جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « prolin » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

Use of biochare and folic acid in a lawns bed can be used as a method for reducing water consumption and also reducing the cost of maintaining green space. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of folic acid and biochare composition on sport lawns under drought stress conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of folic acid and biochare composition on sport lawns under drought stress conditions.

For this purpose, two substances of folic acid (0, 250 and 500 mg L-1) and biochar (0, 20 and 40 g kg-1) after water stress were used at two levels of 100 (full irrigation) and 50 (drought) field capacity percentages. The traits of perspective quality (density, color, texture and coverage), chlorophyll, prolin and N, P, Ca and P elements were measured after the drought stress application. This research was carried out as factorial in a completely randomized design at department of Horticultural Science and Engineering of Arak University in 2018.

The application of biochar at 20 g kg-1 concentrations increased the cover surface in sport turfgrass. It was also determined that drought stress reduced the qualitative characteristics of color, density, texture and coverage, but increased nitrogen levels in the sports turfgrass. In this research, the reduced amount of potassium of leaf tissues by biochar application under drought stress was observed. Although, the increasing of potassium content was observed by using of folic acid treatment under drought stress. Biochar alone at a concentration of 20 g kg-1 increased the amount of grass cover compared to the control. However, the use of biochar in drought stress conditions did not have a positive effect on the studied traits and it even caused a 50% decrease in the amount of potassium under drought stress. In this test, drought stress reduced the characteristics of sports turfgrass, including color, density, texture, and coverage. The use of folic acid under drought stress conditions caused an increase in nitrogen and potassium levels in the studied turfgrass species. However, without the application of folic acid in combination with a concentration of 40 g kg-1 of biochar caused an increase in the amount of calcium compared to the control. When biochar and folic acid were used simultaneously under drought stress conditions, the amount of phosphorus increased compared to the control. Although biochar had a positive effect on the quality of the sports grass coverage, it did not have much effect on increasing the absorption of elements under drought stress. Therefore, the amount of 20 grams of biochar per kilogram of soil is recommended. However, folic acid had positive effect on the quality of the sports grass coverage and increasing the absorption of nutrients under drought stress. Therefore, the concentration of 250 mgL-1 of folic acid is the optimal and effective concentration that is suggested in this research. In general, folic acid is a natural tampon and a suitable chelator with high ion exchange capacity, which increases the absorption of mineral elements in plants and also increases the quality and quantity.

Rice is one of the important crops that is sensitive to salinity stress, especially in the early stages of growth. Today, the use of plant growth regulators such as salicylic acid has made plants resistant to environmental stresses such as salinity.The purpose of this research was to study the effect of salicylic acid application on some morphological and biochemical characteristics of rice plants under salt stress. For this purpose, factorial plant stabilization based on completely random design with 5 levels of salinity (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mM sodium chloride) and 3 levels of salicylic acid (0, 0.5, 1 mM) was performed in 3 repetitions. The measured traits included germination percentage, length of shoot and root, amount of total protein, malondialdehyde, proline and activity of some antioxidant enzymes. The results of this research showed that salinity caused a significant decrease in germination percentage, stem and root length, and decreased protein activity, while in plants treated with salicylic acid, the amount of this reduction is moderated. The highest germination percentage was observed in control and 25mM salt stress treatment and decreased by increasing salt treatment up to 100 mM treatment. The highest shoot length observed in 25 mM salt with salicylic acid in 0.5 mM concentration. The highest and the lowest root length derived by 75mM salt stress with 1mM salicylic acid and 100 mM salt stress without any salicylic acid treatments respectively. Protein measurement in different treatment indicated that increasing of salt stress cause decreasing the leaf protein content especially in 100 mM salt concentration. In all salt treatments, salicylic acid increased the leaf protein content, and raising the salicylic acid from 0 to 1 mM cause increasing the leaf protein content. The highest leaf protein content was measured in without salt treatment with 1mM salicylic acid. Salt stress caused rising the malondialdehyde content in 100 mM salt treatment rather than other treatments, but salicylic acid application in 0.5 and 1 mM concentration decreased it. On the other hand, the increase in the amount of biochemical traits including proline, antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase) shows the role of one millimolar salicylic acid consumption in increasing the tolerance of this plant against salt stress. While the salinity stress, the activity of malondialdehyde, the activity of the antioxidant enzyme (catalase) increased, the use of salicylic acid reduces the oxidative stress by reducing the activity of these traits, which increases the resistance of the plant under stress.

