جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "biomass yield" در نشریات گروه "زراعت"

Nitrogen is one of the important nutrient elements necessary for the production of agricultural products, but the excessive application of nitrogenous chemical fertilizers and their leaching cause environmental pollution. Crops’ cultivars with high nitrogen use efficiency is one of the environmental friendly aproaches to mitigate this problem.

To evaluate grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in barley genotypes under low input conditions (without fertilizer application), a field experiment was conducted in research field of the agricultural faculty of Shahed University, Tehran, Iran in 2016-2017 cropping season. Thirty six barley genotypes, purified for three cropping seasons, were planted using simple alpha lattice design with two replications.

The results showed that genotypes; 106, 107, and 68 had the highest grain yield (7963, 7920 and 7900 kg ha-1, respectively), the highest nitrogen use efficiency (58.6, 58.5 and 56.9 kg.kg-1, respectively) and the highest nitrogen uptake efficiency (2, 2 and 2.25 kg.kg-1, respectively). The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the three variables of nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen uptake efficiency, and biomass yield explained 98.2% of variation in grain yield. Principle component analysis revealed that barely genotypes divided into four groups. The first group included genotypes; 88, 119, 54, 107, and 68 for nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency, grain yield and quality. These genotypes are suitable for low input cropping systems to increase nitrogen use efficiency.

The results of this experiment indicated that further investigations are required for recommendation of barley genotypes with higher nitrogen efficiency and grain yield for low input cropping systems.

Water deficit is one of the most important limiting factors of production in crops. The present study was conducted in 2019 to investigate the effect of different irrigation times and foliar application of humic acid on morphophysiological traits and yield of black beans as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Zahak Agricultural Research Station in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. The main factor involves three irrigation treatments, including irrigation from planting to harvest, irrigation from planting to flowering, and irrigation from flowering to harvest, and the secondary factor includes foliar application at four levels of humic acid (0, 1, 2, and 3 per thousand). By increasing drought stress levels, plant height and width, fresh and dry forage yield, leaf area (in both stem and flowering stages), photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen, phosphorus (3.39%), potassium (20.6%), calcium of leaf, grain yield (11.27%), and biological yield (60.22%) has decreased, whereas proline content (31.88%) has increased, compared to the control. Also, by increasing humic acid levels, the values ​​of all studied traits has increased. Humic acid has had a positive effect on black bean plant traits under drought stress conditions, so that its concentration of three per thousand reduces the adverse effects of drought stress, increasing the tolerance of black bean crop. In general, complete irrigation and application of three per thousand humic acids for the production of black beans seems appropriate. It is suggested that in future research, soil application of humic acid consumption should be investigated to compare the efficiency of the methods used.

In order to evaluate the biochemical properties of dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica L.) ecotypes’ using some anti-perspirants in rainfed conditions in the crop year 2018, an experiment has been conducted in Karaj and Khorramabad regions. The experiment is based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a factorial arrangement, consisted of three replications. The first factor involves four different ecotypes of dragon’s head (Kurdistan, Takab, Nazarkahrizi, and Kalibar) and the second factor includes three anti-transpirant compounds (kaolin with a concentration of 5%, chitosan with a concentration of 1%, and Ista with a concentration of 2%) as well as no anti-transpirant (control). The results show that using anti-transpirants has increased the amount of the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes. Ista anti-transpirant has had a greater effect on enzyme activity than kaolin and chitosan. The highest amount of peroxidase and catalase (0.51-0.39 unit mg/protein) are obtained from the ecotypes of Kurdistan treated with Ista and Karaj cultivation, respectively. In addition, the highest grain yield and biomass yield are obtained from treatment with chitosan, which has increased by 4% to 20%, compared to the control, respectively. Based on the results, using anti-transpirants in dryland cultivation conditions improves most of the studied yield traits and biochemical traits compared to the control.

