جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "garlic" در نشریات گروه "زراعت"

Garlic is one of the excellent medicinal plants, used thousands of years ago. In addition to essential oils and valuable secondary metabolites, this plant contains elements such as sulphur and silicon. These elements, in addition to creating favorable drug properties, cause the plant to resist biological and non-biological stresses. Therefore, the use of these elements can have beneficial effects on the yield and medicinal properties of this plant. In the present study, the effect of sulphur and silicon on yield, yield components, photosynthetic parameters, nutritional elements and some phytochemical parameters of garlic plant were investigated.

This experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with two factors of sulphur (at three levels of zero (S0), 15 (S15) and 30 (S30) liters per hectare) and silicon (at three levels of zero (Si0), 2 (Si2) and 4 (Si4) liters per hectare) with three replications. The treatments were applied as fertigation with intervals of 7-day, three times. At the end of experiment, traits such as yield, single garlic bulb weight, clove weight, length and width of bulb and clove, number of cloves, photosynthetic parameters (includes percentage of leaf relative humidity, transpiration velocity, stomatal conductance, stomatal conductance versus water vapor, carbon dioxide uptake ratio, photosynthetic active radiation of below and above the leaf, and photosynthetic active radiation of the environment) were recorded. Also, phytochemical properties (including antioxidant activity, total phenol, total flavonoid and caffeic acid) were evaluated. Data analysis was performed using SAS software and mean comparisons were done through Duncan's multiple range test at 1 and 5 percent probability level.

The results showed that the use of fertilizer treatments (sulphur and silicon) in comparison to control (non-fertilizer application) increased in all studied traits. Application of S15Si0 treatment had a superiority in evaluating yield and yield components, or didn’t show significant differences with treatments having higher sulphur and silicon content. The highest amount of photosynthetic active radiation of the below the leaf, environment and above the leaf were obtained in S15Si4 treatment. The rate of carbon dioxide absorption in the S15Si0 treatment was highest, and at the same level with S30Si2, statistically. The highest rate of transpiration was achieved with application of S30Si2 treatment. Also, the use of S30Si4 treatment increased the amount of water vapor and relative humidity of the plant. In the case of nutrition elements, it can be concluded that the highest amount of nitrogen were obtained from S30Si2 treatment, the highest amount of phosphorus, potassium and calcium were obtained from S0Si4 treatment and the highest Sulphur and silicon concentrations in S0Si2. The application of S15Si4 treatment also resulted in the highest amounts of magnesium production, which was at a statistical level with S0Si4, S15Si0 and S30Si2 treatments. The highest level of antioxidant activity was related to S15Si2 treatment. Also, the highest total phenol was obtained by S0Si2 treatment. Maximum content of total flavonoid was observed in S30Si2 treatment. The highest amount of caffeic acid was obtained in S0Si0, S15Si0 and S30Si0 treatments with 20.9, 20.2 and 20.2 mg / kg dry weight, respectively; which had no significant difference with S0Si4 and S30Si2 treatments.

In order to produce the highest amount of dry matter, as well as producing the highest quality of garlic in terms of the amount of active substances in the pharmaceutical industry, the application of elements such as sulphur and silicon can be very important; so that the lack of these elements will reduce the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of this plant.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the main vegetable crops grown in Iran. Garlic occupies a prominent position among human foods, not only as a condiment, but also due to its therapeutic properties, attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds (25). Garlic yield are varied with agricultural practices and cultivar. Application of the required nutrients through chemical fertilizers alone can have deleterious effect on soil health and can lead to unsustainable yields, while integration of chemical fertilizers with organic manures and biofertilizers can maintain soil health and soil productivity (3). Numerous bacteria are beneficial for plant productivity. Free-living soil bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Azotobacter and Azospirillum spp could add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-promoting substances (20 and 26). Hence, this experiment carried out in order to evaluate the effect of chemical, organic and bio-fertilizers on yield and some physiological characteristics of landrace garlic in Guilan climatic condition. This experiment was performed in 2016-2017 cropping season as split plot based on complete block design with three replications in Rasht, Iran. Three nitrogen sources including vermicompost (15 ton/ha), urea (100 kg N/ha), integrated management nutrient (7.5 ton/ha + 50 kg N/ha) and 10 biological inoculations including without inoculation as control, Azospirillum brasilense, Azospirillum lipoferum, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azotobacter, Azospirillum + Pseudomonas, Azospirillum + Azotobacter, Pseudomonas + Azotobacter, Azospirillum + Pseudomonas + Azotobacter comprised experimental treatments. Results showed that the maximum plant height, leaf numbers, biological weight per plant and bulb yield were obtained under the application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer along with Pseudomonas + Azospirillum spp bacteria. Also, there was a positive and significant correlation between bulb yield and some characteristic such as plant height, leaf numbers and biological weight per plant. In addition, the simultaneous application of Azospirillum and Azotobacter biological fertilizers under using vermicompost caused to enhance bulb yield. In this experiment, simultaneous usage of all studied bio-fertilizers enhanced bulb yield under integrated nutrition system. In general, bulb yield and its attributes showed difference responses to the application of chemical, organic and bio-fertilizers. Based on results of this experiment, different biological fertilizers could be beneficial related to type of nutrition systems for bulb yield enhancement. In addition, the application of Azospirillum + Pseudomonas could be recommendable to improve biological and bulb yield of garlic in conventional agriculture and under region climatic condition.