Beans are one of the most important food sources in many parts of the world due to their high protein content. According to geographical conditions, drought stress in Iran is one of the most important threats to agricultural products. Disruption of photosynthesis, destruction of cell structures, reduction of stomatal conductance and plant growth are among the effects of drought stress. Today, the use of biofertilizers based on soil microorganisms is one of the main goals of sustainable agriculture to improve plant condition. In addition to improving soil structure, biofertilizers improve plant growth and yield under stress conditions by increasing root morphology, increasing nutrient uptake and increasing antioxidant power. Due to the negative effect of drought stress on crop yield, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on physiological characteristics and grain yield of red beans in different irrigation regimes.

  This experiment was performed as a split plot base on randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Yasouj University in 2016. Experimental treatments include irrigation at three levels (normal irrigation, irrigation cut-off at the beginning of flowering to the beginning of podding and irrigation cut-off at the beginning of podding to maturity) and biofertilizer at four levels (control (no application) Biofertilizer (application of mycorrhiza fungus, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and combined application of mycorrhizal fungus and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria). The red bean seed (phaseolus vulgaris) used in this experiment was a Derakhshan cultivar and the mycorrhizal fungus used was Funneliformis mosseae. Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (Phosphate barvar2) base on Pseudomonas putida Strain P13 and Pantoea agglomerans Strain P5 were used as seed inoculation at planting time. Sampling was done randomly at the beginning of podding stage and in the middle of grain filling with respect to the marginal effect in each block in order to measure percentage of electrolyte leakage, leaf relative water content (RWC), content of photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, proline and malondialdehyde (MDA).

  The results showed that different levels of irrigation were significant for traits such as RWC, electrolyte leakage percentage, MDA content, leaf proline content, leaf protein, soluble sugar concentration, total chlorophyll content and carotenoids. The effect of biofertilizer was significant on all traits except the RWC. It should be noted that the interaction of irrigation and biofertilizer was not significant on any of the studied physiological traits except for MDA. Irrigation levels and application of biofertilizers also had a significant effect on grain yield, the combination of both biofertilizers was very effective on grain yield, especially in stress conditions. The grain yield was more than control in the case of irrigation cut-off in the flowering stage and in the case of irrigation cut-off in the stage of podding to maturity by 45 and 38%, respectively.

The results of this experiment showed that drought stress in the form of irrigation cut-off reduced the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, increased the levels of physiological degradation and thus reduced the grain yield of red beans. In conditions of drought stress application of mycorrhiza biofertilizers and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria, by reducing the damage caused by drought stress, prevented the reduction of bean yield. Also, the application of biofertilizers in normal conditions significantly increased the yield of red beans.

 Abiotic stresses, especially drought, have a negative effect on crop growth and production. Plants display a variety of hysiological and biochemical responses both at the cellular and whole organism level upon sensing drought stress. Drought tolerance levels and antioxidant protection mechanisms were evaluated for 41 mutant genotypes seedlings (M3) induced of the ethyl methanesulfonate on Hashemi rice cultivar.

Drought was imposed in hydroponic culture with polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) at the level of -10 bar using factorial experiment as completely randomized design. In this experiment the morphological characteristics of relative humidity content, electrolyte leakage, proline and antioxidant enzymes were investigated.

 All the studied genotypes showed apparent decreases in growth characteristics under drought stress. Based on different morpho- physiological parameters, two genotypes M29 and M122 were identified as promising drought tolerant mutant genotypes. They exhibited the maximum increase in root length without any significant changes in its root weight and root volume compared with the parent under stress and also showed better performance for various physiological parameters such as relative water content, cell membrane stability and proline content upon water stress under hydroponic conditions. Concomitantly, the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase in the drought-tolerant mutant genotypes increased markedly during drought stress, while decreased by drought stress in the drought sensitive mutant genotypes. Also, M31 and M106 mutant genotypes were introduced as the most susceptible genotype with minimum performance at stress level.

 In this study it was found, proline accumulation, increase of root biomass, increase of membrane stability and antioxidant enzymes such as POX, APX and CAT during water stress are contributing to drought tolerance conditions and could be used in screening for drought tolerance. The mutant genotypes identified in this study will be useful for further dissection of water stress tolerance in rice.

Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is an herbaceous annual plant belongs to Cannabacea Family. (Ahmad et al., 2008). The resistance to water shortage, the ability to grow in different climatic conditions, and great genetic diversity are features of this plant (Amaducci et al., 2008). Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses limiting crop production worldwide and has adverse effects on plant growth, development, which may result in decreased chlorophyll a and b and increased proline content of leaf (Lum et al., 2014; Karimi et al., 2016). Plants generally adapt to drought stress by inducing a variety of physiological, biochemical, and morphological responses, and each of these factors can be effective in introducing drought tolerant cultivars. Among the physiological properties, leaf water condition, membrane stability, photosynthetic changes and related factors are of great importance (Farooq et al., 2009). Considering the pharmaceutical and industrial importance of cannabis, this study was conducted to identify the drought tolerant and sensitive ecotypes of cannabis based on physiological responses.

This study was done in research greenhouse of University of Tehran, Iran, from February to July 2017 on the base of factorial experiment in as a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The first factor consisted of three soil moisture levels [100% (normal irrigation), 75% (mild drought stress), and 50% (serve drought stress)] of field capacity (FC). Also, the 12 Iranian ecotypes of cannabis were the second factor where collected from different geographical regions of Iran including Urmia, Tabriz, Sanandaj, Dasht-e-Moghan, Rasht, Khomein, Daran, Qom, Shahrood, Kerman, Tabas, and Saravan. The seedlings thinning was done at 3-4 leaf pairs stage and four plants were maintained in each pot. At the time point of sex determination of plants, one female plant was kept for future study. The irrigation was done uniformly to all pots until the emergence of fifth pair of leaves and afterwards, irrigation treatments were applied. During applying irrigation treatments, the soil humidity of the pots was measured before each irrigation cycle. Relative water content, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content and carotenoid pigments, proline content, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes were measured at full flowering period - early fruiting. The analyses of variance of obtained data were down using SAS software (v.9.2) and Duncan's multiple ranges test was used for comparing the averages at the significance level of α = 0.05.

The results showed that the highest value of relative water content was obtained from the normal irrigation, which was 77.21% and was reduced to 16.70 and 31.13% under mild and serve drought stress, respectively. Interaction effect of Irrigation levels and ecotypes showed that Urmia ecotype had the highest value of relative water content in normal irrigation treatment, and Tabriz ecotype had lowest value of this parameter in severe drought stress. The electrolyte leakage Index was decreased by 10.54 and 24.11% at mild and severe drought stress, compared to normal irrigation, respectively. The highest value of electrolyte leakage was obtained from Tabriz ecotype in severe drought stress, and the lowest value of this parameter was obtained from Tabas and Saravan ecotypes in normal irrigation treatment. The highest values of chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content were obtained for Tabas and Urmia ecotypes with 0.61 and 2.25 (mg.g-1 fw), respectively, at normal irrigation treatment. The lowest values of this parameters were obtained for Tabriz and Dasht-e-Moghan ecotypes with 0.17 and 0.84 (mg.g-1 fw), respectively, in severe drought stress. Water deficit decreased 28.12% of carotenoid pigments at severe drought stress compared to normal irrigation, and it increased values of proline, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes with 47.06, 29.18 and 22.78 (%) respectively, at severe drought stress compared to normal condition. The highest values of carotenoid pigments, proline, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes were observed in the ecotypes of Tabas, Urmia, Qom and Urmia [0.79 (mg.g-1 fw), 1.27 (mg.g-1fw), 0.0820 and 0.5800(Mc.min-1 mg-1 pro), respectively], and the lowest values of them were obtained for Tabriz, Dasht-e-Moghan, Khomein and Rasht ecotypes [0.34 (mg.g-1fw),0.48 (mg.g-1 fw), 0.0396 and 0.2744 (Mc.min-1 mg-1 pro), respectively].

The results of this study showed that Tabas ecotype had a significant advantage in maintaining relative water content, maintaining chlorophyll content and maintaining membrane stability. The Tabriz Ecotype is the most sensitive ecotype for drought conditions. Because it lost the most values of the relative water content, chlorophyll content and membrane stability in stress condition compared to other ecotypes. Therefore, it can be concluded that the physiological parameters measured under drought stress conditions can be used as a criterion for the identification of tolerant and sensitive ecotypes.