In recent years, due to climate change, the planting of millets has become of particular importance, necessitating conducting further research on their quantitative and qualitative attributes. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is widely known as a multipurpose crop in many regions of the world. It provides nutritious food for humans, feeds for poultry, and fodder for ruminants. About 20 different species of millet have been cultivated throughout the world at different points in time. Commonly cultivated millet species include proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.R. Br.), finger millet (Eleusine coracana), Kodo millet (Paspalum setaceum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beauv.). Little millet provides excellent support for nervous system health by helping to restore nerve cell function, regenerate myelin fiber, and intensify brain cell metabolism. Millets are also rich in micronutrients such as niacin, B-complex vitamins, Vitamin B6, and folic acid. Millets generally contain significant amounts of essential amino acids, particularly those containing sulfur (methionine and cysteine) ( Torabi, 2015). Plant density is among the agricultural practices that greatly influences grain yield and yield components of pearl millet as it determines the inter-and intra-plant competition for groundwater and soil nutrients during the growing season. Due to the development of human societies, food security has become a priority(Khajeh pour, 2012). Technological advancements and the introduction of chemical fertilizers and pesticides have provided sufficient quantities of food in recent decades, but food quality is questioned. Fertilizers from natural sources might be a practical solution. Coastal farmers in various countries have been applying seaweed for crop growth and development for many years. Nowadays, with technological development, some species of seaweed such as Ascophyllum nodosum are cultivated and processed as seaweed extract alone or mixed with other fertilizers to be used by farmers) Manea and Abbas, 2018.)

To investigate the effects of different densities of millet and bio-fertilizer application on morphological and physiological yield and yield components of three millet cultivars, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in Mashhad in 2021. In the experiment, three density levels of millet (300,000, 400,000, and 500,000 plants per hectare), and two levels of seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) bio-fertilizer in quantity of 0 and 1 L per hectare, as well as three cultivars of millet (Bastan, Pishahang, and Mehran) were applied. In this experiment, grain yield, biomass yield, harvest index, 1000-seed weight, plant height and protein percentage were measured.

The analysis of variance showed that the effects of cultivar and density on grain yield were significant at the probability of 1% where the highest grain yield with an average of 4444.1 kg/ha was obtained from Mehran cultivar at a density of 400 thousand plants per hectare. The lowest was related to Pishahang cultivar at a density of 400,000 plants per hectare with an average yield of 2321.5 kg per hectare. The effect of bio-fertilizer application was also significant on the yield and yield components at the probability of 1%. The highest harvest index value (0.29) was obtained from the Mehran cultivar at a density of 400,000 plants per hectare. The examination of the trend of change in the biological yield and harvest index of this cultivar also indicated that with increasing density, the biological yield increased and the harvest index decreased. Additionally, the highest biomass yield (7629/6 kg/ha) was observed in Pishahang cultivar at a density of 400,000 plants per hectare, both by bio-fertilizer application.

Optimization of fertilizer and plant density are management approaches to improve resources efficiency and decline environmental pollutions. Response surface methodology (RSM) is defined as a set of mathematical and statistical techniques that are used to develop, to improve or to optimize a product by using Central composite designs. In this work, optimization of cow manure and plant density on biomass yield and essential oil percentage of peppermint as a medicinal plant species using central composite design for RSM was evaluated.

An experiment was conducted using central composite design with 13 treatments and two replications at the Research Field of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during the growing season of 2017-2018. The treatments were allocated based on low and high levels of plant density (10 and 15 plants.m-2, respectively) and cow manure (0 and 70 t.ha-1, respectively). Fresh weight of stem, dried weight of stem, fresh weight of leaves, fresh weight of leaves, total dried weight and essential oil percentage in two sampling times and two cuttings were measured as dependent variables and changes of these variables were evaluated by a regression model. Lack-of-fit test was used to evaluate the quality of the fitted model. The adequacy of the model was tested by analysis of variance. The full quadratic polynomial equation was tested to determine the significance of the model and the component of the model (linear, squared and first-order interaction terms) and the quality of the fitted model was judged using the determination coefficient (R2).

The results showed that effect of linear and square components were significant on all studied characteristics in two sampling times. Interaction between the two factors of manure and plant density was significant on the studied traits only for the second sampling stage. Lack of fit had no significant effect on the studied traits. The full square model for the response variables gave insignificant lack-of-fit indicating that the data were satisfactorily explained. In the first and the second cuttings, R2 ranges for biomass yield and biomass yield+ essential oil were 70.39-84.62% and 27.36-63.06%, respectively. The highest observed and predicted values of biomass yield were recorded in 12.5 plants.m-2+ 35 t.ha-1 cow manure (755.13 g.m-2) and 15 plants.m-2+ 35 t.ha-1 cow manure (319.92 g.m-2), respectively. The mean yield of biomass yield in the second cutting was higher than the first cutting. Optimum levels of plant density and cow manure and desirability for biomass yield were calculated with 10 plants.m-2+23 t.ha-1 and d= 0.94 and the parameters for biomass yield, and essential oil percentage were with 10 plants.m-2, 49 t.ha-1 and d= 0.96, respectively.

