جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Irrigation regime » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of drought stress and foliar application of Fe and Zn on agronomical characteristics of sunflower

a farm experiment was carried out in the Fars agricultural research center in the split plots form base on a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014. Irrigation at three levels (irrigation after 60, 120, and 180 mm of evaporation from A class evaporation pan) as the main plots and foliar application at four levels (water, iron sulfate, zinc sulfate, and iron sulfate+ zinc sulfate) were used as sub-plots.

The results showed that the delay in irrigation from 60 to 180 mm of evaporation caused a decrease in the number of seeds per head, grain yield and biological yield by 24.8%, 37.5% and 30%, respectively. The foliar application of iron sulfate + zinc sulfate compared to the control treatment increased the number of seeds per head, 1000-seed weight and grain yield by 24.1%, 16.6 percent and 14.3 percent, respectively. The delay in irrigation, increased the water use efficiency by 50.9%. The interaction between irrigation and foliar application had a significant effect on leaf and grain iron concentration and leaf zinc concentration, so that with delay in irrigation, absorption of nutrients decreased, but foliar application under drought stress conditions increased iron and zinc absorption in sunflower

According to these results, it can be stated that with micronutrient foliar spraying, the severe drop in sunflower yield can be prevented under drought stress conditions

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of micronutrients on leaf phenol content and yield of SC704 corn hybrid in water deficit condition during two years (2018-2019 and 2019-2020) in Shahid Salemi farm of Ahvaz. The experiment was conducted as split-split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots included water deficit stress at three levels (complete irrigation, cut-off irrigation at vegetative growth stage (12-14 leaf stage), and cut-off irrigation at early seed growth stage (13-15 days after pollination), and sub-plots included sulfate foliar application zinc sulfate at three concentrations (0, 5, and 10 g/L) and sub-subplots contained foliar solution of iron sulfate at three concentrations (0, 3, and 6 g/L). The results of this study showed that foliar application of zinc sulfate in the cut-off irrigation conditions in the vegetative growth stage and in the beginning of the seed growth stage led to a significant increase in stomatal conductivity and leaf phenol content. The lowest leaf proline was obtained under complete irrigation conditions without iron sulfate solution. The highest yield of ear was obtained in complete irrigation with 6 g/L concentration of FeSO4 (9135.66 kg/ha), which increased by 25.1% compared to non-spray at this irrigation level. In general, unfavorable changes in physiological and functional indices of SC704 corn hybrid under the cut-off irrigation at the reproductive growth stage were more than the vegetative growth stage, and the application of zinc sulfate and iron sulfate in optimal concentration led to reduce the damage and adverse effects of water stress in these growth stages.

This research evaluated the reaction of wheat against different moisture stresses and different irrigation methods, as well as the reaction to growth-promoting bacteria in terms of different traits related to yield and water use efficiency during two crop years. The experimental factors include the irrigation regime with three levels (irrigation at 40% of available moisture discharge during the entire growth period (normal), normal irrigation until pollination and no irrigation up to 60% of available moisture discharge until the end of the growth period, irrigation until pollination and stop irrigation until the end of the growth period), irrigation methods with 5 levels (regular leakage, leakage of one furrow in the middle of variable, leakage of one furrow in the middle of constant, rain, type (strip-drop)) and the third factor of growth-increasing bacteria with There were two levels (non-use and use (combination of Microbacterium + Azobacter + Azosperlium + Pseudomonas). The results showed that the factor of irrigation regime had a significant effect on biological performance and grain yield, so that the second and third irrigation regimes (respectively with 7.89 and 4.70 tons per hectare) reduced these traits. Different irrigation methods had an effect on different quantitative and qualitative traits, but the most efficient water consumption was achieved in the tip irrigation method with a rate of 3 kg/m3. The use of bacterial integration increased the biological yield and grain to the extent of 9.79 and 13.51 percent.

sorghum is the fifth most important grain in the world and is the main food of more than 500 million people in more than 30 countries. This plant has been introduced as a good substitute for corn in water shortage conditions; Because it has a higher tolerance to drought. On the other hand, choosing a variety adapted to the region and with greater tolerance to drought helps to increase production and reduce water consumption. Also, the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi through the development of the root system, improving the absorption and transfer of nutrients and the production of metabolites and plant hormones has an important role in increasing the tolerance of plants to drought and on quantitative, qualitative, The growth and performance of agricultural plants has a positive effect. Considering the reduction of atmospheric precipitation in Iran and as a result of the water crisis in the country, the need for irrigation water management, especially in the agricultural sector, which is considered to be the main consumer of water, is of considerable importance. On the other hand, due to the fact that mycorrhizal fungi help the crop to absorb water, the above experiment aims to investigate the use of mycorrhiza in reducing the effects of drought stress on the yield and morphophysiological characteristics of three varieties of grain sorghum in moderate weather conditions. Kouhdash Lorestan was done.