This study was carried out in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Sarableh Agriculture Research Station in Ilam. Irrigation and non-irrigation (rainfed cultivation) were assigned to the main plots and 20 wheat genotypes to the sub plots. The amount of total SOD, CAT, and APX activities, RWC, prolin and yield were measured. Irrigated condition showed a significant difference effect on grain yield, yield, 1000 grain weight, grain number per spike, relative leaf water content, prolin content and anti-oxidant enzymes activities. Relative water content of leaves decreased by 33% and 21% compared to optimal irrigation conditions in the first and second years of experiment, respectively. Prolin content increased by 81% in rainfed conditions. Catalase, Superoxide Dismutase and Ascorbate peroxidase activities were also increased under rainfed condition. Significant variation was observed among genotypes for traits under study and the rate of variation of traits under dryland conditions was not similar for different genotypes. Cultivation under rainfed conditions decreased grain number per spike (24%) and grain weight per spike (16%). Cultivation under rainfed conditions reduced grain yield by 29 and 41% in the first and second year, respectively. But, the percentage of yield losses in both two years of experiment were not similar for different genotypes. The results showed that the rainfed condition affected the crop yield, and all of traits under experiment. Thus, the means of traits of genotypes under irrigated and rainfed conditions were significantly different. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase), relative water content of leaf and proline percentages in rainfed conditions were significantly increased as compared to irrigated condition.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the important legume crops and Globally, after beans )Phaseolus spp(., chickpea is ranked as a second important legume crop (Roy et al., 2010). Chickpea is an important source of proteins for human consumption, especially in the developing countries where people cannot provide animal protein or vegetarian by choice (Zaccardelli et al., 2013). Chickpea plays an important role in the maintenance of soil fertility through nitrogen fixation (Roy et al., 2010). Plants are exposed to wide range of environmental stresses. In among, Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses causing severe impact on crop production worldwide(Rasool et al., 2012).chickpea is a salt sensitive pulse crop and its yield is seriously affected mainly by salts (Turner et al., 2013). Salinity stress in chickpea adversely affects several morphological features and physiological processes like reduction in growth and ion balance, water status, photosynthesis, increase in hydrogen peroxide, which causes lipid per oxidation and consequently membrane injury. Also proline and carbohydrates are accumulated in plant tissue (Flowers et al., 2010; Ashraf and Harris, 2004). This study is designed to determine the effect of salt stress on physiological and biochemical parameters in chickpea genotypes exhibiting differences in salinity tolerance. The results of this study could provide information on potential physiological and biochemical parameters and could also provide deeper intelligence into tolerance mechanisms than the stresses caused by salinity.

This experiment was conducted as split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018 at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Salinity with two levels of 0.5 and 8 dSm-1 (NaCl) was considered as main plot and chickpea genotype (17 Kabuli-type genotypes) as sub-plot. The characteristics such as soluble carbohydrates, proline, osmotic potential, MDA, DPPH, relative water content, MSI%, were evaluated in 50% of flowering. At the end of the growing season, crop was harvested and seed yield were determined.

The highest proline and carbohydrates content was observed in MCC65, MCC92 and MCC95 genotypes, and the lowest in MCC12 genotype. Result salinity stress caused increased 24, 19 and 19 % in the amount of osmotic potential, MDA and DPPH. Relative leaf water content and membrane stability was showen respectively 10 and 13 % reduction by use salinity stress. Survival percentage, number of branches and canopy height had reduction 6, 22 and 57. MCC65, MCC92 and MCC95 genotypes respectively by 0.183, 0.193 and 0.181 (Kg.m-2) had the highest seed yield and MCC98 and MCC298 had the lowest seed yield. The MCC65, MCC95 and MCC92 genotypes had superior traits, including performance in stress conditions compared to other genotypes, and on the other hand, the MCC98 and MCC298 genotypes had the lowest performance. Among 17 chickpea genotypes, the highest sodium content belonged to MCC95 genotype with 9.5 (mg.g.dw-1) weight and the lowest sodium MCC65 genotype with 5.8 (mg.g-1dw). MCC65 had the highest potassium in non-stress and MCC95 had the highest potassium in salinity stress.

The MCC65, MCC95 and MCC92 genotypes had superior traits, including performance in stress conditions compared to other genotypes, and on the other hand, the MCC98 and MCC298 genotypes had the lowest performance. Finally, further study in relation to the top three genotypes in salinity stress conditions is proposed to identify stress tolerance mechanisms as well as infrastructure as breeding programs.