In general, it seems that resource use optimization using RSM may be suitable cropping approach for sustainable production of medicinal plants in agroecosystems.

In the dry climate of southern Iran including Fars province, most precipitation occurs in winter, thus winter cereals such as triticale (Triticosecale Wittmack) experience water shortage at booting, flowering and grain filling stages in spring. The booting, flowering and grain filling periods are the most sensitive stages to water deficit. Nitrogen fertilizer application is a farmer’s common practice to increase yield, but its performance depends mainly on soil water status than the amount and timing of N applications. On the other hand, matching N fertilization with crop water availability is essential for achieving acceptable grain yield. Farmers of southern Iran use N fertilizer beyond the recommended rate. High N fertilizer application in dry areas that water availability limitations frequently occurred during the grain filling stage of cereals increased severity of water stress. Some authors reported that the silicon application reduces the destructive effects of drought stress by physiological, biochemical, and physical mechanisms (Hattori et al., 2005). Therefore, silicon foliar application may decrease water stress severity, especially in high N crops. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the effects of silicon foliar application, different N rates and irrigation regimes on triticale yield in an arid area of southern Iran (Fars province).     

This research was conducted at the experimental farm of the Darab Agricultural Faculty of Shiraz University. A split factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in the 2017-2018 growing season. Treatments included two levels of irrigation as the main plots [normal irrigation; irrigation based on the plant's water requirement up to the physiological maturity (IRN) and deficit irrigation; irrigation based on the plant's water requirement up to the anthesis stage (cutting of irrigation after anthesis) (IRDI)]. Also, sub plots were two levels of silicon foliar application [0, and 3 mM] and three N fertilizer levels [N0, no nitrogen fertilizer (control); N100, 100 kg N ha-1; N150, 150 kg N ha-1]. Biological yield, grain yield, yield components, plant height, spike length and chlorophyll index of flag leaf were measured. Then, the harvest index (HI) was calculated. Data were analyzed by using SAS 9.1 software (SAS Institute, 2004) and the means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% probability level.

The results showed that the IRDI could cause severe water stress in the grain-filling period of the triticale life cycle and consequently reduction of 1000-grain weight, number of grains per spike and number of fertile tillers per m2. However, this reduction was more severe for 1000- grain weight than the other grain yield components and was not constant in different N fertilizer levels (18%, 21% and 36% reduction for N0, N100 and N150 kg N ha-1). Foliar silicon application decreased severity of late-season water stress and consequently improved 1000-seed weight, chlorophyll index, biological yield and finally HI and grain yield. With respect to grain yield, under IRN conditions, the highest grain yield was achieved by N150. Water stress decreased grain yield as a function of N fertilizer (24%, 26% and 46% reduction for N0, N100 and N150 kg N ha-1). Therefore, application of N100 could be acceptable for IRDI conditions.

According to the results of this study, the highest triticale grain yield (7098 kg ha-1) achieved by N150 in normal irrigation. The IRDI significantly decreased triticale grain yield at all N levels as compared with IRN. However, this reduction was different in N fertilizer rates (24%, 26% and 46% reduction for N0, N100 and N150). Therefore, the highest grain yield under IRDI conditions (4128 kg ha-1) was observed in N100. Therefore, with respect to environmental and economical considerations application of 100 and 150 kg N ha-1 were recommended for late-season water stress and normal irrigation conditions, respectively. Silicon foliar application decreased the severity of water stress and consequently increased grain yield (26%) under IRDI conditions. Therefore, the application of 3 mM of silicon at the anthesis stage is recommended for farms of triticale that expose to late-season water stress in southern Iran (Fars province).

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oily seeds that can be planted under different climatic conditions of Iran (Koocheki & Khajehossini, 2008). One of the factors affecting the performance of rapeseed is planting date. Determining the response of different varieties of crops to environmental variables from planting to harvest is one of the basic principles of agricultural planning in order to achieve maximum yield and quality. Delay in planting results in prolonged grain filling period and high temperature. These conditions result in a decrease in grain yield (Ehshamami et al., 2016). Saberi and Arazmjo (2015) in the study of the effect of planting date on yield and some of agronomic traits of five rapeseed cultivars in Birjand region observed that the cultivars that flowered at the right time produced more pods per plant and had higher seed weight than other cultivars.

