جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "garlic" در نشریات گروه "کشاورزی"

The factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications at the research greenhouse of Tabriz University in 2017. The experimental factors include three levels of salinity stress (non-saline, salinity 3 and 6 dS/m) from the source of sodium chloride, foliar spraying in three levels without hormonal and nutritional foliar spraying, foliar spraying of 2 mM silicon and foliar spraying of 1mM salicylic acid, and the third factor, bacterial inoculation in four levels included: no inoculation, inoculation with Azosprilium, inoculation with Azotobacter and combined inoculation of two bacteria. The results of this research showed that the salt stress reduced the growth and yield of garlic. Spraying of salicylic acid and silicon and inoculation with bacteria improved potassium absorption, plant height, and leaf surface area, number of leaves per plant, yield components, biomass, and yield of garlic. The treatments significantly reduced the sodium concentration in both roots and leaves. The positive effects of the proposed treatments not only improved plant growth and performance under salinity stress conditions but also under non-saline conditions. Among the studied treatments, salicylic acid and silicon foliar applications along with the combined use of Azospirillium and Azotobacter showed more favorable effects on the growth and productivity of garlic than the other treatments. Finally, it was suggested to use growth-promoting bacteria in combination with salicylic acid and silicon solution spraying to mitigate the effects of salinity stress in garlic plants.

The present study aimed to assess the impact of a diet containing garlic powder on the absorption of mercury chloride in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fillets and its shelf life in the refrigerator. For this purpose, fish were fed diets containing 2% garlic powder, 10 mg/kg mercury chloride, and 2% garlic powder + 10 mg/kg mercury chloride for 56 days. At the end of the cultivation period, growth index (weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and specific growth rate) and mercury accumulation in fillets were measured. In addition, chemical (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances index) and microbial (total mesophilic bacteria, total psychrophilic bacteria) indices were assessed in the fillets during storage in the refrigerator (4˚C). The results showed that weight gain (0.15±0.06), and specific growth rate (0.88±0.04) of fish-fed mercury chloride decreased, while the feed conversion ratio (4.01±0.01) increased (P<0.05). The highest mercury accumulation was observed in the fillets of fish-fed mercury chloride (506.12±19.67 ng/g) and the lowest in the fillets of fish-fed mercury chloride along with garlic powder (255.30±26.13 ng/g) (P<0.05). Different dietary regimes did not have a significant effect on the chemical and microbial indices of fillets stored in the refrigerator (P>0.05). The results of the present study showed that the use of garlic powder in the diet was an effective method of reducing mercury accumulation in common carp fillets. However, since it did not have a significant effect (P<0.05) on the shelf life of fillets (6 days), using this method is not recommended for increasing the shelf life of common carp fillets.

To improving energy efficiency and increasing quality of dried product, a infrared dryer was constructed that can be used to dry fruits and vegetables. In this study, drying kinetics modeling of garlic in an infrared dryer was investigated. The effect of samples distance from the radiation lamp in three levels of 5, 7.5 and 10 cm and the effect of garlic slices thickness in the in three levels of 3, 6 and 9 mm on the mass transfer rate and effective moisture diffusivity coefficient during the dry process of garlic was investigated. To determine the appropriate kinetics model in the drying process, the drying curves can be analyzed under the defined conditions. Therefore, in this research, to investigate on the drying kinetics of garlic slices, the standard models were fitted to the experimental data. By increasing the distance of the samples from the heat source from 5 to 10 cm, the average drying time of garlic increased from 35.8 minutes to 37.3 minutes. By increasing the thickness of the samples from 3 to 9 mm, the average drying time of garlic increased from 22.7 minutes and 50.9 minutes. The effect of sample distance from infrared heat lamp and sample thickness on changes in effective moisture diffusivity coefficient of garlic was investigated and results showed that this coefficient values were increased with decreasing in distance and increasing samples thickness. By reducing sample distance from the lamp from 10 to 5 cm, it was observed that the effective moisture diffusivity coefficient increased from 2.71×10-9 m2s-1 to 3.63×10-9 m2s-1. The average effective moisture diffusivity coefficient of garlic slices for thicknesses of 3, 6, and 9 mm were 0.94×10-9 m2s-1, 2.72×10-9 m2s-1, and 5.54×10-9 m2s-1, respectively. In drying process modeling of garlic, the Midilli model with the highest coefficient of determination and the lowest