Wheat is the most important agricultural product in the world and plays an important role in ensuring human food security. According to the fact that Wheat is planted after Quinoa, it is feared that the presence of Quinoa in Wheat cultivation may cause negative allelopathic effects. To investigate the effect of aqueous extract of Quinoa on seed germination and early growth of Wheat seedling, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications was conducted at Seed Technology Laboratory of Shahed University of Agriculture, Tehran, Iran. Experimental factors included organ type (inflorescence, leaf, stem and root) and aqueous extract concentration of Quinoa (0, 5, 25, 50, 75 and 100%). In this experiment traits such as germination percentage, shoot length, root length, plantlet length, plantlet dry weight, relative water content, alpha-amylase activity, soluble sugar content, total phenol and proline of Wheat seedling were studied. The results showed that low concentrations of the extract of Quinoa (5 and 25%) had not only negative effects on germination percentage, plantlet length, dry weight and relative water content of Wheat, but even improved these traits. High concentrations of the extract had negative effects on morphological traits. The negative effects of leaf and inflorescence extracts were more than the effects of stem and root extracts. Application of different extracts of Quinoa reduced the activity of alpha-amylase and increased soluble sugar, total phenol and amino acid proline in wheat plantlet.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of seed priming with salicylic acid and silicon nano-particles on germination, growth and physiological properties of savory seedling under lead contamination. Seeds were pre-treated with different concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) and silicon nano- particles (0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 mM ). Then, seeds were cultured on paper towel contaminated with 0, 2, 4 and 8 mg/l of lead. Results showed that the highest seed germination percentages (74.75 %), Weight index (1403, 5) and germination rate (87.7) were obtained in seed pretreated with salicylic acid. While the highest shoot dry weight (7, 25 mg), length index (865.7) as well as prolin content and peroxidase and catalase activities were recorded in seeds pretreated with nano-silicon particles. Results also indicated that increasing lead concentration decreased seed germination rate and percentage, shoot dry weight, weight and length indices, whereas increased prolin content and enzymes activity. It can be concluded that seed pre-treatment might optimized vegetative parameters by increasing prolin content and antioxidant enzymes activity.

Tobacco cultivation is commonly used as a specialized product in Mazandaran province and has achievements for employment, income, and livelihood of villagers in the region. Investigation the status of tobacco cultivation in this province in recent years has shown the cultivation of this product with many challenges which has reduced tobacco production in Mazandaran province (Iranian Tobacco Company, 2016). According to the official statistics released by Iranian Tobacco Company, the tobacco cultivation area in Iran is over 6,000 hectares and tobacco production is about 9,000 tons (Iranian Tobacco Company, 2016). Mazandaran province with 1,000 hectares of tobacco cultivation in 2014 has a first rank in Iran (Iranian Tobacco Company, 2016). The same amount is predicted for 2016. The use of chemical fertilizers in agro-ecosystems not only damages the physical, chemical and biological structure of the soil, but also greatly affects the quality of the product and also has adverse environmental effects. Considering the importance of organic manures in the growth and increase of crops’ qualitative and quantitative yield and protection of environment, it is necessary to use organic manures in growing tobacco; this research actually seeks answers for different aspects of applying organic manure (poultry and cow) with the purpose of investigating the effect of different resources of chemical and organic manures in the two rain-fed and chemical conditions on the qualitative and quantitative yield of greenhouse tobacco.

The study was conducted in the Tirtash Research and Educational Center, Mazandaran Province, Iran in 2015. This experiment was carried out based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications under rain-fed and irrigated conditions for flue-cured tobacco K326 in Tirtash Research and Educational Center in 2015. Fertilizer treatment chosen as eight levels which includes: control (non-consumption); application of 100% recommended fertilizer; application of 10 ton cow manure per hectare; application of 30 ton cow manure per hectare; application of 450 kg poultry manure per hectare; application of 650 kg poultry manure per hectare; application of 850 kg poultry manure per hectare and application of 650 kg poultry manure per hectare plus 150 kg potassium sulfate per hectare. After normalization, the data analyzed by the SAS statistical software and the comparison of averages were calculated by Duncan tests at a 5% probability level.

Result showed that yield and economical under rainfed and irrigated conditions indices got significant effect by fertilizer treatment. Nitrogen and phosphorous concentration, protein percentage was significant only in rainfed condition and color concentration got significant effect under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Physiological indices including relative water content, cytoplasmic membrane and extinction coefficient under rainfed and irrigated conditions were significant by fertilizer treatments, but prolin and percentage of non-soluble sugar got significant effect by rainfed condition. In rainfed condition the highest yield and net income were achieved with application of 650 kg poultry manure per hectare plus 150 kg potassium sulfate per hectare treatment. The most extinction coefficient was related to application of 450 kg poultry manure per hectare. For relative water content the best treatment was application of 30 ton cow manure per hectare. In irrigated condition maximum fresh leaf weight and yield was obtained by application of 30 ton cow manure per hectare and application of 100% recommended fertilizer. In attention to finding results, the most net income was observed by application of 10 ton cow manure per hectare.

