جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تعداد غده » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an annual and autotetraploid plant of the Solanaceae family that uses its underground tuber. In 2019, among West Asian countries, Turkey and Azerbaijan had a higher level of potato cultivation than Iran.  Nitrogen consumption management in potato cultivation is one of the factors affecting the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the tuber yield produced. Some researchers consider potato yield it consists of three components the number of stems per square meter, the number of tubers per stem, and the weight of tubers per plant. One of the problems with the overuse of nitrogen fertilizers is the accumulation of nitrate in the tubers. The amount of nitrate allowed depends on the diet of the person. Some studies show that from 93 mg per day of nitrate consumed per day for an adult, 33% to potatoes, 21% to green leafy vegetables, 15% to other vegetables, 8.5% to beverages, 4.2% to Meat products account for 2.1% to various grains, 1.6% to bread and 5.1% to other items.

The present study conducted in 2018-2019 in Kabootarabad Agricultural Research Station of Isfahan. The effect of N application and nitrogen splitting on the tuber yield and nitrate accumulation of potato tubers in this study investigated. For this purpose, the split plots tested in a randomized complete block design with three replications in which three nitrogen levels (90, 180 and 270 kg ha-1) of the main plots and two nitrogen splitting methods (three and four stages) formed the sub-plots. At harvest time, two meters of the middle rows of each plot used to estimate the yield. Tubers with less than 35 mm in diameter considered non-marketable yield. To measure tuber nitrate, the prepared samples placed in paper bags and sent to the laboratory of Soil and Water Research Department of Isfahan Agricultural Research Center. After washing, the samples grated and after drying in an oven (temperature 65 °C) and grinding in a shaker (shaker), the amount of nitrate determined by spectrophotometry. All soil and plant tests performed in the laboratory. SAS software used to analyze the data and Duncan's multiple range test (at 5% probability level) used to compare the means.

The effect of nitrogen interaction and its splitting on total yield and efficiency of nitrogen utilization at the level of one per cent and on the characteristics of marketable yield, non-marketable yield, tuber nitrate, number and weight of tubers at the level of five per cent was significant. With the consumption of 180 and 270 kg N ha-1 by the four-step splitting method, the non-marketable yield was equal to 11.2 and 14.43% of the total tuber yield, respectively. With the consumption of 270 kg N ha-1 and three stages of nitrogen splitting, the amount of nitrate in the tuber reached 197 mg kg-1 of fresh weight of the tuber. In both three- and four-stage nitrogen splitting methods, nitrogen application efficiency reduced to one third by consuming 270 kg N  ha-1 compared to 90 kg N ha-1 treatment. Therefore, the use of nitrogen fertilizers in excess of the recommended amounts can, in addition to economic losses, be associated with a decrease in fertilizer use efficiency and an increase in tuber nitrate beyond the allowable limit.

The results showed that nitrogen splitting is a correct management approach when it recommended based on the amount of nitrogen consumption (in this study 180 kg ha-1). The use of excess nitrogen, even in splitting, not only did not increase economic yield but in some treatments (three-stage splitting of 270 kg N ha-1) was associated with an increase in tuber nitrate beyond the allowable limit (170 mg kg-1 tuber fresh weight). In the amount of nitrogen application more than the recommended fertilizer, in both methods of nitrogen splitting, the efficiency of fertilizer application decreased. So that in the treatment of 270 kg N ha-1 compared to the treatment of 90 kg N ha-1, the efficiency of fertilizer application reached one third.