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Thyme and Garlic powder on the quantity and quality of production, and some blood parameters on 128 hens of Hyline breed, Strains of W36 at 46 weeks of age. The experimental design was Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and four replications in 12 weeks and each experimental unit contains 8 laying hens in two cages. Treatments include (1) Blank diet without thyme and garlic, (2) Diet contain of thyme 0.5% with garlic 1%, (3) Diet contain of thyme 1% with garlic 1%, (4) Diet contain of thyme 1.5% with garlic 1%, in diets based on corn and soybean meal. Studying the results of qualitative and performance traits data showed there were not significant differences between treatments (P≥0.05). Numerically the highest daily egg product mean (53.56 g) and the amount of daily feed intake (92.63 g) and egg weight mean (62.67 g) is related to the treatment No.3, while the lowest feed conversion ratio (1.72) and the highest production percentage (85.86) is related to the treatment No.1. The blood characteristics with 1 percentage of mixed thyme and garlic powder was high significant Compared to other treatments and Blank(P>0.01).In general it can be concluded that qualitative and performance traits of egg were not affected by different levels of thyme and garlic powder but unlike Uric acid blood parameters(Total protein and Albumin) showed significant improvements.

the first step in understanding a species genome is to study the number and shape of its chromosomes. determining the relationship between species of a genus, traits such as chromosome morphology, absolute chromosome size, diversity in coloring, centromere  position, chromosome base number and number of satellites must be considered. The aim of this study was to investigate cytogenetic diversity and to  determine the relationship between native garlic ecotypes of Iran (Shahroud, Bojnurd, Mashhad, Birjand, Talish) with foreign specimens (originated from Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan) and to prepare genome analysis based on chromosomal information.

From the mitotic cells in the metaphase stage, which were prepared from the terminal meristem of the root and stained with acetoorcein, five suitable metaphase cells were selected and the length of short and long arms and the total length of chromosomes were measured using Karyotype Analysis Software (ver.1.5). including calculated. Data were analyzed by JMP8 statistical software in  an unbalanced completely randomized design. Mean comparisons were performed by Duncantest . To classify ecotypes, based on all chromosomal parameters, cluster analysis was performed using Ward method.

The results showed that the basic number of chromosoms in Turkmenistan and Bojnurd ecotypes was x=7, 2n=2x=14 and in other ecotypes x=8, 2n=2x=16. short arm length, long arm length, total chromosome length was significantly different (P≤0.01) between  ecotypes. Cluster analysis divided the ecotypes in two groups. Minimum Euclidean distance observed between Azerbaijan and Talish ecotypes, the smallest chromosome belonged to Mashhad and the largest chromosomes belonged to Shahroud. The most symmetric karyotype was Azerbaijan and the most asymmetric karyotype was Shahroud ecotype.

The results showed that the differences in the number of chromosomes could be explained by Robertsonian translocations. It seems that the ecotypes with 2n=2x=14 chromosomes had more antiquity, and the ecotypes with 16 chromosomes originated from them. Considering that Bojnourd ecotype with 14 chromosomes this region could be possibly in troduced as the oldest origin or nuclear center of variation for garlic in Iran. Chromosomes also differ in the size and location of the centromere, which is due to chromosomal breakdown and the formation of a new structure in their reconnections. This study revealed which ecotypes are distant among the studied ecotypes, and also showed to produce possible future hybrids, which direction will be more successful.

The aim of this study was to identify the lactic acid of the dominant bacteria in pickled garlic, using initial biochemical tests and PCR technique and to investigate their potential probiotic potential. For this purpose, to determine the probiotic potential of these isolates, some confirmatory tests including resistance to acid, resistance to simulated gastric conditions, resistance to bile salts, activity against pathogenic bacteria, susceptibility to some common antibiotics and hemolytic activity of isolates were performed. Based on BLAST results, five isolates of Lactobacillus plantarum, two isolates as Pediococcus ethanolidurans and one isolate as Lactobacillus brevis were identified. The lactic acid bacteria isolated in this study had the ability to survive at pH 2.5, grow in medium containing 0.3% bile salt, were sensitive to antibiotics and lacked hemolytic activity and therefore have probiotic properties. Supernatant of isolates of this study in high concentrations had the ability to inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria and the lethal activity against them. Finally, the isolates of this study can be added to other products in the future as a strain with probiotic potential.

