L38 genotype was superior), and fifth factor selected genotypes with high value ​​of PLH and SS and based on this factor L38 and L61 genotypes were ideal. Based on the MGIDI index, genotypes L24, L23, L37, L59, L18, L32, L29, L41, L61, L27, L38, L16, L66, L39 and L46 with the lowest values were identified as superior genotypes. Moreover, FAI-BLUP index identified genotypes L24, L37, L23, L32, L59, L29, L33, L27, L44, L41, L66, L46, L61 and L43 as the desirable genotypes compared with other genotypes. None of the check genotypes were among the superior genotypes based on both MGIDI and FAI-BLUP indices. The results showed that the MGIDI index has the most negative and significant correlation with grain yield (-0.91**), spikes m-2 (-0.91**), stem situation (-0.37**) and grain filling period (-0.25*). The results also showed that FAI-BLUP has a positive and significant correlation with spikes m-2 (0.86**), grain yield (0.84**), and grain filling period (0.38**), and on the other hand, it had a significant but negative correlation with grains/spike (-0.31**). Finally, a highly significant negative correlation was observed between MGIDI index and FAI-BLUP index (-0.82**).

In general, the results showed that the two-row genotypes were on average superior to the six-row genotypes in terms of the DHE, DMA, NSP, TKW, SL and PL. On the other hand, the six-row genotypes were superior to the two-row genotypes in terms of PLH, GFP, YLD, NGS, and SPW. Our results revealed that the MGIDI and FAI-BLUP indices have ideal potential to identify the high-yielding genotypes with desirable traits. Hence, the use of these indices can be useful in screening the superior genotypes in the early steps of  breeding programs for barley. The results of both MGIDI and FAI-BLUP indices were similar and identified the same genotypes as superior genotypes and finally, L24, L23, L37, L59, L18, L32, L29, L41, L61, L27, L38, L16, L66, L39 genotypes were identified as superior genotypes.

Optimizing the consumption rate of nitrogen fertilizers is one of the important management strategies to improve performance. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of nitrogen stress and levels on the morphological characteristics and agronomic traits of rice.

An experiment was conducted in the form of split plots in a randomized complete block design with four replications in 2009 & 2010 at the research farm located in Amol. Nitrogen levels were considered the main factor at three levels (46, 69, 92 kg N/ha-1 from urea source) and the sub-factor included four levels of stress or lack of nitrogen consumption (T1= stress at the full clustering stage, T2= stress at the emergence of the initial cluster stage, T3= stress at the tillering stage, and T4= stress at the transplanting stage).

 The results demonstrated that the number of full panicles per panicle, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, and harvest index were higher in 2009 than in 2010. Grain yield in the first year (450.25 g/m2) was higher than that of the second year (395.1 g/m2). The maximum harvest index was also obtained in 2009 with nitrogen stress at the full clustering stage.

Therefore, the application of 69 kg of nitrogen per hectare in installments can be recommended to produce the highest grain yield.

The purpose of this experiment was to study the trend of yield fluctuations and related traits in released wheat cultivars in Iran from 1968 to 2016.

This experiment was conducted with 16 wheat cultivars based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications at Shirvan Higher Education Complex in North Khorasan during the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 growing seasons.

The findings indicated that the Iranian cultivars released do not have significant differences in terms of the number of seeds per spike, plant height, spike length, biological yield and gluten percentage, but grain yield, harvest index, 1000-seeds weight and protein percentage have improved by 61.84, 63.54, 62.37 and 14.4%, respectively, during the last 48 years. Additionally, wheat breeding in Iran has progressed towards single-spike formation. Path analysis showed that the plant height, biological yield, number of fertile tillers/m2 and harvest index explain more than 96% of yield changes and that traits such as the harvest index and number of fertile tillers are considered the most important traits in increasing and decreasing grain yield in Iranian wheat.