Therefore, in terms of economic issues in irrigated condition the best treatment was application of 10 ton cow manure per hectare. According to finding, the best treatment under rainfed and irrigated conditions was application of 650 kg poultry manure per hectare plus 150 kg potassium sulfate per hectare treatment that caused the highest quantitative and qualitative yield.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic growth Stimulator on growth and yield of rapeseed (Dalgan cultivar) under drought in university of Zabol (Chahnime) during 2017as split plot design based on RCBD with three replications. The treatments consisted of irrigation cut off levels based on the phenological growth stages (Sylvester-Bradley encoding system): I1 = control (complete irrigation), I2 = irrigation up to stage the growth rate code is 2.20 (twenty internally identified) and I3 = irrigation to stage the growth rate code is 5.9 (all pods are more than 2 cm long) and subsidiary factor consists of four levels of fertilizer : F1 = control (pure water solution), F2 = Hamoon Green 1 liter at 10 liter + calcium, F3 = Hamoon Green 1 L at 20 liter + calcium, F4 = Hamoon Green 1 liter at 30 liter + Calcium. The results showed that I2 caused a significant decrease in plant height, stem diameter, number of pods, number of seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight, grain and biological yield and oil percentage, and also F2 increased the above traits except the percentage of oil. Interaction effects showed that the highest amount of chlorophyll a, b, total, carotenoid, selenium and calcium content of grain obtained from I1F2. The highest amount of proline in I2F2 observed. The highest of these traits was obtained from F2. Generally, spraying of the organic growth stimulator can be moderates the harmful effects of drought stress in rapeseed and 27% improved seed yield.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid on physiological characteristics of safflower (Sofeh cv.) under salinity stress, a pot experiment was conducted in research greenhouse of agronomy and plant breeding department of Yasouj university in 2012. This experiment was carried out as a factorial in based on completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors consisted of salinity with three levels (0, 90 and 180mM NaCl) and foliar application with five levels including salicylic acid (0.5 and 1mM), ascorbic acid (200 and 400ppm)and control (without foliar application). The results indicated that increasing the salt concentration (Sodium chloride) lead to decreased total chlorophyll content, relative water content and potassium of leaf and increased prolin, soluble carbohydrate, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehid and sodium of leaf. Foliar application of 400 ppm ascorbic acid and 0.5 and 1mM salicylic acid increased prolin, soluble carbohydrate, chlorophyll and potassium of leaf and decreased electrolyte leakage, malondialdehid and sodium of leaf significantly but it had not effect on relative water content of leaf. Based on obtained result can stated that foliar by salicylic acid and ascorbic acid via increasing prolin and soluble carbohydrate and also decresed electrolyte leakage and sodium of leaf caused moderate the adverse effects of salinity stress on the safflower.

In order to study the effects of water deficit stress on reduction of quality traits of Vigna Radiata (Parto variety) under iron and manganese nano-chelate foliar application, an experiment was conducted as split - plot management in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2013-2014 in the Research Farm of Agricultural College, Tarbiat Modares University. Experimental treatments in main plots were three levels of Irrigation regime and in subplots were 10 levels of foliar application at withholding irrigation stage. The results showed that water deficit and iron and manganese nano-chelate foliar application were significant for the most of plant traits at 1% probability level. Water deficit stress reduced all of the studied traits except carotenoid pigment content and proline. Also chlorophyll content and carotenoid were increased by foliar application of iron and manganese nano-chelate at both vegetative and reproductive stages. Finally, interaction between two main treatments were significant for the most of the traits at 1% probability level.

The types of scion-rootstock compound and level of salinity affect on almond biochemical reactions. In order to evaluate the effect of salinity stress on biochemical reactions of almond genotypes, a experiment was carried out with 2 factors; cultivar in 4 levels including Shahrood 12, Touno, 1- 16 budded on GF677 rootstock and GF677 and water salinity in five levels including 0, 1.2, 2.4, 3.6 and 4.8 g/l of sodium chloride salt (that electrical conductivity equal to 0.5, 2.5, 4.9, 7.3 and 9.8 ds/m, respectively). The result showed that in the total genotypes studied, with increasing salinity concentration to treatment 4.8 gr/lit, were increased content of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, others aldehyde. Also, content of total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, soluble carbohydrate, prolin, total soluble proteins, enzymes activity of catalase, ghayacol peroxidase and ascorbat peroxidase in the total genotypes studied, in begging, with increasing salinity concentration, were increased but with more increasing salinity concentration, those contents were reduced. Overall, the highest content of total soluble proteins, enzymes activity of catalase, ghayacol peroxidase and ascorbat peroxidase in level of salinity 3.6 gr/lit and the highest content of total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, soluble carbohydrate and prolin in level of salinity 4.8 gr/lit and lowest content of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, others aldehyde and total non-soluble carbohydrate in levels of salinity 3.6 and 4.8 gr/lit were observed in ‘Shahrood 12’ cultivar. Overall, of between total genotypes studied, Shahrood 12’ was recognized as the most tolerant cultivar to salinity stress.