Abstract
Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) (Potyvirus, Potyviridae), is one of the most important and prevalent viral pathogens of garlic (Allium sativum) causing significant yield losses worldwide. In this study, in order to identify LYSV, sampling was performed from Shushtar in Khuzestan province. For this purpose, 28 garlic leaf samples with chlorosis, mosaic and deformity were collected. Preliminary evaluation of the infection was performed using potyvirus-degenerate primers related to each of the CI (Cylindrical Inclusion) and NIb (Nuclear Inclusion body) genomic regions using RT-PCR test. Electrophoresis of PCR product on 1% agarose gel showed the presence of 700 and 350 bp fragments in 15 samples out of 28 collected samples, respectively. However, the results of nucleotide sequencing only confirmed the contamination of 3 samples out of 15 samples with LYSV. To complete the study, an isolate called LYSV-AE65 was selected and tested using two specific primer pairs for the complete sequence of CI and CP (Coat Protein) genes. The PCR product of each genome fragment was sequenced following cloning in the plasmid vector pTG19-T. In the phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequence of each of the CI and CP genes separately, no clear correlation was found between LYSV isolates similarities, their geographical origins and host range. Moreover, recombination analysis by RDP4 revealed that no potential recombination event/s happened between LYSV-AE65 from Iran with their respective isolates from NCBI in CI and CP genes. This study is the first molecular study of LYSV in Iran.

The use of essential oils and extracts of medicinal plants is one of the environmentally friendly methods in the management of plant diseases caused by fungi and bacteria. The antimicrobial effect of essential oils and extracts of various medicinal plants such as thyme, cloves, savory, garlic, licorice and fennel has been proven and their active ingredient has also been identified. Based on these studies, the possibility of introducing, formulating and using essential oils and extracts of medicinal plants or any of their components with antimicrobial properties, as an alternative method of using chemical toxins in the management of fungal and bacterial diseases of plants can be provided.

Biofertilizers are one of the most important components of organic and sustainable agriculture. The correct use of these fertilizers can increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of agricultural products, reduce the consumption of some types of chemical fertilizers and protect the environment.

In order to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on quantitative, qualitative, and chemical properties of Garlic, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 10 treatments and four replications. Treatments included nitroxin, bio-superphosphate, supernitroplas, humic acid alone and the combination of nitroxin+ bio-superphosphate, bio-superphosphate+ supernitroplas, nitroxin+ humic acid+ bio-superphosphate, bio-superphosphate+ supernitroplas+ humic acid, application of macro chemical fertilizer (N-P-K-S) and no application of fertilizer (chemical and biological) as the controls. The treatments were applied as a seed coating.

The results showed that nutrition with biofertilizers had a significant effect on plant yield, clove weight, number of cloves, bulb width, bulb length, plant height, number of leaves, contents of carbohydrate, antioxidants, phenols, and flavonoids of bulbs. Compared to the control of no fertilizer application, supernitroplas led to an increase of 22.7%, 39.3%, 25.5%, and 20.8% in the number of cloves, clove weight, bulb width, and bulb length, respectively. The average plant height in biofertilizers was 25.8% higher than the control of no fertilizer application. Supernitroplas treatment increased yield and number of leaves by 24.7% and 15.8%, respectively, compared to the control of no fertilizer application. Also, supernitroplas treatment increased the amount of antioxidants, phenols, and flavonoids by 58.8%, 62%, and 65.6%, respectively, compared to the control of no fertilizer application. In addition, supernitroplas biofertilizer resulted in a 44.5% increase in bulb carbohydrates.

Overall, since most nutrient treatments, especially supernitroplas, showed superiority in many traits over both controls (application of NPKS fertilizer and no fertilizer application), replacing biofertilizers with chemical fertilizers is highly recommended.

The use of optical sensors in assessing crop health, plant fertilizer demand, and yield prediction is the new method in the agricultural sector. Grennseeker optical sensor is one of the latest tools that has recently gotten much attention from worldwide farmers and researchers. Detailed examination of the variables mentioned above and measuring canopy coverage can improve production management and minimize input consumption. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the GS sensor's ability to assess the nutritional status and surface area of the canopy and predict the performance of the garlic crop. In this research, five N-fertilizer treatments of N0, N50, N100, N150, and N200 were applied to garlic in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The image processing results in Labview software showed that the best separation performance for the elimination of background from the canopy could be achieved with the function of G-R. The results revealed that the best correlation coefficient between NDVI and LAI was 0.69, but no significant relationship was found between N and NDVI. Finally, it can be concluded that the GS could not estimate the N level of garlic. However, it could perform well in estimating tuber yield and canopy performance  satisfactorily.