According to the results of the causality analysis, it can be concluded that the selection for grain yield, based on other traits and without considering the relationships between them, may not provide accurate results. It is necessary to obtain a correct understanding of the role of the relationships between traits in breeding programs to increase selection efficiency.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a legume grown in cool season areas. It is one of the main sources of protein and energy and plays a major role in improving soil fertility. Peas are divided into two classes, Desi and Kabali. The Desi seed is smaller, wrinkled, and darker while Kabli has a lighter, whiter seed color, larger seed size, and smooth surface. The chickpea yield is 1199 kg per hectare in America, 1261 kg per hectare in India, and 409 kg per hectare in Iran. Until 2005, this plant was called an orphan plant due to the insufficient genetic resources in chickpeas, but the plant was known as a plant with a rich genomic resource after many efforts at national and international levels. Further studies on chickpea genetic diversity are important to improve the yield. Chickpeas have plenty of diversity in different geographical regions, and the genetic pattern and the amount of variation within and between these populations should be known to progress breeding programs and effectively use these germplasm collections. The evaluation of genotypes faces two key challenges. The first is the genotype-environment interaction, and the second is the interaction between the studied traits. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity in the Desi chickpea germplasm under autumn cultivation conditions, analyze the relationships of morphological-agronomical traits, and select superior genotypes in terms of all morphological-agronomical traits.

This study was conducted on 416 genotypes, including 335 landrace of Iran, 1 ICARDA genotype, and 78 ICRISAT genotypes, along with two checks named Kaka and Pirouz cultivars in the experimental farm of the Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (Kermanshah). The cultivars were evaluated in terms of morphological-agronomic traits, including the number of days to flowering, the number of main branches, the number of secondary branches, the number of pods per plant, plant height, the end number of days to maturity, seed yield, and 100-seed weight (HSW). The experiment was conducted during 2020-2021 under autumn sowing conditions and as an augmentation based on a randomized complete block design with nine blocks. The variance, heritability, and genetic advance were analyzed with the R software packages (augmentedRCBD).  The R software package (metan) and (GGEBiplotGUI) were used for the biplot analysis of the genotype by trait. Data were grouped using the K-mean algorithm, single method, and Euclidean distance with R software. The R software package (NbClust) was used to calculate the number of appropriate groups resulting from the cluster analysis. Using the R software package (metan) with the selection index (MGIDI), the top genotypes were ranked based on several traits.

The results of the analysis of variance were significant for the number of days to maturity, HSW, and plant height. The highest and the lowest coefficients of variation belonged to the number of secondary branches and days to maturity, respectively. The plant height and HSW traits had high values of heritability and genetic advancement. According to the results of the genotype by trait biplot, genotypes 148, 327, 391, and 277 were in the best conditions in terms of HSW, days to maturity, plant height, and days to flowering. Genotypes 6, 400, 18, 42, 26, 168, 15, and 2 were in the best conditions for the number of pods per plant, seed yield, the number of main branches, and the number of secondary branches per plant. According to the findings of the genotype by trait biplot, most of the selected genotypes were from the landrace of the Iranian chickpea. Clustering was performed using the K-means method, which divided the genotypes into two groups. In the second group, genotypes 6, 18, 148, 327, and 91 had more distances (according to the center of the group) than the other genotypes. Then, 62 genotypes were ranked as the best genotypes in terms of all traits using the MGIDI index.

The high genetic diversity of the traits studied in this research indicates the possibility of selection among the genotypes. Plant height and HSW traits have high heritability and genetic advance values, indicating the additive effects of the gene. In studies of the Desi chickpea populations, the breeding method of selection can be used to improve these traits. According to the biplot results, the number of pods per plant had important effects on seed yield in autumn sowing conditions, and it is important in terms of selecting genotypes related to the desired traits. On the other hand, the weight of HSW had a high correlation with the plant height in the Desi chickpea, which is very important in the mechanical harvesting of chickpeas. The superior genotypes selected in this research can be used as parents in future breeding programs of the Desi chickpea under autumn cultivation conditions.

One method for selecting high-yielding cultivars is selection based on physiological traits. Investigating the seed growth and filling process and its effect on seed weight is among the basic research in breeding programs. The speed and period of grain filling are important traits affecting grain yield in wheat, which are affected by environmental conditions. Selection based on traits such as seed filling speed and period can be a good physiological criterion for cultivar evaluation. This research aimed to evaluate the yield, speed, and period of grain-filling in bread wheat genotypes under end-of-the-season drought stress conditions and to identify superior genotypes.

In this research, 18 bread wheat genotypes along with two control varieties were obtained from the Ardabil Agricultural Research Station and Natural Resources. An experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replicates in two conditions of full irrigation and drought stress at the end of the season in the Ardabil Agricultural Research Station. In the field, the genotypes were cultivated inside each plot of 4 × 3 m with a distance of 20 cm between lines and a density of 400 seeds/m2. Genotypes were cultivated in the research station in the fall of 2019. In stress conditions, irrigation was not applied from flowering to seed maturity, while irrigation was carried out three times (early flowering, mid-seed setting, and late seed setting) from flowering to physiological maturity in stress-free conditions. Grain yield traits, grain filling speed, maximum grain dry weight, length of grain filling period, and effective grain filling period were measured in this study.

