جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "animal manure" در نشریات گروه "زراعت"

Bread wheat is the most important cereal and the source of calories in human nutrition worldwide. The effect of moisture stress on the quality properties of wheat is complex and is influenced by genotype, environment and their interaction. Superabsorbent polymers last for 5 -7 years in soil and can absorb water up to 200 to 400-fold of their own weight. Superabsorbent polymers are divided into two major groups, depending on their source: natural-based mateials, such as animal manures, and chemical materials. This experiment aimed to study the response of bread wheat cultivars to moisture stress and the ameliorative effects of superabsorbants on these responses.

In order to investigate the adverse effects of drought stress on wheat cultivars in the presence of different superabsorbent treatments, two separate experiments were conducted in Urmia and Khoy cities located in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. The experiments were carried out as a split factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in two years (2019 and 2020). The main factor was the three moisture regimes including irrigation after evaporation of 70, 140, and 210 mm water from the class-A pan. The combination of levels of different superabsorbent treatments in wheat cultivars formed the sub-factor levels: cow manure at a rate of 40000 kg/ha (as a natural superabsorbent), chemical superabsorbent (Taravat A-200) at a rate of 200 kg/ha,  and no use of superabsorbent (control) along with two commercial cultivars of bread wheat, Mihan and Heidari. Bartlett's test was performed for the uniformity of the variances of the experimental errors. A combined analysis of variance of the two years was conducted after ensuring the uniformity of the variances of the experimental errors. The comparison of means was done with Duncan's multi-range test at the five percent probability level with MStatc statistical software.

The combined analysis of variance showed that the effects of different levels of treatments and their interactions were significant at 5% probability level for plant height, grain yield, grains/spike, 1000 grains weight, concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in shoot. The highest grain yield in both locations (Urmia and Khoy) was observed for the Mihan cultivar when irrigated after 70 mm evaporation and using the chemical superabsorbent treatment, with 7930 and 7760 kg/ha in the mentioned locations, respectively. In contrast, both Mihan and Heydari cultivars had the lowest grain yield of 1490 and 2110 kg/ha in Urmia and Khoy cities, respectively, when irrigated after 140 mm evaporation and no use of superabsorbent. The concentration of nitrogen and potassium in the shoot in the presence of superabsorbent treatment was higher than those of manure and the control treatments. Meanwhile, the concentration of phosphorus in the shoot in the presence of manure treatment was higher than those of the superabsorbent and the control.

Based on the results of our experiment, using superabsorbent and animal manure as a natural superabsorbent, appeared as suitable solutions to reducing the adverse effects of drought stress on wheat crop in arid and semi-arid areas of the West West Azerbaijan province.

The sunflower is one of the most important oily plants in the world. To study different methods of chemical fertilizer, biological and manure nutrition with foliar application of plant biostimulant on grain yield in sunflower, a factorial arrangement of treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in a field of Payaam Nour Arak University in Markazi province in the year of 2013. Nutrition methods [N1= 300 Kg ha-1 Urea (Control), N2= 50% of nutrition by Urea + 50% of nutrition by FAM (15-ton ha-1), N3= 50% of nutrition by FAM + 50% of nutrition by nitrogen fixation of Phaseolus sp.), N4= 50% of nutrition by Urea + 50% of nutrition by nitrogen fixation of Phaseolus sp.) and plant bio-stimulants (B1= Foliar with wermiwash, N2= Foliar with enrich wermiwash, N3= Foliar with bio ferment, N4= Foliar with effective microorganisms + quail egg) were assigned in plots. Results indicated that the effect of different levels of nutrition methods on the characteristics such as stem height, dry weight of stem and leaves, grain yield, productivity index of plant and number of grain per m-2 were significant. The Effect of plant bio-stimulants treatment on the characteristics such as stem diameter, dry weight of stem and leaves, grain yield, productivity index of plant, 1000 grain weight and the number of grain per m-2 were also significant. The maximum and minimum of grain yield (3705 and 3133 kg ha-1) were obtained with the 300 Kg ha-1 Urea (Control) and (50% of nutrition by Urea + 50% of nutrition by nitrogen fixation of Phaseolus sp.) treatments, respectively. In the biostimulant treatment, the most and least amount of grain yield with an average of 3744 and 3031 Kg ha-1, were spray of effective microorganisms and enriched vermiwash, respectively.

