جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « nano-particles » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of seed priming with salicylic acid and silicon nano-particles on germination, growth and physiological properties of savory seedling under lead contamination. Seeds were pre-treated with different concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) and silicon nano- particles (0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 mM ). Then, seeds were cultured on paper towel contaminated with 0, 2, 4 and 8 mg/l of lead. Results showed that the highest seed germination percentages (74.75 %), Weight index (1403, 5) and germination rate (87.7) were obtained in seed pretreated with salicylic acid. While the highest shoot dry weight (7, 25 mg), length index (865.7) as well as prolin content and peroxidase and catalase activities were recorded in seeds pretreated with nano-silicon particles. Results also indicated that increasing lead concentration decreased seed germination rate and percentage, shoot dry weight, weight and length indices, whereas increased prolin content and enzymes activity. It can be concluded that seed pre-treatment might optimized vegetative parameters by increasing prolin content and antioxidant enzymes activity.

Peanut is one of the important legume crops and its grain rich in oil (47-53 %) and protein (25-36 %). Peanut has very high nutrient requirement, Hence, in order to evaluate the effects of Zn and Ca nano-chelates and their application methods on yield and some physiological traits in peanut, a field experiment carried out in 2016 cropping season as split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (Rasht), Iran. Nano chelate fertilizers including of Zn, Ca and Zn + Ca as main plots, the application methods of nano chelate fertilizers such as in soil, foliar spraying, integrated methods of Nano chelate fertilizers application along with no utility of fertilizers (as check) as sub plots, were comprised experimental treatments. The results showed that the effects of nano chelate fertilizers and their application methods interaction effects between them were significant for all physiological measured characteristics. Also, the highest seed yield (3070 kg/ha), biological yield (7386 kg/ha), fruit (pod) yield (4545 kg/ha) and peanut hull production (1548 kg/ha) was observed as affected by simultaneously usage of Zn and Ca nano chelate fertilizers, integrated method of the in soil utilization and foliar application of Zn and Ca nano chelate fertilizers. The greatest fresh forage and hay yield (9235 and 2345 kg/ha, respectively) was observed under simultaneously usage of Zn and Ca chelate nono fertilizers and integrated method of in soil and foliar spraying application of Zn and Ca nano chelate fertilizers. Based on results of this experiment, the application of Ca nano chelate fertilizer could improve peanut reproductive growth and Zn deficiency during reproductive growth caused to enhance hollow pod numbers due to photosynthetic capability increment in peanut plants.