The results of variance analysis for the evaluated traits showed a significant difference between environments and between genotypes in all evaluated traits. The genotype × environment interaction effect was also significant for all mentioned traits. The significance of the difference between genotypes indicates genetic diversity between the studied cultivars. Moreover, the significance of the interaction effect showed that the studied genotypes did not behave the same in two environments without and with stress. The seed-filling rate of all genotypes decreased under drought-stress conditions. The average seed-filling rates were 1.20 and 1.37 mg per day in the stressed and non-stressed environments, respectively. The length of the grain-filling period and the effective grain-filling period decreased with increasing the grain-filling speed. The length of the seed-filling period in the stressed environment was shorter by 2.31 days on average. The effective length and period of seed filling were directly related to the seed dry weight. The average yield of genotypes under stress conditions (594 g/m2) declined significantly compared to the non-stress environment (768 g/m2). On average, the length of the seed-filling period in the stressed environment (34.90 days) was shorter than that in the non-stressed environment (37.21 days). The greatest decrease in the effective length of seed filling was observed in genotype 5 (5.30 days). The longest seed-filling periods were recorded for genotypes 14 (41 days) and 12 (40.44 days) in stress conditions, and genotype No. 13 (43.21 days) in non-stress conditions. Genotype 3 showed the shortest seed-filling period in both stress and non-stress conditions. The correlation coefficients showed a negative and significant correlation between the speed and the effective period of seed filling in the stress (r = -0.358**) and non-stress (r = -0.404**) environments. A cluster analysis of the genotypes grouped them into three and four clusters in the stress and non-stress environments, respectively. The heat map of the distribution of genotypes grouped them into three clusters based on the traits studied in the stressful environment. Genotypes 19, 18, 3, 10, and 1 were in the first group, with a short effective seed-filling period and a higher filling speed, which was desirable due to the relatively better yield. The second group included genotypes 7, 4, 9, 17, 6, 5, and 8, with lower seed yields and short effective seed-filling periods. Finally, genotypes 13, 12, 2, 14, 11, 20, 15, and 16 were included in the third group, with lower values of speed and maximum seed weight and higher values  of effective seed-filling periods. Members of this group showed relatively good yields, which could be attributed to the length and long effective seed-filling period. Considering the importance of grain-filling processes to reach the desired grain weight, selection to increase the grain-filling speed and the effective long filling period can lead to more yields in stressful conditions.

A significant variation in traits was observed among the studied genotypes, indicating the existence of appropriate genetic diversity in the studied plant material. End-of-season drought stress negatively affected the final grain weight by reducing the speed and period of grain filling, eventually lowering the yield. In such conditions, selecting genotypes with higher seed-filling speeds can lead to the selection of drought-tolerant genotypes. However, the speed of seed filling and the effective period of seed filling alone cannot guarantee a high yield, and other factors affecting yield should be considered in the selection of drought-tolerant genotypes.

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) is an important crop for the human diet grown in many parts of the world predominantly for semolina and resulting pasta production. The presence of genotype × environment interaction (GEI) is a challenge for breeders in evaluating genotypes in multilocational trials. The use of statistical models such as GGE biplot assist breeders in quantifying and understanding the patterns of GEI and in evaluating the performance of genotypes in various environmental conditions. This allows breeders to select stable and adaptable genotypes for a range of environments. One of the important goals of durum wheat breeding programs is to produce high-yielding cultivars that have suitable characteristics for cultivation in different regions of the country. Therefore, the aim of this research was to select promising durum wheat lines in terms of stability and high grain yield by GGE biplot and SHMM models.

In this study, 17 promising lines of durum wheat with three check Hana, Aran, Mehregan in five research centers of Kermanshah, Khorramabad, Karaj, Dezful and Fars (Darab) in the form of randomized complete blocks design in 3 replications and in two cropping seasons (2020-2022) were cultivated and compared. The studied genotypes were planted in six lines along 6 m with a line distance of 15 cm. Seed rate was determined by 450 seeds per square meter considering the thousand kernel weight for each genotype. Seeds were sown using an experimental plot planter (Wintersteiger, Ried, Austria). The fertilizer composition was 32 kg ha-1 nitrogen (twice), and di-ammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate were 100 and 50 kg ha-1, respectively (before planting). After the removal of perimeter plants, all experimental plots were harvested with an experimental grain harvester (Wintersteiger, Ried, Austria).