  Undr the condition of simoultaniousley irrigation of some crops, there is a shortage of water for irrigation. In this conditions, scheduling of the irrigation is crucial. In irrigation programs, evaporation pan is widley used. There are some reports for the effet of deficit irrigation on grain yield of sesame, where drought stress reduced growth and grain yield of sesame from 1212 to 624 kg ha-1 (Mehrabi and Ehsanzadeh, 2012). Application of fertilizers with ecological source, including animal manure and compost, can be used instead of chemical fertilizers, where application of such fertilizers can supply nutrients for crops, increase soil fertility and also maintain organic matter of the soil. Since the effect of fertilizer on the grain yield of sesame under different irrigation conditions is not well documented, the current research was aimed to determine the response of sesame to the source of nutrient under drought stress conditions. A field experiment was conducted in Shadegan, Khuzestan province, during 2016-17 growing season to evaluate the effect of chemical and organic fertilizers on yield and yield components of seasame under different irrigation conditions. The experiment was conducted as a split plot based on RCBD with three replication where irrigation levels (irrigation after 100, 200 and 300 mm evaporation from evaporation pan) were assigned as main plot and fertilizer type (control, chemical fertilizer including 250 and 100 kg ha-1 phosphorous and nitrogen fertilizers, respectively, 30 t ha-1 animal manure and 30 t ha-1 compost) were allocated to sub plots. All compost, animal manure and ammonium phosphate and half of nitrogen fertilizer were applied before planting. At harvest time, plant height, leaf number per plant, branch per plant, capsule per plant, grain per capsule, 1000-grain weight and grain yield were measure. Harvest index and oil percentage were also determined.
The highest plant highet was achieved in 100 mm evaporation from evaporation pan which was not significantly difference with the irrigation interval of 200 mm mm evaporation from evaporation pan. The lowest plant height was recorded in control treatment which was 25, 20 and 10 percent lower than that of chemical fertilizer, animal manure and composr, respectively. the most leaf number was recorded in 100 mm evaporation from evaporation pan. Application of chemical fertilizer produced the highest leaf number. Irrigation interval of 100 mm evaporation from evaporation pan had the highest branch per plant.
Sesame had the highest capsule per plant and 1000-grain weight in 100 mm evaporation from evaporation pan which was not significantly difference with 200 mm evaporation from evaporation pan. Application of chemical and animal fertilizers produced highest capsule per plant. However, compost had no significant effect on this trait. Irrigation after 300 mm evaporation from evaporation pan resulted in te highest harvest index.
The lowest oil percentage (47.5%) of sesame was achieved in 300 mm evaporation from evaporation pan and no application of fertilizer. The highest oil yield of sesame was recorded in 100 mm evaporation from evaporation pan which was 17% and 43% more than that of 200 and 300 mm evaporation from evaporation pan. Application of animal manure and compost resulted in 35.5% and 16% increase of oil yield.

Use of integrated plant nutrition methods could improve the quantity and quality of crops. This study was carried out in order to study of effects of effective microorganisms and enriched vermiwash with different methods of plant nutrition on sunflower yield in during 2013. The experiment was done as a factorial arrangement of treatments, in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments consisted of different nutrition methods [N1= 300kg ha-1 Urea (Control), N2= 50% of nutrition by Urea + 50% of nutrition by FAM (15ton ha-1), N3= 50% of nutrition by FAM + 50% of nutrition by nitrogen fixation of Phaseolus sp.), N4= 50% of nutrition by Urea + 50% of nutrition by nitrogen fixation of Phaseolus sp.) and foliar spray of plant bio-stimulants (B1= Foliar with vermiwash, B2= Foliar with enrich vermiwash, B3= Foliar with bioferment, B4= Foliar with effective microorganisms + quail egg). The results indicated that the foliar spray of plant bio-stimulants caused marked changes in characteristics such as number of green leaf, dry biomass, harvest index of head, oil yield, hectoliter weight and nitrogen use efficiency. The maximum and minimum of nitrogen use efficiency (16.72 and 11.02%) were obtained with the (50% of nutrition by animal manure + 50% of nutrition by nitrogen fixation of phaseolus) and (50% of nutrition by animal manure + 50% of nutrition by 150kg ha-1 Urea) treatments, respectively. Furthermore, in the treatments of bio-stimulat levels, the most and least amounts of nitrogen use efficiency with averages of 15.46 and 12.59% were obtained with foliar spray of (effective microorganism + quail egg) and enriched vermiwash, respectively.

