نشریه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی
پیاپی 38 (پاییز 1398)

Quantitative information regarding biomass partitioning in faba (Vicia faba L.) is limited. The purpose of this study was to obtain the values of the distribution coefficients of dry matter between different parts of faba plant under different sowing dates and densities conditions. This experiment was conducted in Gonbad Kavoos during 2012-2013 in rainfed conditions. Experimental design was a factorial arrangement of treatments based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were combinations of sowing dates (27 November 2012, 14 December 2012 and 7 January 2013) and four plant densities (8, 12, 16 and 20 plants m-2). Dry weight of the separation of different organs and phenological stages were measured between emergence and maturity. A linear relation was found for biomass partitioning between leaves and stems before podding stage (R3). Ratio of dry matter distribution among leaf and stem on 27November 2012, 14 December 2012 and 7 January 2013 were 62:37, 60:39 and 54:40, respectively. Dry matter that was dedicated to stem more than leaf. On the other hand competition between of plants had not significant effect on dry matter distribution. Dispersion between data was more after podding stage than before it, which is probably due to translocation of dry mater.

In order to study the Effect of different fertilizer sources (Chemical and biological) on yield and yield components and some agronomic traits of two varieties of garlic (Allium sativum) an experiment as spilt plot in randomized complete block design with three replications has been conducted in the Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Station of Zehak in 2014. Different fertilizer sources was in 7 levels include (Nitroxin, nitrokara, fertilizer phosphate 2, chemical fertilizer NPK, chemical fertilizer+ nitroxin, chemical fertilizer+ nitrokara, chemical fertilizer+ fertilizer phosphate 2) as the main factor and two varieties of garlic include hamedani and chines as the subordinate factor. The result showed that different fertilizer sources was significant effect on plant height, steam diameter, garlic yield, garlic diameter and number of clove. So that, the result showed that varieties was significant effect on plant height, garlic yield, garlic weight, number of clove, clove diameter and clove weight. Such that, means comparison of fertilizer effect showed that highest plant height (50.16 cm) and garlic yield (8350.7 kg.ha-1) was obtained from chemical fertilizer+ nitroxin (F5) treatment and in other hand lowest plant height (30.50 cm) and garlic yield (6636 kg.ha-1) was obtained from chemical fertilizer NPK (F4) treatment. In addition, means comparison of varieties showed that highest plant height (43.52 cm) and garlic yield (8342.3 kg.ha-1) was obtained from var. hamedani (V2) treatment and in other hand lowest plant height (39.90 cm) and garlic yield (6949.4 kg.ha-1) was obtained from var. chines (V1) treatment, respectively.

In order to study the effect of planting methods and planting depth on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of potato cultivars a factorial experiment carried out based on randomized completely block design in three replications under Mahidasht Town in Kermanshah Province, 2014-15 season. Experimental factors in this research were planting methods includs conventional cultivation (Hill planting), planting in leveled soil surface (Flat planting) and planting in furrow. Planting depth were 7, 12 and 17 cm and three studied cultivars were Agria, Arinda and Banba. Results showed that planting methods had significant effect on all of studied parameters. Planting depth had not significant effect except of tuber PH. The interaction effect of planting method and planting depth on tuber mean weight and total tuber yield was significant. Triple effect interaction of examined factors showed that the Agria cultivar produced the highest tuber numbers (14.67) into furrow planting in the depth of 17 cm and the Banba cultivar produced the lowest tuber numbers (6.33) in hill planting in the depth of 7 cm. Mean comparison of parameters showed that the highest percentage of dry matter was observed into furrow planting with amount of 3.29% and the lowest in the hill cultivation method with amount of 4.6%. The highest tuber pH was obtained into furrow planting (5.81) because of better availability to nutrients. totally, the Arinda and Banba determined as the best cultivars to cultivation in this region.

In order to study the effects of superabsorbent polymer and vermicompost on yield and yield components of chickpea, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized block design with three replications on 2014-2015 cropping year in Alashtar town, Lorestan, Iran. First factor was superabsorbent polymer at four levels (including control, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha) and second factor was vermicompost at three levels (including control, 7.5 and 15 ton/ha). According to results, mean comparison showed that highest grain yield (943.6 kg/ha) was associated to third level of superabsorbent (200 kg/ha) and non-application of vermicompost indicating increase compared to control. Based on results, highest grain yield (831.4 kg/ha) was related to third level of superabsorbent representing 20.4 percent increase compared to control. Also, highest grain yield (798.4 kg/ha) observed in 15 ton/ha vermicompost representing 12.3 percent increase compared to control. Application of vermicompost and superabsorbent in wheat at dry farming conditions, caused prominent improvement in growth and growth indices. This positive impact could be attributed to stimulating activity of soil beneficial microbes through vermicompost and its ability to improving macro- and micro-nutrients uptake as well as ability to absorbing and holding water.