This experiment was carried out in the summer of 2015 and 2016 in Kohdasht city of Lorestan in the form of split-plot-factorial split-plot design with four replications. The main factor includes three irrigation regimes after 80 (control), 120 and 160 mm cumulative evaporation from the class A evaporation pan and sub-factors include mycorrhizal biological fertilizer in two levels of application and non-application of fertilizer and three grain sorghum varieties including Kimia, Payam. and Sepideh were the levels of the factors.

The results showed that the morphophysiological characteristics of sorghum such as leaf area index, spike length, number of seeds per spike, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index decreased significantly with the increase in the intensity of drought stress. The highest seed yield was obtained under normal irrigation conditions and this trait decreased significantly under severe drought stress conditions. The comparison of the average of the simple effect of the factors showed that the application of mycorrhiza produced the highest seed yield and among the cultivars, Sepideh cultivar was the best and Payam cultivar had the lowest seed yield. The trend of changes in grain yield and leaf proline content with the increase in drought stress followed a significant linear relationship, negative and positive, respectively.

In total, the Sepideh variety with the use of mycorrhiza in the irrigation regime after 120 mm of evaporation without significant difference while producing the most desirable grain yield saves irrigation water can be recommended for the region.

Water is one of the most important needs of plants and drought stress is one of the most important stresses for plant growth. Given the global water shortage, provide solutions to save water consumption in agriculture, such as choosing the appropriate irrigation method, irrigation time management, providing methods to reduce and control the negative effects of water shortage on plants and the use of more resistant varieties to water shortage and The use of different techniques to reduce the effects of water scarcity is important and should be a priority for research. Paclobutrazole is a group of plant growth regulators of triazole that prevents the production of a wide range of gibberellic acid and has many applications in agriculture. Paclobutrazole reduces the negative effects of abiotic stress on plant growth by regulating the levels of hormones, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and osmolytes. A group of beneficial soil bacteria that increase plant growth are called plant growth promoting bacteria and are among the most important types of biofertilizers. PGPRs by lat out of volatile organic compounds (VOC) increase biomass, plant tolerance to abiotic stresses and disease resistance.

This research was conducted as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in Qom and Hamedan regions (Hamedan is a cold and mountainous region with mild summer and Qom is a dry and desert region with hot and dry summers). Experimental factors include irrigation regime with three levels 1- (irrigation at 40% of available plant moisture discharge during the growing season (optimal irrigation), 2- optimal irrigation up to pollination stage and irrigation at 60% of available plant moisture discharge until the end of the growing season 3- Irrigation in 40% of available plant moisture discharge up to pollination stage and cessation of irrigation until the end of growing season), foliar application of paclobutrazole at three levels (zero, 50 and 100 ppm in two stages of stem and spike) and invoice The third included five levels of growth-promoting bacteria (non-consumption, Mycobacterium, Azotobacter, Azospirillium, and a combination of three bacteria). Irrigation regimen factors and paclobutrazol in the main plots and growth-promoting bacteria in the subplots. The traits evaluated in this experiment included parameters related to leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and Rubisco activity.

The results showed that the interaction effect of irrigation regime on paclobutrazol was significant for biological yield and grain yield, so that at the third irrigation level, the use of paclobutrazol at a concentration of 100 ppm increased grain yield and biological yield. Also, according to the analysis of variance table, the interaction effect of irrigation regime in bacteria for biological yield and grain yield was significant, so that in the third level of irrigation regime, two levels of combination of three bacteria and Azotobacter with 19.05 and 17.95 tons, respectively. Hectares had the highest biological yield.

In general, the results showed that in more difficult conditions of irrigation regime, the use of paclobutrazol can cause less decline and improve grain yield and biological yield. It can also be inferred that the use of growth-promoting bacteria increases grain yield and biological yield and improves morphological traits, and the combination treatment of Mycobacterium, Azotobacter and Azospirillium had the highest yield.