Foods that contain live probiotics and prebiotic compounds at the same time are called "synbiotics." Inulin is one of the prebiotics, the most important source of industrial extraction of which is chicory, jerusalem artichoke and garlic. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate percentages of chicory, garlic and jerusalem artichoke for the production of synbiotic herbal tea with desirable PHysicochemical, microbial and sensory properties. For the preparation of synbiotic tea, different percentages of chicory (10 and 20%), jerusalem artichoke (10 and 20%) and garlic (0.5 and 1%) were prepared. Then Lactobacillus acidoPHilus (1%) was inoculated and aqueous extraction was performed mixed with water at 55- 60 ° C for 10 minutes. The chemical properties (brix, turbidity, PH, compounds and antioxidant activity), microbial and sensory properties of the drug were investigated. Also from black cumin (0.16 g), chamomile (3 g), cinnamon (0.12 g), fennel (0.2 g), mint (3 g) and licorice (0.1 g) as The filler was used in the preparation of tea. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design with three replications, using SPSS software version 24 and the mean comparison was performed using Duncanchr  multiple range test. The results showed that with decreasing the amount of chicory, the amount of brix and the activity of probiotic bacteria increased, while decreasing the amount of pickled potatoes and garlic decreased the amount of brix and the activity of probiotic bacteria. Also, with decreasing the amount of chicory, garlic and jerusalem artichoke, the amount of turbidity, PH, antioxidant compounds and antioxidant capacity decreased. The amount of chicory, garlic and jerusalem artichoke did not affect the sensory properties  of the drinks.The treatment containing 20% chicory, 1% garlic and 20% jerusalem artichoke had the best chemical, sensory and microbial properties and was introduced as the superior treatment.

The effects of garlic (Allium sativum) as an effective indicator of hematology and blood serum indices in fingerlings farmed trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) were studied in the Shahid Motahhari Genetic and Breeding center of coldwater fishes in 2014. 5 diet treatments tested on a diet without garlic as a control, and four diets with different amounts of garlic oil (.05, 1, 1.5, 2) g per kg in three replications. Treatment was designed. 900 fingerling farmed fish with an average weight of 3.41 ± .0.01 mg for 8 weeks and were fed with prepared diets. At the end of the 8th week,  growth and blood serum indices were measured. Specific growth rate (SGR) and percentage of weight increase were affected and in all treatment were improved in comparison to control (P<0.05). The highest specific growth rate was determined in treatment 1 %. The total number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume of red blood indices in different treatments showed significant changes in fish fed the diets containing high utility plant garlic powder (P<0.05). Cholesterol showed significant difference compared to the control. Glucose showed no significant difference (P>0.05). Blood serum globulins and albumin levels in fish fed diets containing garlic powder were higher than the control group and triglyceride level increased compared to the control diet.

This study was conducted to evaluate the quantity of egg, and some blood parameters on 128 laying hens at 46 weeks of age in a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications in 12 weeks and each experimental unit contains 8 laying hens. Treatments include (1) Control diet without thyme and garlic, (2) Diet contain of thyme 0.5 percent with garlic 1 percent, (3) Diet contain of thyme 1% with garlic 1%, (4) Diet contain of thyme 1.5 percent with garlic 1 percent, in diets based on corn and soybean meal. Evaluated parameters include qualitative traits (egg weight, dense albumen height, shell percentage, and yolk height) and some blood parameters. Results of qualitative treatments showed that there experimental treatments showed significantly better albumen and yolk height than control group (P>0.05).Regarding the blood parameters of the treatments including 1 percent thyme for SOD, HDL there were significantly differences between treatments (P>0.01). There was a significant decrease in MDA between experimental treatments and it showed the lowest amount in the treatments including 1 percent of thyme (P>0.01). Results for egg quality showed there were significantly more albumen and yolk's height of experimental groups  versus control group (P > 0.05) Treatment containing the highest rate of thyme (1.5 percent) per 1 percent garlic had the lowest HDL and had significant superiority compared to other treatments (P>0.05)