In order to investigate of the effects of nitrogen and potassium levels on nitrogen and potassium uptake, agronomical use efficiency and protein content of lentil, a field factorial experiment design in the base of complete random block in three replications was carried out in the research field of Islamic Azad University of Ardebil branch during 2015-2016. Factors include potassium fertilizer rate with three levels (0, 35 and 70 kgK/ha) the form of potassium sulphate source and nitrogen fertilizer rate with three levels (0, 30 and 60 kgN/ha) the form of granulation and the cultivated variety was the native variety. The results showed that in the all of traits, (Except of agronomical nitrogen and potassium used efficiency) increasing of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer rate increased the studied traits. The main effects of each fertilizers, cased to increase of yield and yield components and precentag and the amount absourbtion of potassum and nitrogen fertilizer traits, so that the highest amount of these traits was obtained in 70 kgK/ha potassium fertilizer and 60 kgN/ha nitrogen fertilizer. The interaction effects between potassium and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield, agronomic efficiency of K fertilizer, protein yield of grain and grain nitrogen uptake were significant. The results of this study showed that simultaneous use of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer was positive reactions of lentil to fertilizers and increased seed yield.Totally Co-application of these two fertilizers to increase the quantity and quality of this plant under this condition, is recommended.

To investigate the responses of some physiological parameters of two wheat cultivars to Salicylic acid under variable moisture condition, an Split split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications at Agricultural Research Center of Sarableh, Ilam during 2014-2015 cropping season. Experimental factors included Moisture treatments in three levels (control (100), 70 and 40 % Field capacity) In the main plots, Salicylic acid in three levels (0, 50 and 100 µM) in the sub plot and two wheat cultivar (Bahar and Pishtaz) in sub sub plot. Studied traits in this study included yield, Relative Water Content, Stomatal conductance, Rubisco activity, Photosynthetic rate, Transpiration rate, Electrolyte leakage and Sub stomatal CO2 concentration. The results showed that Triple interaction between drought stress, salicylic acid and Cultivars on all traits was significant. Although By increasing drought stress yield and Relative Water Content was significantly decreased, while the use of salicylic acid in this situation improve these traits. Also by increasing drought stress Electrolyte leakage were decreased, but the use of salicylic acid improved that. Photosynthetic rate and Rubisco activity By increasing salicylic acid Decreased In comparison with control. In general, given the role of salicylic acid in reducing the negative impact of stress on some physiological processes that studied in this research, its application in drought conditions is advisable.

In order to identify the effect of water stress on potato traditional cultivars and advanced clone growth this experiment was carried out under field conditions as Split-plot design based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in Ardabil Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Station during 2015. Main plots included three irrigation levels: complete irrigation, mild and severe water stress and sub-plots included 5 potato cultivars: Agria, Spirit, Marfona, Luca, Hermes and 397008-9 promising clone. Results showed that in spite of the effect of water stress on marketable tuber number per plant, other studied traits such as tuber weight per plant, marketable tuber weight per plant, total tuber yield and marketable tuber yield were influenced by irrigation and cultivar treatments. Luca and Marfona produced the highest marketable tuber weight per plant and marketable tuber number per plant, respectively and also the 397008-9 promising clone had the most highest total tuber yield and tuber weight per plant due to genetic diversity. There were no significant interaction effect between cultivars × irrigation levels on any traits. Because of no significant difference between complete irrigation and mild water stress treatments and also economic importance of tuber yield for farmers, It seems that replacement of complete irrigation by mild water stress, not only will lead to relative maintaining water resources, but also will produce good marketable tuber yield (In accordance with the cultivar).