IntroductionCumin is a member of Apiaceae family and annual plant which is widely cultivated in arid and semi-arid zone. Iran is one of the main producers of this plant. Water deficit is the major limiting factor in crops production. Proper nutrition management under stress conditions could partly help the plant to tolerate different stresses. Various studies were carried out to understand the effect of nanoparticles on the growth of plants. For example, Hong et al. (2005) and Yang et al. (2006) reported that a proper concentration of nano-TiO2 was found to improve the growth of spinach by promoting photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism. Iran a country with arid and semi-arid climate, always face water deficiency. Thus the aim of this research was investigate the effect of foliar application of chelate iron in common and nanoparticles forms on yield and yield components of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) under drought stress conditions.
Materials and MethodsA field experiment was conducted as a split plot in complete randomized block design with three replications in Esfahan city, during the growing season of 2015-2016. Treatments were included three irrigation intervals (5, 10 and 15 days) as main plots and Fe foliar application in four levels (control, 2 g L-1 iron chelate, 2 g L-1 Nano-iron chelate, 4 g L-1 iron chelate, 4 g L-1 nano-iron chelate). Foliar application of Fe chelate on leaves was done two times at before and after flowering stage. The plots were 16 m2 with 4 sowing rows, 4 m long. Seeds were placed at 2 to 4 cm depth in each row. All data collected were subjected of analysis of variance (ANOVA) using MSTATC software. Significant differences between means refer to the probability level of 0.05 by LSD test.
Results and DiscussionThe results indicated that drought stress decreased the investigated traits significantly but the effect of irrigation by 15 days interval was more than 10 days. Plots which irrigated by 15 days interval showed minimum height, number of umbels, number of grain per umbel, 1000-grain weight, biological and grain yield. Abd El-Kader et al, (2010) reported that decrease in fruit and seed yield of okra occurred by increasing the irrigation interval. Also the results suggested that spraying application of Fe chelate in common and Nano forms increased the yield and yield components on cumin in comparison to control. The maximum and minimum height by 27 and 21.3 cm was observed in 4 g.L-1 Nano-iron chelate and control (no spraying) treatments respectively. The mean comparison of interaction effects showed that the minimum 1000-grain weight (1.5 g), grain
(610.7 kg ha-1) and biological yield (1767 kg ha-1) was obtained in control × irrigation by 15 days interval. The maximum effects of iron chelate on increasing of traits was found by foliar application of 4 grams per liter Nano iron chelate. Liu et al, (2005) reported that Nano-Fe2O3 promoted the growth and photosynthesis of peanut. Sheykhbaglou et al, (2010) showed that application of Nano-iron oxide particles increased soybean yield. Reduction of particle size results in increased number of particles per unit of weight and specific surface area of a fertilizer that should increase contact of fertilizer with plant leading to increase in nutrient uptake. Nano-particles have high reactivity because of more specific surface area, more density of reactive areas, or increased reactivity of these areas on the particle surfaces. Below 100 nm Nano-particles could make plants use fertilizer more efficiently, reduced pollution and more environmentally friendly, dissolve in water more effectively thus increase their activities.
ConclusionsOverall, the results showed that water deficit decreased the yield and yield components of cumin but foliar application of Fe chelate in Nano and common forms increased investigated traits. The results indicated that no significant difference was observed in most of the traits between the foliar application of 2 g.L-1 Nano iron chelate and 4 g.L-1 iron chelate. Based on our results can be concluded that foliar application Fe chelate specially Nano-form can reduced stress effects on plant and finally caused increase yield and yield components.

IntroductionPlant oil is one of the basic human food needs. Due to the increasing population,increase the area under crop cultivation and enhance the performance of them is essential. Increase of oil yield is primarily associated with increase in seed yield. The importance of oil crops such as safflower has increased in recent years. Safflower has the special place in Iran because it shows high compatibility with the country's climate.
Drought stress is one of the most important environmental stresses affecting agricultural productivity around the world and may result in considerable yield reductions. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a tap-rooted annual crop which can tolerate environmental stresses including salinity and water stress. In most plants, the time during flowering to seed developments are sensitive to water deficit.
Nanoparticles can facilitate effective absorption of fertilizers at Nano scale. Furthermore nanoparticles can facilitate enhanced ability of water absorption by roots, and increase antioxidant enzyme activity such. Thus, nanoparticles can increase plant resistance against different stresses. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are used in agriculture to increase growth and yield, improve the rate of photosynthesis and reduce disease. The application of TiO2 has been found to show excellent efficacy in wheat, soybean, Lentil and spinach This study aimed to investigate the effect of foliar application of Nano Tio2 on yield and yield components of safflower genotypes under normal and low irrigation.
Materials and methodsTo study the effect of Tio2 Nano particles spraying on yield and yield components of safflower genotypes under normal and low irrigation conditions, a split factorial experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in the research field of Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, in 2014. Irrigation regime includes regular watering (irrigation after 60 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan) and low irrigation (watering until late flowering similar to normal irrigation and late flowering to maturity, irrigation after 100 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan) were considered as the main factor. Tio2 in two levels, including the use of Tio2 (0.05 percent concentration before flowering) and non-use (control) and genotypes in eight levels including Kuseh Local, Sina, Isfahan Local, Mexican 88, Faraman, Soffe, Goldasht, Mexican 11 were considered as sub-factors. In this experiment traits number of heads per plant, number of seed per head, head diameter, 1000 grain weight, harvest index and grain yield were studied.
Results and discussionThe irrigation effect was significant for traits 1000 grain weight, harvest index and grain yield. Low irrigation stress reduced the number of heads, head diameter, 1000 grain weight, harvest index, and grain yield. In other experiment water stress caused plant height, number of heads and grain yield decreasing in safflower.
The effect of Tio2 utilization was significant on head diameter, harvest index and grain yield. Tio2 increased head diameter, harvest index and grain yield as well as significantly reduced the adverse effect of low irrigation stress on head diameter. The other research results on effects of different Nano titanium dioxide concentrations (0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 percent) and titanium dioxide (bulk) spray treatment on barley plants showed that traits of grain yield, number of ears and harvest index in all treatments of Nano titanium dioxide application were more effective than the control treatment. The Irrigation and Nano Tio2 interaction effect was significant for grain yield. Nano Tio2 particles increased grain yield only in normal irrigation. Nano-titanium dioxide is likely to increase grain yield through improving light absorption and increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis. Genotype differences for all traits except head diameter were significant. Although the highest grain yield was obtained from Faraman, Sina and Isfahan Local were not significantly different from Faraman. The lowest grain yield was belonged to Mexican 11 and Mexican 88.
ConclusionsThe results demonstrated that low irrigation stress caused significant reduction in 1000 grain weight, harvest index and grain yield. The seed weight is an important component of yield and due to decreasing in seed weight grain yield decreased. The adverse effect of stress on head number, reduced by application of Tio2 although, Tio2 effect was not significant for other traits in stress condition. The plant growth stage and concentration of Tio2 are also important and they are different for different plants or even for different characteristics. Generally, Faraman, Sina, Isfahan Local had the highest performance in Qazvin climate.