To evaluate the additive effect of intercropping of potato and quinoa, and weed management on yield and quantitive traits of potato, this study was conducted in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications at Jiroft and Kahnooj regions. Weed management treatments (control, without controlling weeds), paraquat herbicide (3 liter per hectare) and manual weeding, were considered as the main plot, and additive intercropping patterns (potato: quinoa in density levels of 5:15, 5:20 and 5:30 plants.m-2) and potato sole cropping (5 plants.m-2) were assigned to sub-plots. Based on the results, intercropping cultivation had significant effects on reducing weed densities and increasing plant height, leaves number per plant, leaf area index, tuber number per plant, tuber yield and marketable tuber yield. Increased densities of quinoa in intercropping cultivation caused an enhancing trend in potato plant height (4.2-9.1 %), leaves number per plant (7.9-16.6 %) and leaf area index (5.6-12.7 %) as compared to potato sole cropping treatment (control). Manual weeding, also decreased in weed density (16.1 %), and increased leaves number per plant (3.7 %), tuber number per plant (9.4 %), tuber yield (6.3 %) and marketable tuber yield (9.8 %) in comparison to that of paraquat herbicide treatment. The highest mean tuber number (7.5 number.plant-1) was observed in the 5:20 intercroping treatment, which resulted in 7.1% increase in the tuber number as compared with the control treatment. Highest tuber yield (4.54 kg.m-2) and marketable tuber yield (4.01 kg.m-2) were also obtained with the 5:20 intercroping treatment under manual weeding at Kahnooj region, and resulted in 69.4 and 20 % increases in tuber yield and marketable tuber yield respectively, as compared with the potato sole cropping without weeding (control treatment) in this region. Generaly, the best results were obtained in potato and quinoa intercropping with density of 5:20 plants.m-2 under manual weeding at Kahnooj region

In order to study the effect of planting methods and planting depth on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of potato cultivars a factorial experiment carried out based on randomized completely block design in three replications under Mahidasht Town in Kermanshah Province, 2014-15 season. Experimental factors in this research were planting methods includs conventional cultivation (Hill planting), planting in leveled soil surface (Flat planting) and planting in furrow. Planting depth were 7, 12 and 17 cm and three studied cultivars were Agria, Arinda and Banba. Results showed that planting methods had significant effect on all of studied parameters. Planting depth had not significant effect except of tuber PH. The interaction effect of planting method and planting depth on tuber mean weight and total tuber yield was significant. Triple effect interaction of examined factors showed that the Agria cultivar produced the highest tuber numbers (14.67) into furrow planting in the depth of 17 cm and the Banba cultivar produced the lowest tuber numbers (6.33) in hill planting in the depth of 7 cm. Mean comparison of parameters showed that the highest percentage of dry matter was observed into furrow planting with amount of 3.29% and the lowest in the hill cultivation method with amount of 4.6%. The highest tuber pH was obtained into furrow planting (5.81) because of better availability to nutrients. totally, the Arinda and Banba determined as the best cultivars to cultivation in this region.

In this research, the effect of different concentrations of Paclobutrazol (0, 200, 300, 400mg.L-1) and different application times of paclobutrazol (beginning of tuberization, 10, 20 and 30 days after tuberization) on some qualitative and quantitative traits of ‘Sante’ potato cultivar were investigated. Test was performed in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with two factors by 3 replications. Paclobutrazol (Culture commercial suspension with 250gr.L-1 active ingredient of PBZ) was used as foliar spray on potato plants. Conclusion of analysis variances demonstrated that effect of paclobutrazol application time was significant (p≤0.01) on large, small and seed tuber size production. The effect of Paclobutrazol concentration showed significant difference on tuber dry matter percentage, large, small, potato seed tuber, total number, mean weight of tuber and tuber number per plant. Comparison means results showed that use of poclobutrazol with concentrations of 300 and 400mg. L-1 increased amount of tuber in potato plants. As a result, number of total tubers per plant and number of tuber seeds have been increased by 9.8% and 13.2% respectively. Although application of paclobutrazol in these two levels significantly increased mean number of tuber per plant but had no significant effect on total yield comparison with control treatment. By results of this experiment we can conclude that application of paclobutrazol on potato plant will be considerably able to increase percentage of seed tuber size. Consequently, this situation leads to more efficiency of tuber production per area unit in potato seed farms.