A field experiment was conducted at the experimental station of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft (latitude: 28°40´ N; longitude: 57°44´ E; elevation: 650 m) in the growing season of 2016-2017. A split plot layout with a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The main plots were sowing date at six levels of November 1st, 15th and 29th, December 15th and 27th and January 10th, Rapeseed cultivars were Hyola, Agamax, Traper and Delgan as the sub plot. Each plot was 3×6 m2 and the cultivars were sown in 30 cm intra-rows and 6 cm inter-rows. During the growing season, hand weeding was performed for several times. Drip system was used for irrigation. After harvest, the following traits were measured; number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biomass yield, harvest index, protein yield and oil yield. Soxhlet method was used to measure oil content and Kjeldahl method was used to measure protein.

The results showed that planting date had a significant effect on all traits (p < 0.05). Interaction effect of planting date × cultivar was significant in the studied traits except for pod length and harvest index. The highest number of pods per plant (52.42), number of seeds per pod (30.96), grain yield (1613.3 kg ha-1), protein yield (234.3 kg / ha-1) and oil yield (68 / 826 kg ha-1) was achieved at the planting date of November 29th with Agamax cultivar. The planting dates of November 1st and 29th produced the highest pod weight per plant of 3.1 g and 1.34 g in Agamax cultivar and of 1.28 g in Teraper cultivar, respectively. The highest 1000-seed weight was observed in Delgan cultivar (5.58 g) at the planting date of November 29th which was followed by Agamax cultivar (3.6 g) at the planting date of November 1st. The highest seed and biomass yield at the planting dates of November 1st, 15th and 29th was recorded with Agamax cultivar, which averaged 6500, 6463.3 and 7043.3 kg/ha, respectively. The highest oil and protein yield was related to Agamax cultivar on November 29th and the lowest protein yield was observed with Dalgan on December 13th. The results of this study were similar to Ehshamami et al., 2016.

In general, the results of this study showed that planting date had a significant effect on phenological and morphological attributes, oil and protein yields of the rapeseed cultivars. Changes in rapeseed planting date made the plant developmental stages encounter different ecological factors that consequently affected the production of this crop. Delay in planting resulted in the loss of suitable growing conditions and the failure of the crop to reach its potential. Also, delay in planting caused the grain filling period and the accumulation of oil to coincide with higher temperatures, which led to a decrease in seed, oil, and protein yields. Also, according to the climatic conditions of the region during the 2016-2017 growing season, the most appropriate date for sowing of rapeseed in Jiroft was November 29th. The planting dates of December 27th and January 10th were considered inappropriate as the cultivars failed to enter reproductive phase. Based on our results, the most suitable cultivar for cultivation in the region was Agamax.