Backgrounds and Nowadays, intercropping is highlighted as a solution to optimize usage of inputs, to decline pesticides and to produce safe food in agriculture. The previous studies represent relative advantages of multiple cropping versus sole cropping. Since, garlic and pea are well-adapted plants to northern Iran climatic conditions and there were no comprehensive studies about their intercropping, the present study was aimed to evaluate and determine the best intercropping treatment between garlic and pea in terms of yield.
The research was conducted at research farm of Gonbad Kavoos University and Sari during 2013-2014. The experiment was arranged based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were nine levels including sole cropping of garlic and pea and replacement series of 25:75, 50:50 and 75%:25% pea: garlic and additive series of 25, 50, 75 and 100% pea 흍% garlic.
The biological yield of garlic in Gonbad region (2357.21 g/m2) was 10 percent lower than Sari region. Means sulfur percentage in garlic bulb was recorded 0.81 and 0.94 for Gonbad Kavoos and Sari, respectively. The maximum bulb yield (1193.42 g/m2) was belonged to sole cropping of garlic in Sari conditions. Seed yield of pea was 399.3 and 736.17 kg/ha in Gonbad Kavoos and Sari, respectively. Results indicated that the maximum seed yield of pea was recorded in sole cropping and followed by additive series of 100% garlic 100% pea by 53.3 g/m2. In Sari region, the seed nitrogen and phosphorous content in was 4.85 and 0.29 %, respectively and was 3 and 11.5 % more than Gonbad. The maximum seed potassium (1.53%) was related to additive series of 25% pea 100% garlic in Sari conditions. The highest land equivalent ratio (1.76), relative crowding coefficient (7.4), aggressivity (0.79) and relative value total (1.53) was recorded when additive series of 75, 25, 100 and 75 % of pea 100% garlic intercropped in Sari climatic conditions, respectively.
was related to additive series of 25% pea 100% garlic in Sari conditions. The highest land equivalent ratio (1.76), relative crowding coefficient (7.4), aggressivity (0.79) and relative value total (1.53) was recorded when additive series of 75, 25, 100 and 75 % of pea 100% garlic intercropped in Sari climatic conditions, respectively.
Overall, results of different additive and replacement series of intercropping showed that the additive series intercropping of 75 and 100 % pea 100% garlic resulted the maximum quantitative and qualitative yield in both studied regions