In order to investigate the effect of removing inflorescence and seed tuber size on yield and yield components of potato, the experiment was conducted using a factorial method based on randomized complete block design with three replications in a farm located in evoghlu region of Khoy city, during spring of 2014. The first factor was removal of inflorescence at two levels including removal and non-removal of inflorescence and the second factor was the seed tuber size at six levels including 25-35 g, 35-45 g, 45-55 g, 55-65 g, 65-75 g, and 75-85 g. The results indicated that the effect of removing inflorescence and seed tuber size was significant on tuber size, weight of tuber in plant, the number of branches and leaves in plant, leaf area index and tuber yield. So that the highest leaf area index (5.48) obtained from the treatment of inflorescence removing and tuber yield also in the treatment of inflorescence removing increased by 2.68 tons per hectare (%15). In regard with seed tuber size, the highest rates of tuber yield were 22.64 and 21.89 tons per hectare which were respectively obtained for seed tuber sizes of 65-75 g and 75-85 g. There was no significant difference between these two sizes of seed tuber in regard with tuber yield. Therefore, inflorescence removing is effective in yield increasing due to elimination of un useful sink, also seed tuber size of 65-75 g is recommended in order to save seed consumption and reduce costs.

In recent years, rainfall deficiency was an increasing problem in most countries; which limited the production of agricultural crops. Among abiotic stresses the plants encountered, drought stress is considered as the most important limiting factor in plants growth and reproduction in natural and agricultural systems through most parts of the world; while drought stress causes 45% increase in the crops among various stress making factors (biotic and abiotic). A suitable procedure for controlling drought stress in agriculture is making the symbiotic relation between plants and mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizal fungi decrease the plant ability in absorbing nutrients, ion balance, keeping enzyme activity, increasing chlorophyll density and root-soil connection; they decline the hazards caused by stress and decrease the plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Potato is one of the most valuable sources to provide human food in the developing countries and is one of the most productive crops, while its production is twofold to rice and wheat. Producing more than 5 million tones potato makes this crop as the first utilizable nutrient after wheat, in this country. Potato is sensitive to soil humidity caused by limited and low-deep root system.

Thus, an investigation was conducted to examine the effect of three of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and Glomus fasciculatum) on two potato cultivars (Agria and Fontana) under drought stress and control conditions, in factorial experiment based on complete randomize block with three repetitions in research greenhouse of Ferdowsi University in 2012. In control treatment, irrigating was done when field capacity got 80% and it was conducted to 100% field capacity. Stress treatment was done when the field capacity got 60% and continued to 80% field capacity. Fungus treatment was done with a 100g mixture of inoculum including mycorrhizal root sections of corn, soil and mycorrhizal active parts (spore and hyphae) provided by corn root during a four-month period, in root space.

The results indicated that Agria cultivar in higher than Fontana. The drought stress decreased bush height, totally fungi resulted in increasing bush height in both cultivars. However, leaf area of Fontana was more than Agria; drought stress decreased leaf area but using Glomus fasciculatum and Glomus mosseae fungi increased the plant height in both cultivars. Among the treatments, the effect of cultivar on chlorophyll fluorescence was significant and there was no significant difference with each other. Only the effect of cultivar on chlorophyll fluorescence was significant among the treatments and there was no significant difference among other treatments. The amount of Spad index in Agria was 10% more than Fontana. This parameter was observed much more in control treatment than fungal treatments; drought stress indicated higher spad. There was a significant difference between Agria and Fontana cultivars for tuber weight. Fontana increased the production to 36% by producing 129g tuber to Agria cultivar. This difference was observed in control treatment and drought stress. Among various cultivars, Glomus fasciculatum and Glomus mosseae were significantly different from other treatments with 120 and 123gr tuber, respectively; and control treatment contained the least one with a 75g tuber. The interaction of fungus and stress indicated that there was no significant difference in Fontana cultivar and in mycorrhizal treatments for single-bush yield; but in control treatment, this rate was the least and had significant difference with other treatments. The most significant difference among stress levels was observed in Glomus intraradices; in this fungus, control treatment indicated 44% yield more than drought stress. Fontana indicated a significant difference to Agria cultivar for four tubers in a bush, averagely. Control treatment indicated a significant difference to drought stress for four tubers in a bush and 20% increase, but there was no significant difference among various mycorrhizal fungi for tuber numbers in a bush. Totally, Glomus fasciculatum affected the studied potato properties more positively than other species.