Low temperature stress is one of the most important abiotic environmental stresses that affect the growth and yield of ornamental plants. In order to investigate of some physiological and biochemical indices of four varieties of ornamental citrus used in urban landscapes under low temperature stress conditions, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in the Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center of Ramsar in 2015. Treatments were included the temperature with four levels (3, 0, -3 and -6˚C) and four varieties of ornamental citrus including (Kumquat, Fingered citron, Calamondin and Limequat). Results showed that amounts of electrolyte leakage, water soaking, prolin content, antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity were increased significantly by reducing of temperature, while chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll contents were decreased. Accordingly, the lowest leaf water soaking (20.92 Percent) and electrolyte leakage (30.81 Percent) amount, which are destructive indices, were showed in kamquate. Also total chlorophyll amount (2.21mgr/grFW), antioxidant capacity (60.61 Percent) and superoxide dismutase activity (26.53 IU/gr FW) that are tolerability indices were more evident in this variety. In general, Kumquat could tolerate the freezing stress up to -3°C by increasing of some indices such as proline, soluble sugars, antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity.

Since medicinal plants in natural areas spread within the broad geographic limitations and collection and access to them is not costeffective and on the other hand, the use of natural habitats will not be enough for the pharmacy industry, therefore, it is necessary to grow these plants in agricultural areas. In this regard, the choice of the landraces and suitable cultivars and nutrition and irrigation management, play an important role in increasing the quantity and quality of medicinal plants and reduce the negative effects of various environmental stresses on plants.One of the most important environmental stresses is drought that great effect on plant grows and metabolism. In this study, drought stress effect on germination and inorganic elements content in leaves of medical plant Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.) were study. This plant as an Antiseptic, Antispasmodic, Diuretic, and Blood Filtering has medical application. According to the drought as the most important environmental factor that limiting agricultural products and using Humic acid as the reducer in evaporation from soil and mentenance water in soil, In this study the effect of Humic acid on some of morphological and physiological charactristics under water stress on medicinal plant of portulaca oleracea was examined.
In order to investigate the effects of Irrigation regims and Hiumic acid levels on morphophysiological traits on portulaca (Portulaca oleracea L.), as a medicinal plant a pot experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources durong 2014. Treatments included Irrigation rejims in four levels (100 percent FC, control, 75percent FC, 50percent FC and 25percent FC) and humic acid in four levels (0, 200, 400 and 600mg/l). studied traits included the water stress reduced shoot length, number of stem, root diameter, root length, stem wet and dry weight, leaf wet and dry weight, leaf area index, prolin, leaf water ratio and a, b and total chlorophyll content.
The results showed that by increasing drought stress, shoot length, number of stem, root length, stem wet and dry weight, leaf wet and dry weight, leaf area index were decreased. Also, with increasing drought stress, leaf water ratio and a, b and total chlorophyll content decreased and prolin were increased. Humic acid had significant effects on all of morphological and physiological characteristic except of stem wet and dry weight and a, b and total chlorophyll content. Intraction effects of Irrigation regime and humic acid had significant effects on all of morphological and physiological characteristic except of stem wet and dry weight, leaf area index and b chlorophyll content. Proline increased compared to control (72.1%) in 600 mlg/L humic acid. The most value of a and total chlorophyll content was obtained in 100% FC and 200 humic acid. And the most value of LWR was meatured in 100% FC and 400 humic acid.
Generally, the results showed that by increasing drought stress, all of measured traits were decreased, In spite of that, humic acid protected purslane against drought and decreased drought damages. The best treatment is 75percent FC and 200mgr/l humic acid.