In order to evaluate the effect of water stress and water absorbent materials on some agronomic traits and seed protein of Alvand wheat, this study was carried out in the field of Islamic Azad University, Arak branch in 2010- 2011. A split-plot arrangement of treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The experiment consisted of three irrigation treatments (100%, 85% and 70% of plant water requirement) that applied in the main plot and water absorbent materials on six levels (controls, 30 tons animal manure per hectare, 15 tons animal manure 4 tons zeolite per hectare, 15 tons animal manure per hectare 2 tons bentonite per hectare, 4 tons zeolite per hectare 2 tons bentonite per hectare and 15 tons animal manure per hectare 2 tons bentonite per hectare 4 tons zeolite per hectare that used in the sub plots. Results showed that the highest grain protein content obtained from 70% irrigation with average of 15.44 percent and lowest protein content was determined in normal irrigation treatment with average of 13.58 percent. The maximum and minimum grain yield with the average of 6590 and 3500 kg ha-1 were related to the combination of normal irrigation 15 tons animal manure 4 tons zeolite per hectare and 70% irrigation 15 tons animal manure per hectare, respectively.

Although using animal manures and crop residues as a traditional method for increasing soil fertility and crop yield has a long history but Conventional agricultural systems rely on the use of chemical fertilizer due to its immediate availability of nutrients. In many of modern agricultural systems using chemical fertilizers as a fast and easiest way to reduce nutrient deficiency and increasing soil fertility is considered. Intensive and continuous use of chemical fertilizers leads to decreasing the stability and sustainability of agricultural systems and also poses major threat to environment and human health. Organic fertilizers have positive effects on physiochemical and biological attributes of soil and could be classified in three different groups (i.e. Animal manures, green manure and composts).Using animal manure not only increase soil fertility but also could result in increasing infiltration, aeration and water holding capacity of soil. The main role of these fertilizers is related to physical change in soil. Different types of composts such as municipal waste compost and vermicompost also have similar positive effects, but usually the farmers observe the main effect of these organic fertilizers in long term. In order to investigate the effects of different types of organic fertilizers on growth indexes, yield and yield component of tomato (Lycopersicon sculentum L.) current experiment was conducted.
The experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and six treatments in the research station of Shahid Beheshti University. The experimental treatments were: Control or no fertilizer (NF), chemical fertilizer (CF), cow manure (CM), poultry manure (PM), vermicompost (VC) and municipal waste compost (MC). Considering nitrogen concentration in all of the treatments different amounts of these fertilizers were used based on nitrogen recommendation for the field, so in all of the treatments the total amount of applied nitrogen was equal (ca. 150 kg ha-1). Tomato seedlings were transplanted in experimental plots when the height of seedling reached to 15-20 cm. Total amount of tomato yield calculated at the end of growing season after four harvests. At the end of growing season by using five plants from each plot the dry weight of shoot, plant height, number of lateral branches and the number of fruits measured. Analysis of variance was performed using SAS and mean comparisons done by Duncan’s multiple range test (P ≤ 0.05).
Based on results effects of experimental treatments on shoot dry matter, plant height, number of lateral branches, number of flowers and fruits per plant and leaf area index (LAI) was significant. Using all type of fertilizers comparing to control treatment resulted in increase shoot dry matter and the highest amount of shoot dry matter observed in VM and CF treatments. Different treatments have significant effect on plant height and highest amount of this trait observed in PM treatment. There was no significant difference between CM and control treatment for plant height and number of lateral branches but the highest number of lateral branches observed in MC treatment. The highest LAI (6.2) observed in VC and CF whereas the lowest LAI (3.3) was in control treatment. Effect of treatments on total yield also was significant and highest amounts of yield observed in CF (22.9 ton ha-1) and VC (20.8 ton ha-1) but the lowest was in control treatment (7.5 ton ha-1). Treatment effect on all of yield component except mean weight of fruit was significant and by using CF and VC the number of flower per plant comparing to control treatment increased 143 and 129 percent respectively.
Although in this experiment the highest amount of crop yield obtained in CF treatment, but by replacement of chemical fertilizer with vermicompost tomato yield decreased just about 10%, so it seems that by considering the environmental issues, using vermicompost instead of chemical fertilizer is justified. In all of the organic treatments tomato fruit yield significantly was higher than control treatment so it could be concluded that organic fertilizers directly through nutritional effects and indirectly by amending soil physical and chemical properties could increase the yield of tomato.