The results of the combined variance analysis of grain yield showed that the differences between the test environments, genotypes and genotype x environment interaction effect are significant at the 1% level.  The highest grain yield in the first year was observed in Kermanshah station (Ker1) (8441 kg ha-1) and the lowest seed yield in Khorramabad in the first year (Kho1) (5648 kg ha-1) and Karaj in the second year (Kar2) (5961 kg ha-1). GGE biplot analysis determined two durum wheat environmental groups. The first environmental group contained of Kho1, Dar1, Kar1, Kar2 and Dar2 environments, where the recommended genotypes 18, 17, 2 and 19 produced the highest yields. The second environmental group comprised of Kho2, Dez1, Ker2, Dez2 and Ker1 environments, where genotypes 12, 9 and 8 were the best adapted genotypes. Biplot results showed that genotypes 10, 5, 13, 18 and 16 were more stable than other genotypes, respectively. Comparison of the examined genotypes with the ideal genotype showed that genotypes 18 and 10 are the closest genotypes to the ideal genotype, which in addition to high grain yield, had high yield stability. Dar2 was the closest environment to the ideal environment. The results showed that the classification of environments based on the SHMM model was completely consistent with the GGE biplot model. Based on environmental vector of the biplot, Dar2 and Ker1 had high discriminating ability for the genotypes. Also, Dezful in the first and second year (Dez1 and Dez2), Karaj in the second year (Kar2) and Kermanshah in the second year (Ker2) showed low discriminating ability for genotypes. The environments that were placed in the same group were close to each other in terms of genotype x environment interaction values. Based on the SHMM model, the environments with the least cross over effects are placed in one group. Accordingly, the placement of Kermanshah and Dezful in the same group indicates the relative similarity of these places. Also, these results were confirmed by the GGE biplot model.

As a conclusion, GGE biplot identified G10 (DW-99-10) and G18 (DW-99-18) as the superior dur

In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhiza inoculation and application method of zinc sulfate fertilizer on yield and some agronomic characteristics of soybean, an experiment was conducted under water stress conditions. This factorial experiment was performed based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Bu-Ali Sina University. Experimental factors were water stress at three irrigation levels after 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from the class A evaporation pan; application method of zinc sulfate fertilizer with three levels of foliar feeding, soil application and no-fertilizer and mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae) in two levels of application and non-application. The results showed that foliar feeding of zinc sulfate in all treatments except severe moisture stress and no-mycorrhiza conditions better than soil application of zinc sulfate led to a significant increase in the number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, grain yield and zinc concentration. Mycorrhiza increased the number of seeds per pod by 19.5%, harvest index by 17% and seed oil by 5.1%. In the absence of mycorrhiza, there was no difference in grain yield between soil application and non-consumption of zinc sulfate. Moderate moisture stress compared to non-stress conditions increased the grain protein percentage and the highest value (41%) was obtained under moderate moisture stress conditions and mycorrhiza and zinc sulfate foliar feeding. The highest concentration of grain zinc (33.8 mg.kg-1) was obtained from non-stress moisture treatment under the conditions of mycorrhiza and foliar feeding of zinc sulfate In general, yield, oil and protein percentages and zinc content of soybean can be improved by the simultaneous application of mycorrhiza and zinc sulfate foliar application, especially under conditions of moisture stress.

This study was conducted to evaluate conservation tillage systems and weed management methods in the form of split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with 3 replications in Khoy and Maku counties in 2019-2020 crop year. The main plot included conservation tillage at Four levels including (conventional tillage, zero tillage, chisel, disc) and the sub-plot of weed management at Four levels included (herbicide use, weed-free, uncontrolled and control). The highest number of seeds (211), biological yield (7.62 t.ha-1), oil yield (83.33 kg.ha-1) and protein yield (34.6kg.ha-1) were observed in Khoy region and the lowest number of seeds (114), biological yield (1.01 t.ha-1), oil yield (19.7 kg.ha-1) and protein yield (1.66 kg.ha-1) under the influence of disc and weed-free treatment in Maku region Was. Also, the highest grain yield (828 kg.ha-1) was observed under the influence of chisel and weed-free treatments and the lowest (756 kg.ha-1) was observed in disc treatment without weed control. In general, the comparison of the average experimental treatments indicates the superiority of tillage treatment with chisel and weed management (weed-free) in Khoy region and it seems that in crop systems to maintain crop yield potential and improve integrated weed management Weeding, minimal tillage operations and weed control are recommended.