Introducing potato cultivars with high yield, early maturing and desirable quality have a key role in food security, decreasing the fluctuation of the price and the store costs and also providing fresh crops throughout the year. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plant is one of leading agricultural products in the world with 365 million ton glands in year stands in fourth place after wheat, rice and corn.
The main objective of the breeding program is yield. Increase in plant yield in the past due to the gradual elimination of defects visible by experts and today the new criteria for selection are based on principles of morphological and functional characteristics associated with the plant. Variety is one of the effective factors on plant growth and development on potato that yields components of potato is heavily dependent on it. Yield increasing in each variety affect the genetic and natural structure of variety.
Nine clones of Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Kennebec from sources in Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania, and the commercially grown clone, clone 1, which was imported from Vancouver, were multiplied from pathogen-tested seed and compared in 3 Victorian potato districts during 2 seasons. The results showed that differences exist in total and size grade yield and tuber number and appearance between clones of a cultivar. They further highlight the importance of selection work to maintain desirable characteristics of established cultivars and to remove mutants with undesirable characteristics.
The results of the study, Hassanpanah and Hassanabadi (2012) showed that the clones 397003-7, 396151-27, 397045-100 and Savalan (check) produced higher total and marketable tuber yield, tuber number and weight per plant, plant height, main stem number per plant, tuber size average and stable tuber yield. These clones produced high and mid-uniform tuber, tuber inner crack and tuber inner ring, mid-late maturity and mid and high dry in comparison to those of check. Based on results of this experiment, the clones 397003-7, 396151-27 and 397045-100 could be selected for Ardebil region.
The objective of this research was to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative traits of cultivars and advanced potato clones in spring cultivation (Jolge-e-Rokh region).
In this research, 18 potato clones for the quantitative and qualitative traits were compared with three check cultivars including: Agria (suitable for French-fries), Marfona (suitable for boiled eating) and Lady Rosetta (suitable for chips) in Jolge-Rokh Agriculture Research Station, the location 35'¸ 50° north latitude and 59° east longitude and 1721 m above sea level, in crop year 2011. Experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Treatment consisted of 18 advanced potato clones: 396151-8, 397045-4, 397045-10, TP12-13, TP21-29, TP12-8, 397007-16, 397007-17, 396140-6, 397009-8, 397015-14, 397003-7, 396151-27, 397045-100, 397097-9, 396151-20, 397045-7 and 69 indigenous with three control cultivars (Agria, Marfona and Lady Rosetta). Tubers were planted on two rows with 6 meters length. Distance between row and plants on the row were 75 and 25 cm, respectively. Area of each plot was 9 square meter. The evaluated characters were total yield, marketable yield, eye number, dry matter percentage, tuber number per plant, tuber weight per plant and mean of tuber weight. In order to measure total yield, after maturity, and remove the aerial organs, all of the tubers were harvested and the fresh weight was obtained. After removal of the tumor in bad shape, with soft rot and smaller than 30 mm that cannot be sold as part of the marketable yield, rest of them were used to measure marketable yield. Tuber dry matter percentage (TDM%) was determined from the relationship between fresh and dry weights of sub-sample of 8-10 thinly sliced tubers dried for 48 h at 80° C. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.1 software. The analysis of variance on test data and comparison to the middle of the LSD test was performed at the 5% level.
The results showed that differences were significant among cultivars and clones in total yield, marketable yield, dry matter percentage, tuber number and weight per plant and mean of tuber weight. Based on the results of the analysis of variance of total tuber yield were observed among the clones, there was significant difference at 1% level. The maximum total yield of tubers related to the 397007-16 clone among the clones and the lowest total yield of tubers, related to the 397097-9 clone. The 397007-16 clone and Marfona cultivar had the highest tuber weight and the 397097-9 clone had the lowest tuber weight. The indigenous 69 and the 397045-10 clones had the highest and lowest number of tuber per plant, respectively. The 69 indigenous clone had the highest amount of dry matter percentage compared to other clones meaning that this clone is suitable for chips production.
Behjati et al (2013) in their research in order to the evaluation of yield and effective characteristics on yield of promising potato clones, showed a treatment effect on number of tubers per plant, average weight of single tuber per plant, total yield of tubers and marketable tubers yield was significant at 1% level.
In general, present results showed that 397007-16 clone was better in tuber weight per plant and total yield compared to other clones.