Garlic has the second rank in Allium species in the case of highly used plant species after onion with high nutritional and medicinal values. Hamedan province is one of the important areas of garlic production in Iran. Meristem culture is an in vitro bulblet production method for removing the viral diseases. Multivariate statistical methods simultaneously evaluated several genotypes in terms of numerous characters and are widely used to assess the genetic diversity. The purposes of current study are use of multivariate methods to assess and initial classification of Hamedan garlic clones according to micropropagation and in vitro bulblet production traits derived from meristem culture and preliminary identification of most desirable traits on bulblet production.
Material and Ten different garlic clones of Hamedan province were used in this experiment as plant materials. The garlic cortex were separated and washed by distillated water then sterilized by ethanol (70%) for 10 min and sodium hypochlorite (2%) for 30 min.. After decontamination, meristems were separated in sterile condition under a binocular microscope and were cultured on MS culture medium supplemented with 5 µM NAA and 10 µM BA. The cultured samples were then transferred to growth chamber with 25ºC temperature and photoperiod of 16/8 h (day/night). Meristem culture experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design with 3 replications in 2015. After 38 days, micropropagation and bulblet production traits were measured on different clones of garlic. Finally, multivariate statistic methods were used to classification of clones and to detection of the most effective traits on in vitro bulblet production.
Results of principal components analysis showed that three first principal components explained 71 % of the total variance. According to these results, bulblet globularity, root weight, leaf number, mean of leave length, bulblet number and the longest leaf showed highest effects on two first principal components. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that leaf number, bulblet globularity and mean of leave length were the most important effective traits on yield (bulblet number) and explained 77.88 % of total variance. Based on path analysis results, the traits of number of leaf and mean of leave length showed the maximum positive direct and significant at p

Irradiation process could increase shelf life of garlic during storage. For determination of the optimum dose of irradiation, Garlic bulbs of Mazand variety were irradiated 30 days after harvest with 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 Gy dose of fast electrons. During the 8 months of storage at cold and uncontrolled conditions some properties were measured bi-monthly. Results showed that in both conditions the contents of enzymatic pyruvate, non enzymatic pyruvate, weight loss and color changes increased and the firmness decreased. In cold storage, at the presence of 50 and 75 Gy doses, the least destruction of flavoring compounds was seen but in uncontrolled storage irradiation had no significant effect on enzymatic pyruvate. At cold storage 50 and 75 Gy and at uncontrolled storage 75 and 100 Gy doses led to the least color changes. At the end of storage, firmness of irradiated treatments had no significant difference. Non irradiated treatment showed the most values of firmness. Weight loss under non irradiated treatment and 25 Gy dose was more than the weight loss under other doses and 100 and 150 Gy doses showed the least weight losses. Sprouting was only observed in non irradiated cloves and irradiated ones showed no symptoms of internal sprouting. Consequently, for garlic bulbs at cold storage, 50 Gy and for uncontrolled storage, 75 Gy was found to be the optimum dose of irradiation.

To examine the effect of two irrigation systems (Tape and Furrow Irrigation)، plant spacing and different Amount of nitrogen (0،60،120 kg. ha-1)، a field experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design arranged in a split Split Plot with three replication since 2004 to 2006. system irrigation (Tape and Furrow Irrigation) were as main plot، plant distance (8 and 12 cm) and different amount of N (0،60،120 kg. ha-1) were as sub plots. The results of combined analysis over two years showed that effect of plant spacing on yield and water use efficiency were significant at 1% and 5 % level، respectively. The yield in two irrigation systems was equal approximately. The effect of Irrigation systems on yield was not significant. The effect of different treatments on number of bulb، number of skine، diameter of bulb and amount of N in bulbs were not significant. The means of water consumption in Tape and Furrow irrigation systems were 2448. 5 and 4940 m3ha-1 respectively. Water consumption in Tape irrigation decreased about 50 % compare to Furrow irrigation. The average of water use efficiency in Tape and Furrow irrigation was 5. 2 and 2. 65 kg/m3، respectively. The maximum of water use efficiency (4. 1 kg/m3) belong to 60 kgha-1 of N treatment. It was concluded that by using Tape irrigation، water consumption was decreased and water use efficiency increased about 100% compare to Furrow irrigation. So، Tape irrigation and 60 kgha-1 of nitrate in garlic cultivation are recommended.

An experiment was conducted at Ecbatan Research Station in Hamedan in two years (1998-99) to study the effects of planting density and methods and also seed clove size on yield of Hamedan garlic. The experiment was in factorial 3 x 3x 3 in randomized complete block design with three cultivation methods, three sizes of seeds and three plant densities in three replications. The data were analized each year and at the end of the second year, combined analysis was done on the data. The results showed that the effects of plant density and seed size on yield were significant, but the cultivation method did not show any effect on yield. Density of 740 thausand plants/ha, seeds clove of 5/5-7 g in weight and planting on two rows, were the best treatments for getting the highest yield in Hamedan conditions.