Fertilizers like phosphorus chemical fertilizer are one of the most important inputs in increasing growth and yield, but results have shown that biofertilizers application can decrease need to chemical fertilizers. This trial had done in order to investigate effect of different chemical P levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) and different VAM strains (control, Glomus mossae, G.intraradise , G.hoei and mixture of these three VAM) in three replication as factorial based on complete block design on growth, yield and physiologic properties of safflower. Based on results of this investigation highest grain and oil yield increase observed in 100 and 150 kg/ha, but there were not significant differences between these two phosphorus chemical fertilizer level in yield. phosphorus chemical fertilizer increased oil yield by increasing grain number and oil percent, but 100 grain weight negativelly impacted by phosphorus chemical fertilizer and VAM. Highest safflower grain and oil yield observed in Glomus intraradise and Glomus hoei. Under VAM effect Increase in grain number increased oil yield, but oil percent didnot effected by by VAM. Application of this two fertilizer improved phosphorus content too. Antioxidants contents and prolin of safflower increased by phosphorus chemical fertilizer and VAM application

In order to evaluate the effect of the combined system of biological and chemical inputs on different characteristics of winter barley, the three-factor factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at Sarableh Research Station of Ilam, during the 2014-2015 growing seasons. Treatments contain the application method of biofertilizer factor that include, Soil inoculation at the depth of 4 cm in the soil and Seeds inoculation, the second factor was phosphorus (P) fertilizer as triple super phosphate include three levels of P fertilizer (0, 50 and 100 kg P ha-1), the third factor involves the use of bio-fertilizers (1. Azotobacter 2. Pseudomonas 3. Azotobacter + Pseudomonas 4. Control (no inoculation)). Mean comparison of treatments showed highly significant differences between different levels of P fertilizer. The comparison of means showed that significant differences exist between different levels of bio-fertilizers and grain yield (4206 kg ha-1) of the third level (Azotobacter + Pseudomonas) achieved a 26% increase compared to the control. The results of this study showed that the use of biofertilizers potentially reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers and decreasing potential human, animal and environmental impact. Finally, according to the survey results, it seems that seed inoculation method with biological fertilizer is more effective than terrestrial insemination.

Today, the emphasis is on stable agricultural, the long-term stability of crop production with minimal impact on the environment. The use of biological fertilizers has been considered in recent years, with the purpose of eliminating or reducing many environmental impacts irreparable, caused by indiscriminate use of chemical-based agricultural ecosystems. To study the effect of Mycorrhizal and Azotobacter biological fertilizers on growth and yield of red bean, an experiment in crop year 2016 in Lorestan Beiranshahr, a factorial experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. Parameters studied: mycorrhizal fungi at two levels (inoculated and no inoculated), inoculated with Azotobacter bacteria at two levels: (inoculated and non-inoculated) and red bean (Beiranshahr landrace, Akhtar and Goli Cultivars). The results showed the effect of three factors were significant at probability 1 percent level, plant height, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, seed yield and seed protein yield; And the interaction of three factors (Azetobacter×Mycorrhiza×varieties) on plant height, seed yield and seed protein yield at 5 percent probability level. seed yield in Beiranshahr landrace, Akhtar and Goli Cultivars, increased 56.5, 19.1 and 43.2 Percent Respectively. The highest seed yield was obtained from the combined effect of Inoculation Azotobacter×Mycorrhizal inoculation×Goli Cultivar (298.90 kg. ha-1) plants with form the progressive and unlimited growth. According to the findings of this study, the use of biological fertilizers containing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alone or along with Azotobacter crocococcus can be recommended in red bean cultivation.

Use poor quality resources of water and soil for food production in developing countries must be considered . Therefore, this study done on the plant forage sorghum in different levels of salinity (2, 5 and 8 dS m) and different irrigation levels (120, 100, 75 and 50% of water requirement) in three stages harvesting forage in the form of factorial split plot design with 12 treatments and 3 replications.The results showed that with increasing salinity and irrigation water depth decreases, yield decrease. But between treatment perfected irrigation and %75 crop water requirement significant difference was not observed. Also Between treatments with salt 2 and 5 ds/m significant different in feed production was not observedShowed the effects of harvesting forage yield in the second harvest was better than the first and third harvest. chlorophyll ratio a to b and percentage of proline increased and percentage of caroteniods, chlorophyll a and b increased with increasing salinity and decreasing Irrigation water depth. Thus, according to the results and the lack of water in the region can irrigate the plants with %75 of water and salinity 5 ds/m Without any significant effect on the amount of forage produced and the stored water can be used elsewhere and the best cutting forage for yield and quality is the second harvesting.