According to studies, the agricultural sector is the largest consumer of water and in this sector, paying attention to optimal water consumption is very important. On the other hand, climate change and the spread of environmental stresses in recent years have reduced crop yields; therefore, the need to identify appropriate solutions to deal with such situations is fully felt. Restoring diversity to agricultural ecosystems and its effective management is recognized as one of the important strategies in sustainable agriculture. Mixed cropping as a sample of sustainable systems in agriculture pursues goals such as creating ecological balance, greater utilization of resources, and increasing crop yields. The most important benefit of intercropping systems compared to monoculture systems is the increase in production per unit of area, which of course has not always been achievable and this advantage is achieved only when the plants that make up the mixture are completely different in terms of how and how much to use growth factors (water, light, and nutrients). Therefore, when plants with different morphological characteristics are grown in a mixture next to each other, they can make optimal use of environmental factors and as a result, their total yield increases per unit of area. The present study aimed to evaluate the forage production potential in the replacement and additive intercropping systems of sorghum and red clover under different irrigation regimes.

This experiment was conducted as split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three repetitions during the 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons at the Research Farm of Damavand Natural Resources Department. The main factor was the irrigation regime at three levels including irrigation with 100% field capacity (full irrigation as control), irrigation with 75% field capacity (moderate stress), and irrigation with 50% field capacity (severe stress). Different cropping systems were considered as sub-factors, including 75% sorghum + 25% clover, 50% sorghum + 50% clover, and 25% sorghum + 75% clover as replacement intercropping systems; 100% sorghum + 50% clover, 50% sorghum + 100% clover, and 100% sorghum + 100% clover as additive intercropping systems, and the monocultures of sorghum and red clover as control. Each experimental plot consisted of six planting rows with a length of six meters with a distance between the lines of 60 cm. In order to prevent water leakage to adjacent plots, the distance between the main plots was four planting lines. In this experiment, forage sorghum of the Speedfeed cultivar and red clover of the Nassim cultivar were used. For planting sorghum and clover in monoculture treatments, 15 and 25 kg of seeds per hectare were used respectively. Also, for planting intercropping treatments based on mixing ratios of 25, 50, and 75%, 3.75, 7.50, and 11.25 kg of sorghum seeds and 6.25, 12.50, and 18.75 kg of clover seeds per hectare were consumed respectively. Experimental treatments were irrigated by the furrow method. The irrigation cycle was adjusted based on draining 40% of available water in the root zone under full irrigation conditions. Irrigation water depth in full irrigation treatment was determined based on the soil moisture deficiency (relative to the point of field capacity) at the time of irrigation through sampling. Irrigation water depths in moderate and severe stress treatments were considered based on 75% and 50% of full irrigation water depth, respectively. It should be noted that after the establishment of sorghum plants, thinning operations were performed and its density was adjusted based on 20 plants per square meter. In this experiment, the planting pattern was in rows and the change of mixing ratios was applied based on the change in the number of planting rows of sorghum and clover. In monocultures and replacement intercropping systems, planting operations were performed in the middle of the ridges, while in additive intercropping treatments, a two-row pattern was used and each species was planted on one side of the ridges.

The results of variance analysis showed that the effect of year, irrigation regime, and cropping system and the interaction of irrigation regime × cropping system on fresh and dry forage yield of clover, sorghum, and total yield were significant. The highest fresh and dry forage yields (65.169 and 14.059 ton ha-1, respectively) were obtained in the additive intercropping system of 100% sorghum + 100% clover under the full irrigation regime, whereas the minimum fresh and dry forage yields (4.191 and 0.920 ton ha-1, respectively) were recorded in clover monoculture under severe drought stress. Under moderate and severe drought stress, the maximum fresh and dry forage yields were obtained in sorghum monoculture and then in the additive intercropping system of 100% sorghum + 100% clover. Furthermore, the effect of the cropping system and the interaction of irrigation regime × cropping system on the land equivalent ratio (LER) for fresh and dry forage production were significant. The highest land equivalent ratio for fresh and dry forage production (1.719 and 1.723, respectively) was obtained in the additive intercropping system of 100% sorghum + 100% clover under full irrigation, whereas the lowest land equivalent ratio for fresh and dry forage production (1.024 and 1.022, respectively) was recorded in replacement intercropping system of 25% clover + 75% sorghum under full irrigation.

According to the results of this study, the additive intercropping system of 100% sorghum + 100% clover can be recommended as the superior treatment in all irrigation regimes, whereas sorghum monoculture was suitable only in moderate and severe drought stress regimes.

Water stress as the most important environmental stress in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, reduces the quantitative and qualitative yield of crops through affecting on the physiology and biochemistry of plants. Chickpea as an important protein plant is also exposed to Water stress under dryland condition. Damages caused by environmental stresses can partially be reduced with proper nutritional management. The form of nano-fertilizers can be beneficial due to improving plant uptake and accessiblity to the fertilizer. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of mesopor zinc and silicon (zinc nanoparticles immobilized on SBA-15) on the defense system of chickpea in Water stress.