Although silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in the earth’s crust and its content in plants often reaches values of macronutrients, it is not listed among plant essential elements. However, the beneficial effects of Si in alleviation of various kinds of biotic stresses are well known. Concerning biotic stress, Si enhances, for instance, the resistance of plants to the pathogenic fungi, and it protects plants against and various kinds of insects. Silicon can also mitigate abiotic stresses in plants. Silicon can also reduce the negative effects of some toxic metals in plant species. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most dangerous toxic metals for living organisms. It is a hazardous contaminant of food and through the food chains enters the human body as a cumulative poison. Contamination of agricultural soils by Cd represents a serious. Environmental problem in many countries and ranks high in food safety issues. Silicon was recently described as an effective substance for alleviation of Cd toxicity in some plants. The use of nano-compound material has given a lot of attention by the agricultural researchers, especially by those investigating seed characteristics, although their exact mechanisms of actions are not well understood. Nanomaterials, because of their tiny size, show unique characteristics. For example, they can change physico-chemical properties compared to bulk materials. They have greater surface area than bulk materials, and due to this larger surface area, their solubility and surface reactivity tend to be higher.
This experiment was conducted in an environmentally controlled Research greenhouse in Department of Agronomy, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Corn (SC 704) seeds were germinated in a soil less growing system in cocopite. When the seedlings were at the two leaves stage of growth, they were transplanted hydroponic culture. Experiment was carried out as a factorial based using completely randomized design with four replications the. Treatments were included cadmium (CdSO4) stress levels (Zero, 50 and 100 μmol l-1) and sodium silicate treatments (control (Zero), Nano and micro particles with 2 mM concentration).
The results showed that the effects of sodium silicate, cadmium and their interactions on membrane stability index, specific leaf area, stomatal conductance, Fv/Fm, height, stem diameter, leaf area, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and shoot to root weight ratio was significant. But interaction between cadmium and sodium silicate on relative water content and leaf chlorophyll index was not significant. By increasing of Cd concentration, membrane stability index, chlorophyll index, Fv/Fm, relative water content, specific leaf area, stomatal conductance, height, stem diameter, leaf area, shoot dry weight and root dry weight trials reduced compared to control significantly. In no cadmium condition, sodium silicate nano-particles application reduced height, stem diameter, leaf area and shoot dry weight 12.8, 9, 34.2 and 23.2% compared to control, respectively. In contrast, using of micro particles in non-stress condition, had a positive effect on above mentioned traits. But in 50 μmol l-1 Cd, nano-particles increased membrane stability index, specific leaf area, stomatal conductance, stem diameter and shoot dry weight trials, significantly. At highest concentration of cadmium, effect of micro particles on membrane stability index, stomatal conductance and shoot to root was higher than nano-particles. Also, using of nano particles had a positive effect on above mentioned traits in Cd stress condition. In general, application of nano particles in non-cadmium stress conditions had phytotoxicity effects on corn and only in cadmium stress condition, the effect of these particles showed their positive effect.
In general, silicon nanoparticles were only beneficial effect of cadmium stress. Hence, the use of sodium silicate nanoparticles of was possible only in conditions of cadmium stress.