With the increase in population and improvement in diet diversity, there is a growing need for the quantitative and qualitative development of oil seeds. Camelina (Camelina sativa), an oil seed plant from the Brassicaceae family, is an ideal candidate as it contains 50 to 60% unsaturated fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids, and has the ability to thrive in adverse environmental conditions. By introducing this new oil plant into cultivation programs, it can significantly contribute to the production of high-quality edible or non-edible oil in the developing countries such as Iran. However, achieving maximum grain yield and appropriate fatty acid composition in camelina oil relies heavily on selecting the appropriate planting date. Additionally, providing necessary nutrients, particularly nitrogen, to the plants is a key aspect of agricultural management to achieve desired quality and quantity of crop products. This research aims to investigate the impact of planting date and different levels of chemical and biological nitrogen fertilizers on the growth characteristics, yield, and oil content of camelina plants in the Eghlid, south of Iran.

This research was conducted in the cropping year of 2021-2022 at the Eghlid Agricultural Research Station in Fars province, south of Iran (Long. 52 42, Lat. 30 55, and Alt. 2375 m above sea level). The experiment was performed as a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots included different nitrogen fertilizers at four levels: 100% chemical nitrogen (250 kg/ha urea), 75% chemical nitrogen (187 kg/ha urea) + nitrogen biofertilizer, 50% chemical nitrogen (125 kg/ha urea) + nitrogen biofertilizer, and non-use of nitrogen fertilizer (control). The sub-plots included four planting dates: September 11, 2021, September 26, 2021, April 9, 2022, and April 24, 2022. The experimental plots (sub-plots) were determined to be 5 x 2 meters. Each plot consisted of 4 stacks with a distance of 50 cm between them. The distance between sub-plots was 50 cm, the distance between main plots was 150 cm, and the distance between replications (blocks) was 300 cm. On both sides of each stack, seeds were planted in two rows with a distance of 25 cm to achieve a density of 120 plants/m2. One-thirds of the urea nitrogen fertilizer was added to the plots of each treatment before planting, one-thirds at the 6-8 leaf stage, and the remaining third at the stemming stage of camelina. In the biofertilizer treatment, the camelina seeds were inoculated with biofertilizer containing Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp. before being sown. The cumulative growth degree days of seedling emergence, flowering, and ripening, as well as plant height, chlorophyll index, grain yield, yield components and seed oil percentage were evaluated.

With delaying planting from September 11, 2021, to April 24, 2022, the GDD (Growing Degree Days) for camelina emergence decreased, additionally, a delay in planting led to a shorter growth period until full flowering of the camelina plants. Planting in September 26, 2021, led to the longest growth period until full maturity of the camelina plants, while spring planting resulted in a decreased length of the growth period until maturity. The highest plant height (43 cm) was achieved in the presence of 75% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer nitrogen and the lowest (41 cm) was in the absence of nitrogen fertilizer application. The planting date of September 11, 2021 and April 24, 2022 showed the highest (43 cm) and lowest (37 cm) plant height of camelina. The decrease in plant height during the late planting date was primarily due to the decrease in internode elongation as a result of changes in day length and a shorter vegetative growth period. The highest chlorophyll index (66) was achieved by using 100% nitrogen chemical fertilizer, while the lowest chlorophyll index (52) was observed in the control, lack of fertilizer application. This trait decreased when the planting was delayed. The delay in planting led to a decrease in leaf area, resulting in a decrease in the chlorophyll index during the late planting date. No application of nitrogen fertilizer had the highest seed oil percentage (29.4%), while the application of 75% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer nitrogen resulted in the lowest oil percentage (18.5%). The delay in planting from early autumn to late spring led to a decrease in the seed oil percentage. This decrease can be attributed to increase in nitrogen content, which promotes the formation of nitrogenous protein precursors. Consequently, more photoassimilates are allocated to protein formation, reducing the available photoassimilates for fatty acid synthesis and, ultimately, limiting oil production capacity. The decrease in oil percentage observed in the most delayed planting dates is likely due to the increase in temperature during the seed filling stage and the reduction in net photosynthesis.
Mean comparison of the interaction between nitrogen fertilizer and planting date on camelina grain yield showed that applying 75% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer nitrogen, compared to no nitrogen fertilizer, on planting dates of September 11, 2021, September 26, 2021, April 9, 2022, and April 24, 2022, increased grain yield of camelina by 80, 100, 150, and 190 percent, respectively.