Wheat is one of the most crops and Wheat bread is the main component of Iranian nutrition patterns. A two field experiments (2013-2014) was conducted as a randomized complete block design with 3 replications at two locations (Ilam and Bushehr) to study quantitative and qualitative traits of bread wheat cultivar Kohdasht. Treatments were two levels of Cycocel (CCC) (0, 2.5 g/L), application of Zinc sulfate (Zn) at the three rates (0, 25 and 50 kg/ha) and Nitroxin, as bio-fertilizer, (seed inoculated and non-inoculated). Results showed that CCC application in both locations had significant effect on yield and its components. CCC spraying in compared to control treatment increased spike number per meter square, grain number per spike and grain yield by about 14.6, 19.6 and 28.5 percentages, respectively. The highest grain protein content (13.8%), wet Gluten (36.1%), Gliadin (53.6%) and Glutenin (31.8%) were obtained from plants treated with CCC spraying, at 50 kg/ha of zinc sulfate and Nitroxin-inoculated seeds treatment. CCC spraying at the concentration level of 2.5 g/L, application of 50 kg of Zn and inoculation of seeds with Nitroxin resulted to the highest grain yield (1710 kg/ha) and the highest amounts of lysine, Threonine and Methionine were obtained by about 510, 545 and 772 milligram per 100 gram of protein sample, respectively. Overall, it can be concluded that CCC at the concentration level of 2.5 g/L, 50 kg/ha of Zn and seed inoculation with Nitroxin might be effective in improvement of grain yield in wheat under dry land farming.

The growth and yield of 20 advanced rainfed wheat genotypes in competition with weeds under rainfed and supplementary irrigation was studied as a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications at Shirvan Agricultural Research Station of North Khorasan in 2015-2016. The main plots included weed-free and weed-infest and subplots included 20 advanced wheat genotypes. Based on the compound analysis of variance results, a significant difference was observed between wheat genotypes in the all traits. Wheat growth and yield reduction by weeds under irrigated conditions was higher than in rainfed condition. Based on the results, genotypes 12 (MOB/NE94406 BALANCO) and 17 (SISABAN-4), had the highest grain yield compared to the other genotypes in the supplementary irrigation and rainfed conditions in both weedy and weedfree treatments. The greatest reduction in biomass of weeds was related to genotypes 12 and 17. The most yield reduction by weeds in irrigation (37%) and rainfed (26%) conditions was related to genotype 20. The least yield reduction by weeds in both irrigation and rainfed conditions was created by genotypes 12 and 17 than other genotypes. Based on our research results, competitive ability of wheat genotypes with weeds is different under irrigated and rainfed conditions an also, weed control is more important in irrigated than rainfed conditions.

In order to evaluate the effect of cut-irrigation on chlorophyll content and yield of different genotypes of cotton, a field experiment were performed in Haji Abad (28°36'N, 54°41'E) during 2014-2015 growing season. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications. The main plot was drought levels (Full irrigation (every 10 days) and irrigation-cut for two periods (30 days)) and the sub-plot was different cotton genotypes (Super Elit Arian, Super ElitGolestan, Kiza, SB-35, Opal, Super ElitBakhtegan, T-2, Dr-Omoomi, Khandagh, Superokra, Termez-14, T-3, Sahel, Sepid, Silend, Armaghan, Pak, Oltan(. Irrigation cutting reduced the chlorophyll content of different cotton genotypes. The highest and lowest β-carotene, Xanthophyl, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were obtained for Termez-14 and Dr-Omoomi genotypes, respectively. Under irrigation cutoff some genotypes had higher levels of chlorophyll content and yield such as, Khandagh, Pak, Opal, Armaghan, Sahel and Oltan which shows that these genotypes can better tolerate drought stress condition.

While Azetobacter bacteria in the rhizosphere, in addition to providing a part of the nitrogen will be production of crop growth promoting, root growth and yield. Acording to this, two experiments were in order to the effects of Azotobacter and nitrogen carried out on irrigated barley (Bahman variety) on root and shoot growth at booting stage (experiment 1) and root and shoot growth and also grain yield at ripening stage (experiment 2) in pot condition in Songhor town (cold area), Kermanshah Province as a factorial in based a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications during 2014-2015. Factors included Azotobacter chroococcum (0, 100 and 200 g ha-1) and nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) from urea source. Analysis of variance showed that the effects of Azotobacter and nitrogen as well as interactions between them on all traits at two experiments were significant. The maximum of root traits, shoot dry weight and grain yield (21.77 g pot-1) at booting (experiment 1) and maturity stages (experiment 2) obtained at Azotobacter (200 g ha-1) and Nitrogen (200 kg ha-1) and declined amount of traits with decreased amount of treatments. But, this grain yield was not significant difference with Azotobacter (100 g ha-1) and nitrogen (100 kg ha-1) treatment (20.85 g pot-1). Generally, the results of this test showed that the consumption of 100 g ha-1 Azotobacter has been saved about 100 kg ha-1 nitrogen and reduced bio-environmental problemes.