Garlic( Allium Satirum L) is one of the most important agricultural products in Iran and one of the major sources of foreign exchange for the country. Due to the high waste in this product to maintain, increase shelf life, and keep its quality, it is necessary to use appropriate storage methods such as drying. In this study, a thin layer of garlic slices was dried at 50, 60, 70 ° C, and in two types of dryers (vacuum and hot air). The most suitable model was developed to describe the drying kinetics of garlic flakes as a thin layer in the temperature range and type of dryer used. Effective moisture penetration coefficient, amount of activation energy, shrinkage, water reabsorption of garlic samples were measured during the drying process. in the present study, by examining 9 different experimental models and calculating the statistical criteria of R2, RMSE, x2 between the experimental data and the results predicted by each model, the most appropriate model describing the drying kinetics of garlic thin slices was the Page model. The results showed that the effective diffusion coefficient of garlic leaf moisture for different temperatures and in two types of dryers was in the range of  1.5* 10-9 to 6.6 * 10 -9 m2/s. Changes in the moisture diffusion coefficient were described as a function of drying air temperature with Arrhenius and the amount of activation energy was calculated between 14.673 and 53.175 kJ / mol. The results also showed that the shrinkage of the product was not dependent on air temperature and the type of dryer and the water re-absorption capacity of garlic samples increased slightly by decreasing their moisture content.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the medicinal and economically important crop plants belongings to the Amaryllidaceae and is well known for its worldwide applications. It is widely used as a vegetable. In Iran despite the agricultural potential, we are still facing a garlic shortage in the market, mainly due to the high prevalence of plant diseases particularly viral infections. Most garlic plants are infected by several viruses belonging to different taxonomic groups known as “garlic viral complex”. However, Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) acts as a major element of this complex. This virus is an important and damaging potyvirus in garlic which causes mild chlorotic to bright yellow stripes on infected leaves. OYDV survives in bulbs and sets and therefore can be transmitted during vegetative reproduction. Also, the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, as well as other aphids, spreads the virus from plant to plant in a nonpersistent manner.  OYDV, RT-PCR technique is an effective analytical tool for this purpose. In Iran, for the first time, Shahraeen et al. (2008) were reported OYDV by the serological method in garlic. Afterward, Baghalian et al. (2010), studied the molecular structure of Iranian OYDV based on the coat protein gene analysis. The current study was intended to investigate the partial spreading, genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of the different OYDV isolates from garlic and comparing them with other sources of OYDV isolates available in the GenBank. In this study, we present for the first time the genome sequence of Iranian isolates of OYDV based on the CI gene. Besides, the recombination pattern of the CI gene in Iranian isolates was analyzed.

During two consecutive growing seasons of 2016-2017 and 2017-2018, a survey was conducted in some of the major areas under the cultivation of garlic in Iran (Khorasan Razavi: Mashhad, Golbahar and kadcan, Mazandaran: Sari and Babolsar, Kerman: Jiroft, Lorestan: Aleshtar and Khuzestan: Shoshtar). Leave samples with yellow striping; crinkling; dwarfing and mosaic symptoms were collected and taken to the laboratory for both sap (mechanical) and molecular tests (RT-PCR/PCR), to identify the disease cause. Total RNA was extracted from the symptomatic leaf samples using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany) and used for the reverse transcription (RT-PCR) test. Primary detection was done by RT-PCR using degenerate primer pairs (CIF/R). After performing PCR, products with 700 bp length, separated by electrophoresis in 1% agarose gel extracted and purified with the Qiaquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Germany). Then PCR products were cloned in pTG19-T Vector (Vivantis, Malaysia). The recombinant plasmids were extracted using the plasmid DNA isolation kit (Denazist, Iran) followed by sequencing (Macrogene, South Korea). Nucleotide sequence data were analyzed using Clustal Omega, MEGA 6, and RDP 4 software.