The Findings show that in the Eghlid region, autumn-sown camellia out-yields spring-sown one. Additionally, by using a combination of 75% chemical fertilizer and nitrogen biofertilizer, a higher grain yield is achieved compared to using 100% nitrogen chemical fertilizer alone. Considering the importance of production of oilseed plants, like camellia, in Iran and the need for sustainable plant production programs, it appears that growth-promoting bacteria can play a significant role in reducing the need for nitrogen fertilizers.

 Sesame is one of the most important oil plants in the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions and is known as the queen of oil seeds. The high percentage of oil with the combination of suitable fatty acids, medicinal properties and very low water requirement are the characteristics of this oil plant. The main challenge for the lack of development of sesame cultivation all over the world is seed shattering at the time of ripening. Many efforts have been made to obtain non-shattering sesame cultivars with the characteristics of indehiscent capsule at the ripening stage and resistance to seed loss. In this article, we introduce and evaluate the agronomic characteristics of new indehiscent sesame cultivars named Barkat, Mohajer, Chamran and Dezful.

 Indehiscent sesame cultivars with the proposed names of Barkat, Mohajer, Chamran and Dezful have been improved during a breeding program at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in collaboration with Shahid Rajaei Agriculture Company. For registration and commercialization, these cultivars were subjected to Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) tests and agricultural Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) experiments under the supervision of the Seed & Plant Certification and Registration Research Institute during the two cropping years 2022-2023. In these experiments, new indehiscent sesame cultivars along with commercial cultivars of dehiscent sesame named Oltan, Sardar and Shevin as control cultivars were evaluated in four regions with different climatic conditions of Iran, including Dezful, Darab, Mughan and Gorgan in the frame of complete blocks design with four replications. In addition, the mechanized cultivation of four promising indehiscent sesame cultivars was performed separately in 100-hectare fields in the Dezful region, and harvesting was done with a combine harvester.

The highest plant height was obtained in Barkat with an average of 144 cm and the lowest in Chamran with 140 cm. The highest number of capsules per plant, with an average of 89.8 and the highest number of seeds per capsule, with an average of 72.3, was observed in the Mohajer. The thousand-seed weight was reported between 2.41 and 3.72 g in Dezful and Mohajer respectively. A significant difference (P≤0.01) was observed in the group comparison between indehiscent and dehiscent (control) sesame cultivars, whilst dehiscent cultivars with an average of 1.05 tons per hectare were completely superior to the control cultivars with 0.80 tons per hectare. The highest average seed yield of cultivars in different regions during two years of experiment was obtained with 1.08 tons per hectare in Barkat and Mohajer cultivars. In the mechanized harvesting of indehiscent sesame cultivars with a combine harvester, the amount of seed loss was estimated to be less than 2.8%. The evaluation of morphological traits showed that indehiscent sesame cultivars had indeterminate growth habits and could produce 1-6 sub-branches per plant depending on the genotype and plant density. The superiority of seed yield for all indehiscent sesame cultivars was observed in compare with the control cultivars. The indehiscent sesame cultivars had appropriate agronomic features and could increasing about 24% seed yield in compare to control cultivars. This issue promises a significant increase in sesame production in Iran.

Finally, Barkat, Mohajer, Chamran and Dezful sesame cultivars were introduced as the first cultivars with resistance to seed shattering during ripening in the country. In addition to the higher seed yield in compare to the control cultivars. These cultivars are able to be harvested using a combine harvester in the mechanized systems at the time of full ripening. Ultimately, the widespread use of these cultivars in the agricultural cultivation pattern of the country promises food security in oil production and water consumption reduction in the stressful season of summer.

Aram is a new oilseed rape cultivar, extracted from the R308 (earlness line) and RGS003 (high-yield cultivar) cross population through pedigree method in three years. To reach high-yielding and compatible lines and cultivars, preliminary and advanced investigations were carried out in Gorgan and Sari (2014-2015) and Zabol, Gorgan, Sari and Borazjan (2016-2017). The line SRL-93-12 (Aram cultivar) with a yield of 2955 kgha-1 and 2774 kgha-1 was the first in the above-mentioned tests, respectively, and the SRL-93-12 line was also recognized as the most stable genotype based on the lowest Lins and Binns superiority index and highest seed yield. Extension research project results on farmers' farms in Behbahan, Moghan, and Gorgan regions showed that the new line with 594 kgha-1 higher yield than the check cultivar was in the first rank. According to the results as well as desirable agronomic traits such as good tolerance to dormancy and uniformity in maturity, this line was released with the name Aram.