To study the effects of bio fertilizers and Nano zinc and their interactions on yield and yield components, this survey was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2013 at Natural Resource Research Institute in Damavand city. In this experiment factors including biological fertilizer and chemical fertilizers at four levels including control or without the use of chemical and bio fertilizers, bio fertilizers application only(Nitragin),applying chemical fertilizers(100%dose) recommended based on soil test, chemical fertilizer(75%dose) recommended based on soil test and bio fertilizers (Nitragin) application and zinc fertilizer treatment including three levels control or no application zinc ,application of chelated zinc and application of Nano zinc respectively. The results showed the impact of bio fertilizers combined with chemical fertilizer was significant in all traits. Between chemical and bio fertilizers levels, 75% chemical fertilizer nitragin had the highest number of seeds per row, grain yield and biological yield and had the greatest impact than the other levels. The results showed the impact of zinc fertilizer on the number of rows, grain yield and biological yield was significant. Also interaction effects of treatments on number of seeds per row and biological yield were significant. The results of this study indicate that the use of bio fertilizers in combination with chemical fertilizers on improve the yield and yield components of maize and also in order to sustain production and environmental protection had a positive impact and it seems bio fertilizers are a suitable alternative for chemical fertilizers.

In order to investigate the effect of vermicompost and nano Iron Fertilizer on maximizing yield of grain corn (Zea mays L.) a farm experiment was conducted in a factorial based on completely randomized blocks design in three repetitions in 2013, in Damavand. The first factor of vermicompost in two levels including control and applying vermicompost (5 t.ha-1) and the second factor of nano fertilizer of iron levels including control, applying of fertilizer as seed covered, foliar application and seed covered and foliar application. The result showed that except the number of row per silk ,all traits significantly affected by applying Vermicompost and iron nano fertilizer. Means comparison showed that traits such as height of stem, the number of row per silk, the number of seed per row, seed1000 weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index significantly increased by applying vermicompost and iron nano-fertilizer. Interaction effects of vermicompost and iron nano fertilizer were significant for stem height, yield. Meaning comparisons showed that application of vermicompost caused to reach the best result for investigated traits with iron nano fertilizer as seed covered and foliar application.

In order to investigate effects of salinity stress and foliar application with Nano-Zinc oxide on yield per plant and some morphophysiological traits of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted under controlled conditions in 2012. Experimental factors were included soil salinity in four levels (zero, 25, 50 and 75 mM) with NaCl and foliar application of Nano-Zinc oxide at four levels (zero as control, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 g l-1). The results showed that increasing of salinity stress decreased yield, grain filling period, chlorophyll content and stomata conductivity. It was vise versa in foliar application of Nano-Zinc oxide. Increasing of soil salinity and no foliar application increased dry matter remobilization. Maximum of dry matter remobilization from stem and aerial vegetative organs (0.445 and 0.199 g per plant respectively) was obtained in salinity of 75 Mm and no foliar application of Nano-Zinc oxide. Results showed that maximum of yield per plant (1.22 g), grain filling period (30.67 days), chlorophyll content (53.2) and stomata conductance (23.7 mmol m-2.s-1) were obtained in 0.75 g l-1 of Nano-Zinc oxide and without of salinity application and minimum were obtained in no foliar application and salinity of 75 Mm. In general, the results showed that is useful foliar application of 0.75 g/lit of Nano-Zinc oxide in order to increasing of yield under salinity condition.