Citrus is a subtropical crops, therefore susceptible to freeze stress. This fruit tree has a different response to freeze stress according to the genotype and environment climate. Therefore, to evaluate the damage of freeze stress (winter 2014) on commercial citrus of Tonekabon area (Thomson Navel orange, Satsuma and Page mandarin) the morphological and physiological responses are assayed based on randomized complete block design (average was evaluated by LSD).The results showed that freeze stress can reduce chlorophyll (a, b, total) and leaf water content (p≤ 0.01). Based on data the Thomson Navel orange had the greatest reduction in these parameters. Therefore, the lipid peroxidation (1.48 µmol/g FW) and electrolyte leakage (53.06%) of Thomson Navel orange was higher than the other subjects in this study. The laboratory analysis showed that in the Satsuma mandarin prolin content (30.3 mg/g FW) and anti-oxidant capacity (73.44%) of leaves was higher than the other cultivars. But the assessment of fracture branches, most of the losses was recorded in the Page mandarin.In general, we can suggest that the Satsuma mandarin was more persistent than the other two cultivars of this study, was best tolerant to freezing stress because of lowest EC parameter in winter and best flowering in spring.

In order to study the effects of potasium and nitrogen on the antioxidant enzyme activity and changes of osmolytes in wheat under fusarium head blight infection, an experiment was carried out as a factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments included two levels of FHB infection (Control and infected), three levels of potassium (80, 100 and 120 kgha-1) and three forms of nitrogen (ammonium sulfate, calssium nitrate, combination of two nitrogen form consisted of 75% calssium nitrate and 25% ammonium sulfate).Results showed that infection, potasium and nitrate led to increase of superoxide dismutase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase activity, prolin and soluble sugers content. Also infection and potasium decreased total protein and lysin content. Amount of methionin declined under FHB infection Ammonium sulfate led to decrease of these enzymes, proline and soluble sugars. It seems that Fusarium head blight of wheat leads to increase antioxidant enzymes activity and the use of potassium and nitrate caused a greater impact on reduction of the harmful effects of this disease than ammonium, because ammonium lowers the amount of osmolites and activity of antioxidant enzymes.It seems that Fusarium head blight of wheat leads to increase antioxidant enzymes activity and the use of potassium and nitrate caused a greater impact on reduction of the harmful effects of this disease than ammonium, because ammonium lowers the amount of osmolites and activity of antioxidant enzymes.

To evaluate the interaction effects of salinity and methyl jasmonate on some morphological and biochemical characteristics of two cultivars of basil, a pot experemint was carried out using factors of salinity (0, 30, 60 and 90 mM) and spraying methyl jasmonate (0, 5.0 mM) in two commercial cultivars (Rubi and Genove). The results showed that salt treatments had a significant effect on all traits, except the content of carotenoids. With increasing salinity levels up to 90 mM plant height, shoot dry weight, total carbohydrates and relative water content in both cultivars decreased, whereas the weight of the root, electrolyte leakage, proline, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll increased. Methyl jasmonate treatment had a significant effect at 1% level of probability on stem fresh weight, total carbohydrates, prolin and total chlorophyll, and at 5% level of probability on plant height, root fresh and dry weight and chlorophyll a and b, but it was ineffective on other characteristics. The interaction effect of salinity × methyl jasmonate was significant on chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll (P≥ 0.01) and interaction effect of salinity × methyl jasmonate × cultivar was significant on root fresh weight, total carbohydrates, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll (P≥ 0.01), but it was ineffective on other traits. The overall results of this study showed that cultivars of basil had different response to salt stress and use of methyl jasmonate. The application of methyl jasmonate in stress condition improved charactrestics of morphological, biochemical and photosynthetic pigments in the basil.

In study was conducted in two separate experiments in 2011-2013 in seeds and plant improvement institute. In the first experiment، Status growth scion and resistance to spring late frost and content proline in 10 genotypes and cultivar almond، grafted on GF677 rootstock included Touno، Non Pariel، Shokofeh، Sahand، Mamayi، Shahrood 12، A200، 1-25، 1-16 and 13-40 with 10 replication as a completely randomized design and in the second experiment، status their growth in two month period as a completely randomized design، with two factor time and genotypes and with 10 replication was evaluated in seeds and plant improvement institute. Result showed that scions Growth rate of cultivar shokofeh was more than other genotypes and cultivars in each two year. Scion height of cultivar shokofeh in first and second years was 54. 15 and 53. 48 centimeter، respectively. Also، the least height scion belongs to cultivar mamayi and genotypes 1-25 in each two year. Although the leaves start in cultivar shokofeh was later than mamayi and shahrood 12، but rate damage of spring late frost in scions this cultivar was more than other genotypes and cultivar. Genotypes 13-40 showed the most resistance to spring late frost and the most content prolin (29. 75 m mol/ gr fresh weight).