IntroductionRoselle is an annual plant, Short day, self-pollinated and in terms of weather conditions is sensitive to cold and frost stress (Duke, 2006). Evaluation of water use efficiency is a way to study the water management and its relative values it is appropriate to compare the different crops. Water use efficiency is the amount of dry material produced per unit of water and it is usually expressed in kilograms of dry material per cubic meter of water. Severe restriction of water and high costs for water supply and transfer causes that in some cases or regions from an economic perspective, the optimal level of irrigation is less than the required amount to produce maximum yield. The proper management of irrigation and planting for drought resistant plants (Ston and Nofziger, 1993). Due to the beneficial effects of organic and biological fertilizers in agricultural ecosystems, increased vegetative growth, yield components and sepal yield in Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Tiamiyu et al., 2012), Hibiscus cannabinus L. (Basri et al., 2013), Borago officinalis L. (Naghdi Badi et al., 2011; Ahmadabadi et al., 2011), Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Gendy et al., 2012; Dahmardeh, 2012) have been reported. Nowadays, the cultivation of drought resistant plants has been proposed as a strategy against drought. Roselle is one of the low water requirement and drought resistant, in Southern Iran, which is facing a shortage of irrigation water can be used as a suitable plant in cropping pattern. This research was conducted in Jiroft with the aim of studying the effect of fertilizer resources and different levels of irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of Roselle medicinal plant. Material and methodsA field experiment was conducted at the experiment station of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft (latitude: 28°40´ N; longitude: 57°44´ E; elevation: 650 m) during 2013 and 2014 growing season. Experimental site was located in southeast of Iran Kerman Province, Jiroft county. The climate of the area is arid and semiarid. A strip plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications was used. Horizontal factor were irrigation regimes at threelevels of 100%, 80% and 60% ofcrop water requirement and fertilizer resourceswere fertilizer resourceswere mycorrhiza, vermicompost, cow manure, chemical fertilizer (NPK) and controlas vertical factor. Plant water requirement is calculated by AGWAT software (Alizadeh and Kamali, 2008). The evaluated traits included number of bolls per plant, sepal dry weight per plant, 100 seed weight, sepal yield, seed yield, biomass yield, sepal water use effeicency, seed water use effeicency and biomass water use effeicency. Harvesting the plant was done on December 1, 2013 in the first year and December 1, 2014 in the second year. Results The average number of bolls showed that the higher number of bolls and weight of dried sepal in irrigation levels of 100% and 80% of plant water requirement in terms of cow manure and vermicompost and the lowest of them in irrigation levels of 60% plant water requirement were belonged to control and mycorrhizal treatments, respectively. Sepal yield at all three levels of irrigation showed increase in the plants treated with manure, vermicompost and chemical compared with mycorrhizal and control treatment and sepal yield in the second year than the first year was higher. The highest seed yield and biomass yield was related to cow manure, vermicompost and chemical fertilizers that was observed in irrigation level of 100% and then 80% water requirement and the lowest of it was belonged to control and mycorrhizal treatment and irrigation level of 60%, respectively. During the two years study, sepal water use efficiency in the second year with the amount of 116.90 g.m-2 of water was significantly higher than the first year with the amount of 102.99 g.m-³. The average comparison in result of applying different levels of irrigation showed that the highest and lowest levels of seed water use efficiency was observed in 60% irrigation treatment and irrigation level of 100%. Rezapour et al (2011), by investigating the effect of drought stress and different amounts of sulfur fertilizer on Nigella sativa L. Similar results observedin Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) (Gendy et al., 2012; Dahmardeh, 2012), and Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) (Tiamiyu et al., 2012). ConclusionBased on two years data combined analysis, the results indicated that fertilizer resources and irrigation regimes had significant effect on the most morphological and agricultural traits. The interaction effect of fertilizer resources and irrigation regimes had a significant effect on calyx yield, 100 seed weight and sepal water use efficiency . The highest calyx yield (1248 kg.ha-1) was obtained at 100% crop water requirement cow manure treatment and the lowest calyx yield (510 kg.ha-1) was obtained at 60% crop water requirement control treatments. According to the results, it can be concluded that 80% crop water requirement treatment with the use of cow manure, vermicompost and chemical fertilizer are desirable treatments in roselle production.

To evaluate the effects of nano fertilizer and different levels of nitrogen on sesame, a factorial experiment, arranged in randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications, was done in the research station of Kahnoj. Factors in this experiment included four levels of nano fertilizer (0, 1, 2 and 3 /1000) and N levels in four levels (0, 50, 100 and150 Kg N/ha). Analysis of variance showed significant effects of N and nano fertilizer on all characters. Maximum plant height, amount of capsule and biological yield was obtained in 150 Kg nitrogen and minimum level of these parameters was in 0 Kg N. In nano fertilizer yield per plant, amount of capsule and biological yield, was maximum in (3/1000) treatment, while plant height was maximum in 2/1000 treatment. N fertilizer together with nano fertilizer increased 1000 kernel weight, grain yield and biological index, in comparison with none fertilizer treatment and the highest amount of this parameters was in 100 kg N and 2/1000 nano fertilizer treatments. For the oil percent maximum average was 58.5% more than none N fertilizer treatment and maximum amount of oil between nano fertilizer was obtained in 2/1000 and the minimum was in none nano fertilizer usage. Generally, it can be said that the effects of nitrogen and nano fertilizer increased availability of nutrients, which is required by plant, and caused the best growing condition for the sesame

In order to investigate the effects of mycorrhizal fungi, phosphatic biofertilizer and manure application on yield and quantitative and qualitative criteria of coriander an experiment was conducted at Khoramabad (Lorestan) during the growing season of 2013. The experiment des was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design with 18 treatments and three replications. The factors were mycorrhizal inoculation in two levels, phosphatic biofertilizer and manure in three levels. The highest concentration of P in seed (3.67 %), leaf total carotenoid (2.39 µg ml-1) Biomass yield (3931.7 kg ha-1), seed yield )1780.67 kg ha-1) and harvest index (36.08%) was obtained in inoculation with Mycorrhiza, consumption of 70 kg ha-1 phosphate biofertilizer and 20 ton ha-1manure and they accounted for 51,168, 80 and 27 percent more than chemical control. Positive and synergistic interactions were obtained between Mycorrhizal inoculation × phosphate biofertilizer on leaf total carotenoid, seed yield and harvest index. According to the results of this research, inoculation with mycorrhizal produced the maximum grain yield, biological yield and harvest index compared to phosphate biofertilizer and manure.