Effect of nano titanium oxide، nano zinc and multiwall carbon nano tube on yield and yield components of green gram was carried out in Kohkiloyeh-Boyrahmad province، Iran with 30 degrees 45'' N and 50 degrees 44'' in 2013 growing seasons. The experiment was arranged as factorial in a completely randomize block design with three replications، treatments including: four concentrations (zero، 50، 100 and 200 mg/l) of above nano particles، were spraying on green gram plants at 4-2 leaf، 8-6 leaf stages and pod stage. The results showed all of nano particle treatments had significant effect on some yield components of green gram plants. Concentrations of multiple carbon nano tube at 50، 100 and 200 mg/l had significant effect on number of pod/plant، seed thousand weight and biological yield، also nano titanium oxide at 50 mg/l had positive effect on grain yield. The harvest index، the number of grain/pod and seed protein percent was higher under 50 and 200 mg/l of nano zinc treatments. In conclusion، the spraying of 50 mg/l of above nano particles had the highest effect on yield and its components of green gram.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of foliar application of ordinary and nano-particles of zinc and iron oxide on the responses of two wheat cultivars (kavir and Tajan) to three levels of salinity (0, 75 and 150 mmol kcal). The experiment was arranged as factorial in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plant height, leaf area, shoot and root dry weight, photochemical efficiency, the concentration of K, Fe and Zn in shoots was decreased, while the concentration of Na and the Na/K ratio was increased under saline conditions. Foliar application of iron and zinc had significant positive effects on leaf area, shoot dry weight, photochemical efficiency and the concentration of Fe and Zn in shoots. The extent of the positive effects of Fe and Zn on the concentration of Fe and Zn was more for nano compared to ordinary form of these elements. The increase in the Na/K ratio under saline condition was greater in sensitive (Tagan) than in tolerant (Kavir) cultivar. The positive effect of foliar application was more pronounced under saline than under non-saline condition. The concentration of Fe in shoots was more for nano than for ordinary form of Fe. The response of Kavir was more positive compared to Tajan to the application of nano form of Iron Oxide. The results showed that the effects of foliar application of nano particles of iron and zinc oxide on wheat may be superior compare to the ordinary forms, however, the application of nano particles of these compounds had no advantage in terms of the alleviation of the salinity Effects.

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of foliar application of nano-particles and ordinary bulk materials of zinc and iron oxide was studied in two corn genotypes (S. C 704 and seed mass) in different soil salinity (0،75،150 mM NaCl). The experiment was arranged as factorial in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The results showed that in saline condition Leaf area، shoot and root dry matter، photochemical efficiency، the concentration of K، Fe and Zn in shoot decreased and that of Na and the Na/K ratio increased under saline condition. The interactions of salinity and genotype were significant on leaf area، shoot and root dry matter، Na/K ratio and photochemical efficiency. The application of nano-particles of iron and zinc oxide increased shoot dry matter to a greater degree as compared with ordinary bulk materials. Under saline condition، the application of iron oxide in the form of nano-particles had higher effect on iron uptake by corn plants. However، with an increase in salinity level the superiority of nano form decreased. The application of Nano-particles of iron and zinc as compared to ordinary bulk materials was more effective in alleviating the negative effects of salt stress on the accumulation of zinc in tested plants. This was not evidence in terms of iron accumulation. The results from this experiment showed that the application of nano-particles of iron and zinc promoted plant growth to a greater degree in comparison to ordinary materials of these nutrients. However، the application of nano particles had no advantage in alleviating the effects of salinity on plant growth.