Among Iranian OYDV garlic isolates which detected in this study, seven isolates from Golbahar, kadcan, Sari, Jiroft, Aleshtar and Shoshtar with severe mosaic symptom and dwarfing were selected for sequencing and determination of their molecular and biological characteristics. Comparative analyses of the partial CI gene sequences showed that seven Iranian isolates shared 75.04-99.86% and 90.22-100% sequence identities at the nucleotide and amino acid level respectively, with different OYDV isolates available in the GenBank. Phylogenetic tree based on partial CI gene placed Iranian OYDV isolates in two varying evolutionary groups; I and II. Group, I consisted of OYDV isolates from Argentina (KF632714/KF632715), Japan (AB219833/AB219834), Australia (HQ258894/JN127342), China (AJ510223), Spain (JX429964), India (KJ451436) alongside Iranian isolates. This group is geographically heterogeneous. All these isolates in group I are isolated from the garlic host. Three Iranian isolates, IR-Kh1, IR-Kh2, and IR-Kh16, which isolated from garlic placed in subgroup I-II, along with isolates from Spain (JX429964), Australia (HQ258894), and India (KJ451436). It indicates the high degree of genetic relationship among Iranian isolates in this subgroup. However, group II, which is also divided into two subgroups, includes four Iranian garlic isolates, IR-Kh33, IR-Kh54, IR-Kh23, and IR-Kh48, and are closely related to the German (JX433020)  and Argentine (JX433019) onion isolates. Recombination analysis among Iranian and other isolates in the CI gene showed that there was no recombination in this part of the genome.

Based on the results of this study, the presence of OYDV isolates from some garlic areas of Iran was confirmed and for the first time, the molecular characteristics of the virus based on CI gene were determined. Results showed that OYDV is a dominant pathogen in the garlic field, which is highly prevalent in most sampled areas. Considering the importance of garlic in the food, pharmaceutical, and medical industries, determining the molecular characteristics of its viruses is highly important to determine an efficient control program.