The research was carried out in Research Farm of Maragheh University with geographical coordinates 37°23' N; 46°16' E and 1485 meters above sea surface in northwest of Iran, during 2018-2019 growing season as Split-plot experiment conducted based on a randomized complete block desing with three replications. The main factor included Water stress (W1: 90% of field capicity, W2: 60% of field capacity, W3: 30% of field capacity) and sub factors included fertilizer treatments F1: control (no fertilizer application), F2: zinc sulfate, F3: silicon, F4: zinc sulfate+silicon, F5: mezopor zinc- silicon. Parametrs such as Plant height, grain yield, activity of Catalas, Ascorbat peroxidas, Guaiacol peroxidase enzymes, H2O2, Malone dialdehyde, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and Carotenoid were evaluated.

According to the results of this study, with increasing Water stress intensity, plant height and chlorophyll b significantly decreased and foliar application of mesopor zinc-silicon height increased chlorophyll b about 50% compared to the control. Also the results showed that the catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, chlorophyll a, carotenoid, plant height and grain yield were affected by intraction effect of fertilizer × Water stress. With increasing stress intensity, the amount of hydrogen peroxide increased significantly compared to non stress. On the other hand, in all of the traits, the application of fertilizer treatments, especially mezopor zinc- silicon in Water stress (90%, 60% and 30% of field capicity) have the highest amount.Also mezopor zinc- silicon with increasing antioxidant enzymes catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase were significantly increased, which reduced malondialdehyde by 50% compared to no foliar application in 30% of field capicity. Also, a significant increase in chlorophyll a and carotenoids was observed with the application of this treatment in all three levels Water stress.

In general, the results of this study showed that foliar application of zinc and silicon, especially at high stress intensities is the best treatment composition due to its effect on reducing the amount of hydrogen peroxide and subsequently reducing the amount of malondialdehyde, as well as a positive effect on the plant defense system and reducing Water stress damage and finally increasing grain yield.

Arnica montana L. is a rare plant under strict protection in several European countries and similar to medicinal plants has high commercial value. Water is one of the environmental factors which has a high impact on the growth and the essential oil content of medicinal plants. Plants are faced with various environmental stresses during their growing period. Each of these stresses has different effects on growth, metabolism, and yield according to the sensitivity level and stage of the plant growth. Management of nutrients consumption along with water consumption management influences the quantitative and qualitative yield of crops and medicinal plants. Manure is one of the organic fertilizer sources whose application in the sustainable management system of soil is conventional. In this regard, organic sources combined with chemical fertilizer can lead to soil fertility and increase crop production, because this system provides most of the plant's nutritional needs and increases the efficiency of nutrient absorption by the crop. This investigation was conducted to The effect of water deficit, combined application of manure and chemical fertilizer on yield, and some morpho-physiological characteristics of Arnica montana L.

A factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research greenhouse, Zist Exsir kemia Company of Esfahan in 2019. The first factor was 5 levels of manure application: 1) no amended fertilizer, 2) 25 percent urea + 75 percent manure 3) 50 percent urea + 50 percent manure 4) 100 percent urea and 5) 100 percent manure, while 4 levels of irrigation regimes: 100 percent, 75 percent, 60 percent and 50 percent of water requirement were used as the second factor. The water need of the other treatments was considered based on the water demand of control with the TDR (Temperature Dependent Resistor) humidity meter. Harvesting of the flowers from each pot was done once a week till the full flowering stage and the number of flowers per plant, dry flower yield, harvest index of the flower, biological yield, proline, electrolyte leakage, stomatal conductance, total chlorophyll, nitrogen uptake efficiency, phenol, and flavonoid content was studied.

The results of the experiment showed that the effect of fertilizer, irrigation regimes, and their interaction was significant on all the characteristics. Means comparison of the interaction effect of fertilizer and irrigation regimes showed that the maximum number of flowers per plant, dry flower yield, and biological yield in 100 percent manure with 100 percent plant water requirement, the maximum harvest index of flower in control with 75 percent plant water requirement, the maximum electrolyte leakage in 100 percent manure with 60 percent plant water requirement, the maximum stomatal conductance in 100 percent manure with 100 percent plant water requirement, the maximum total chlorophyll in 100 percent urea with 100 percent plant water requirement and the maximum phenol, flavonoid and proline contents were derived in 100 percent urea with 50 percent plant water requirement were obtained.