Organic matter based on their composition and the C/N ratio can have different effects on nutrient bioavailability in soil. This research was conducted to investigate the effects of various sources of organic fertilizers on bioavailability of Cu and Zn in soil. A silty clay soilsample and three organic fertilizers including animal manure, sewage sludge and municipal compost in two levels of 1.25 and 2.5% W/W bases were included for the experiment. The experiment was conducted in two stages of incubation and greenhouse cultivation of corn (Zea mays L.). Both experiments were in factorial complete randomized design with 6 treatments in 4 replications plus the control. In the first experiment treated soils were incubated at field capacity moisture and 25˚C temperature for 8 weeks during which subsamples were taken at 0, 4 and 8 weeks and were analyzed for available Zn and Cu. The results showed that the highest amount of DTPA extractable Zn were 148.4 and 156.7 mg kg-1for the sewdge sludge at the 1.25 and 2.5 percent treatments respectively, and the lowest was related to manure treatment with 103.7 mg kg-1. The highest amount of DTPA axtractable Cu was for the compost treatment with 28.1 and 28.4 mg kg-1in the levels used, and it was 28.4 mg kg-1in the swedge sludge treatment at 2.5% level. Comparison of the changes over time showed that available Zn content decreased but Cu content increased up to 4 week and then decreased. The results of the greenhouse experiment showed that all treatments except sewdge sludge increased some plant growth factors such as yield Zn content and the highest Zn and Cu uptake by plant were in the sewdge sludge treatment with 18.8 and 1.15 mg kg-1.

In order to investigate the effects of first irrigation date and organic fertilizers on growth and yield characteristics of saffron، an experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete-block design with three replications، in Khaf city during growing season 2013-2014. Date of first irrigation treatment in three levels (15 September، 30 October and 15 November) was allocated as main plots and fertilizer treatment in five levels (control، humic acid at 5 and 40 liters per hectare، cow manure at 5 and 40 t. ha-1) was set as subplots. Analysis of variance showed that the date of first irrigation had a significant effect on all studied traits except for total fresh weight of corm and the average weight of corm of saffron. Effects of different organic fertilizer treatments on all studied traits were significant، except for corm number with 8 g (8. 00) weight were obtained in first irrigation on 6th November. The first irrigation at 7th October was superior to the other irrigation treatments for corm number with