Garlic (Allium sativum L) is the second most commonly used herb of alliums after onions. This plant has significant effects on lowering blood pressure, preventing atherosclerosis, reducing blood cholesterol and triglyceride and inhibiting platelet aggregation. In recent years, the increase in the yield of this product has been of interest to manufacturers of this product with respect to the preservation of qualitative characteristics, including the maximum content of nitrate. It has been shown that the absorption of nutrients in the soil affects the yield and yield components of the plant. In this regard, the timely and adequate supply of nutrients such as sulfur and nitrogen has a special role in promoting quantitative and qualitative characteristics of garlic. In order to study the effects of nitrogen and sulfur consumption on quantitative and qualitative traits of garlic, this study was conducted with 12 treatments and three replications in the form of a split plot design in two years in Agricultural Research Center of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Tehran Province which located in Varamin in Iran. Nitrogen factor was considered at four levels (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1) and sulfur at three levels (0, 500 and 1000 kg ha-1 with inoculation of Thiobacillus). Before planting, soil samples were taken from the experimental site and physical and chemical characteristics including texture, reaction, organic carbon, lime, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and iron, manganese, copper, zinc and boron were measured. Dry matter yield, number of bulbs per garlic, single plant weight, garlic weight, plant height, leaf number per plant and leaf area were recorded at the end of experiment. Garlic nitrate content and nutrient concentration in garlic leaves were also measured. Data obtained were analyzed statistically using SAS software. The effects of nitrogen and sulfur on the yield of garlic cloves, number of bulbs in cloves, cloves weights, bulbs weights, plant height, leaf area and bulb nitrate were significant as all these traits were improved. Application of 1000 kg.ha-1 of sulfur increased the garlic cloves yield by 31% compared to the control. Nitrogen consumption up to 200 kg.ha-1 increased garlic cloves yield by 58% compared to the control. The highest economic yield of garlic cloves was obtained by 1000 kg.ha-1 sulfur and 200 kg.ha-1 nitrogen, which was 104% more than control treatment. Data also showed that the effects of sulfur and nitrogen and the interaction of sulfur and nitrogen on the leaf area of the garlic plant were significant. Consumption of 1000 kg.ha-1of sulfur increased the leaf area of the garlic plant by 42% compared to the control. Nitrogen consumption up to 200 kg.ha-1 increased the leaf area of garlic plant by 39.3% compared to the control. The highest leaf area of garlic plant was obtained from 1000 kg.ha-1sulfur and 200 kg.ha-1nitrogen, which was 104% higher than control. Increase of the growth and yield of garlic was attributed to the main role of nitrogen in increasing meristematic activity, cell division, prolongation of the cell. Sulfur is one of the essential nutrients of the plant, and without sulfur, the plant does not grow and function properly. Sulfur is the fourth essential element after nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus for garlic. This element is needed in production of amine acids, such as methionine and cysteine, which are essential for the production of vitamin A, and the activation of certain enzymes. The results of studies have shown that amino acids directly or indirectly affect the physiological activity of the plant, and positively affect the growth, increase in yield and increase plant tolerance to environmental stresses. The soil reaction was affected by sulfur consumption and decreased. There was a negative correlation between soil reaction as a dependent variable (Y) and consumed sulfur as an independent variable (X), which correlated with linear relation with correlation coefficient of 0.98. Data showed that use of 1000 kg.ha-1of sulfur reduced soil reaction from 7.49 to 7.26 and increased leaf iron concentration by 88% compared to control and increased leaf zinc concentration 110% compared to control treatment. The researchers believe that sulfur oxidation and sulfuric acid production in the soil reduce soil reactions and increase the absorption capacity of phosphorus and microelements. The effect of sulfur on the concentration of leaf phosphorus was significant. The phosphorus concentration was increased significantly with sulfur application into the soil, so that 1,000 kg.ha-1 of sulfur increased the concentration of leaf phosphorus by 63% compared with the control (0.33%). Research results have shown that phosphorus absorption capacity in soil is highly dependent on soil reaction and reducing soil reaction leads to increased phosphorus absorption capacity. Researchers have reported that sulfur consumption and the production of sulfuric acid, as a result of its oxidation, reduce soil reaction and increase phosphorus availability for plants. The effect of nitrogen, sulfur and the interaction of nitrogen and sulfur on the content of garlic nitrate was significant. Garlic nitrate content decreased with application of sulfur and increased with nitrogen addition. Application of sulfur at 1000 kg.ha-1 significantly reduced garlic nitrate content by 35% compared to control. The application of 100, 200 and 300 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen increased the content of garlic nitrate 97, 210 and 308%, respectively in comparison to control. At all levels of nitrogen addition, sulfur consumption reduced the content of garlic nitrate. Garlic nitrate content decreased with application of sulfur and increased with nitrogen addition.  Sulfur application at 1000 mg.kg-1 significantly reduced garlic nitrate content by 35% compared to control (mg.kg-1). Garlic nitrate was increased by the amount of nitrogen consumed. There was a positive correlation between garlic nitrate (Y) as a dependent variable (N) and independent nitrogen (X), which correlated with linear relation with the correlation coefficient of 0.99. Researchers have argued that excessive consumption of nitrogen fertilizers is the main factor causing the accumulation of nitrate in a number of vegetables and other plants such as garlic. Based on the results of the experiment, it was concluded that nitrogen and sulfur increase the yield of garlic. Meanwhile, sulfur reduces nitrate accumulation in garlic. Sulfur consumption reduces soil pH and increases the absorption availability of micronutrients and phosphorus in the soil and causes more absorption of these elements by the plant.

Today, numerous studies are being done to replace chemicals with natural substances in order to reduce synthetic compounds in food. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important bulb vegetable because of its high concentration of allicin, flavonoids and selenium accumulation. This research was carried out to investigate the effects of two levels of mycorrhiza (inoculation and non-inoculated), three levels of selenium (0 as control, 100 and 200 mg/l) on two ecotypes (Ramhormoz and Dezful) in terms of flavonoid, allicin, daily intake of selenium and yield of garlic. The experiment was performed as factorial in the form of completely randomized design. The highest values of flavonoid (27.618 mg/g) and Allicin (5.17 mg/g) were observed in Dezful ecotype and the highest daily selenium uptake (11.08 mg/kg) was observed in Ramhormez ecotype. Mycorrhizal inoculation was significantly and positively correlated with flavonoid and garlic yield at 1% level and with allicin at 5% level, but it was reversed with daily selenium uptake (EDI) at 5 % level. Also, application of selenium fertilizer showed a positive and significant correlation with increasing daily selenium uptake and flavonoids in garlic Bulbs at 1 and 5% levels, respectively. But, it has inverse correlation with allicin content at 1 % level. Dezful ecotype had a better performance in terms of garlic weight and garlic cloves weight and there was a significant difference between two ecotypes at 1 % level. Finally, due to different effects of the treatments, if the purpose is to produce garlic enriched with Se, flavonoid or allicin, a decrease in some nutritional values and a change in ecotype must be accepted.