In order to study the effects of different levels of cow and chicken manure and elemental sulfur (S) on availability of plant nutrients and their uptake by Corn (Zea mays L.)، a factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design and three replication. Experimental treatments were three levels (0، 10 and 20 ton ha-1) of cow and chicken manures، and three levels (0، 0. 25% and 0. 5%) of S that were applied to a calcareous soil. Soil pH and salinity، soil available phosphorous (P) and micronutrients (Fe، Zn، Cu and Mn)، corn dry weight، corn uptake of micronutrients and concentrations of micronutrients in corn tissues were measured in different treatments. The results showed that the rates of applied manure had significant effects on soil properties and soil available P and micronutrients and soil salinity increased as the rates of applied manures increased. However soil pH was not affected by the rates of applied manures. The rates of applied S also had significant effects on pH and salinity of soil and plant available P and micronutrients. The soil salinity and pant available micronutrients increased but the soil pH decreased as the rates of applies S increased. The plant available P increased when the application rates of S was 0. 25% but by increasing the rate of applied S to 0. 5% the plant available P decreased significantly. The interactive effects of manure and S application rates were significant on corn dry weight and P uptake and these traits increased as the application rates of manures and S increased. In general، the results showed that use of manure and S simultaneously، was more effective than the separate application of them.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cut-off irrigation and N amendments (urea fertilizer, poultry manure, cattle manure, poultry manure + cattle manure as 1:1 ratio) on the growth and yield of forage maize. The experiment was conducted as split–split plot treatment arrangement with four replications. Main plots consisted of two irrigation regimes (complete irrigation and cut-off irrigation at silking stage for two weeks) and sub-plots were control (without N amendment) and application of 200 kg N ha-1in the form of urea fertilizer, poultry manure, cattle manure, and cattle manure + urea fertilizer (1:1). Results indicated thatcut-off irrigation had a significant effect on soil moisture, leaf relative water content, leaf weight /stem weight and fresh forage yield, while soil moisture, leaf relative water content, plant height, leaf area index, fresh leaf weight, fresh stem weight, fresh ear weight, leaf weight /stem weight and fresh forage yield were significantly affected by N amendments.Irrigation and N amendment had significant interaction effects for leaf area index and fresh forage yield. The highest fresh forage yield, equal to 60 Mg ha-1, was recorded for normal irrigation and treated soil with solitary poultry manure, without significant differences with urea fertilizer + cattle manure. In general, solitary application of poultry manure or integration of urea fertilizer with cattle manure achieved the highest yield under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions in comparison to solitary application of urea fertilizer

To study the effects of water stress and animal manure on nutrients concentration, essential oil percentage and its chemical components in Cuminum cyminum, an experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Zahak, Zabol, during 2003–2004 in a randomized complete block design arranged in factorial with four replicates. Treatments were there irrigation (I1: two times irrigation, I2: three times irrigation and I3: four times irrigation) and two animal manure levels (F1: no manure and F2: 20 ton/ha manure). The chemical composition of the essential oil was examined by gas- chromatography (GC) and GC-MS. The effect of water stress on Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, P and K percentages was significant but its effect on Mn, Zn and Cu was not significant. I1F1 had maximum of Na, Ca, Mg and minimum of micro nutrients. Using of animal manure was not effected on nutrients. The effect of water stress and animal manure were significant on essential oil and its chemical compositions. I2F2 had the highest of cuminaldehyde and ρ-cymene and the lowest of β-pinene, γ-terpinene and α-pinene. Result showed that there is a correlation among the main components of cumin essential oil under water and mineral stress.

In order to evaluate the effects of types, rates and application times of various organic composts on weed population and biomass in cumin, a field experiment was conducted as split-split plot based on randomized complete block with four replications at Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2008-2009 growing season. Three compost types (poultry, cow and mushroom bed residue), compost rates (0, 20 and 40 t. ha-1) and compost application time (at planting date, 30 days after planting and 105 days after planting) were allocated to main plot, sub-plot and sub-sub plot, respectively. The most important weed species were broadleaf species. Winter weeds were mainly Descurinia sophia, Sisymberium irio, Stellaria media, Avena fatua, Malcolmia africana, Fumaria parviflora، and spring weeds were Chenopodium album, Polygonum aviculare, Veronica sp. and Solanum nigrum. Expect Stellaria media and Sisymberium irio, weed density in other species and also total weed density were significantly affected by compost types and rates and its application date. The highest total weed density observed with using mushroom-bed compost, applied one month after planting. Results showed that organic compost type, rate and time of application had significant effects on fresh and weed dry biomass. The lowest weed biomass was observed in cow compost plots. Compost application in 105 days after planting had lowest weed biomass. With increasing compost rates weed biomass was also increased. In conclusion, based on the results of the present study and considering the easy availability and low cost of cow manure, application of cow manure compost could help in reduction in weed density and biomass in cumin fields.