Based on the results obtained in this experiment, it can be concluded that the 100 percent plant water requirement caused a reduction in proline, electrolyte leakage, phenol and flavonoid content, and improved plant growth condition in most of the fertilizer treatments. Moreover, the application of manure (especially at high stress levels) could reduce the effects of drought stress to some extent. So, according to the findings of this study, in order to obtain the maximum plant yield in similar conditions, the application of 100 percent manure with full irrigation is recommended.

Canola is known as one of the most important oily plants in the world due to its good composition of fatty acids and oil content. As the first oilseed crop in Iran, Canola is recommended to increase its cultivated area to reduce dependence on oil imports with high oil quality compared to other similar crops. Drought stress is one of the major environmental limiting factors for the successful production of crops, especially canola, in Iran and the world. One effective strategy to reduce the adverse effects of drought stress is to use new nutritional techniques like humic compounds and growth stimuli, including amino acids. Due to the lack of sufficient studies on the effects of growth stimuli on canola, the present study was performed to study the effects of four plant growth biostimulants on increasing canola tolerance to drought stress under Moghan conditions.

To compare the effects of growth biostimuli on canola yield under drought stress, an experiment was conducted at Moghan Agricultural Research Station in the 2018-2019 crop years. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included the main factor of irrigation regime at two levels, and the sub-plot included six treatments; control, amino acid foliar application, humic acid with irrigation, fulvic acid foliar application, seaweed extract foliar application, and the combination of second, third, and fifth treatments. In this study, plant height, number of pods per main stem, number of pods per lateral branches, total number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight and seed yield were measured. Before analysis of variance, the presence or absence of outliers was identified using Grubbs test. Normality of data was then checked by Shapiro-Wilk test. Finally, the analysis of variance was performed and the means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) method at the statistical level of one and five percent using SAS software version 9.1.

The results showed that the effect of growth biostimulants could be different in non-stress and drought stress conditions, and biostimulants can reduce the effects of dry stress. in regular irrigation and non-stress conditions, the combined treatment uses of growth stimulants> humic acid> fulvic acid > seaweed extract> amino acid increased by 22.7%, 14.3%, 6.4%, 6.3%, and 3.4%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. In drought stress conditions, the highest effect was related to the combined use of growth stimulants> amino acids> seaweed extract> fulvic acid > humic acid, respectively, with an increase of 31.9%, 21.3%, 15.9%, 11.9%, and 11.1%, respectively, compared to the control treatment.

Under non-stress conditions, the effect of growth stimulants was related to all studied components yield, and the effect of humic acid, fulvic acid, seaweed extract, and amino acid were related to the number of pods. Under stress conditions, other yield components including, number of pods per main stem and lateral branches, plant height and number of seeds per pods had more effect on increasing yield. It can be concluded that the application of growth biostimulants while improving canola yield under normal moisture conditions, can increase its tolerance to drought stress.

To investigate the effects of fertilizer regimes on quantitative and qualitative traits of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss, a field experiment at three replications with the Split Plate arrangement in a completely randomized block design was conducted in the Research Field of Tarbiat Modares University during the 2017-18 growing season.Water deficit stress (irrigation after discharging 20 (optimal irrigation), 40 (mild water deficit stress), 60 (moderate water deficit stress) and 80% (severe water deficit stress) of water used (available water)) in the main plot and fertilizer regime (urea, nitroxin, vermicompost, azocompost and no fertilizer) in the subplot were studied. The results showed that the highest leaf fresh weight (1797 kg ha-1) and total biomass (2957 kg ha-1) were obtained by application of urea in mild water deficit stress condition and the highest dry matter digestibility percentage was observed in azocompost treatment in moderate water deficit stress condition (57.8%). The highest crude protein was produced in severe water deficit stress condition (19.72%) and moderate water deficit stress (18.4%), respectively.. The highest percentage of water soluble carbohydrate and neutral detergent fiber were obtained from no fertilizer in moderate water deficit stress (22.06%) and application of urea in severe water deficit stress conditions, respectively. Mild water deficit stress application to produce high biomass is recommended for Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. According to the results, application of urea in mild water deficit stress was selected as the best treatment to produce forage 32% more than control.

Water use efficiency Increasing is an effective way to optimal water use and to achieve sustainable production in a water deficit crisis. In this regard, the effect of drought stress through four irrigation regimes (after 80 (control), 110, 140 and 170 millimeter evaporation) on four sorghum varieties (Sepideh, Kimia, Payam and KGS32) was studied in the summer of 2016 and 2017 in Khorramabad, Iran. Results showed that the morphological characteristics of plant such as plant height and grain yield components decreased with increasing drought stress. Maximum number of grain per head (2286.9 seeds) from Sepideh and maximum thousand-kernel weight (23.8 g) were obtained from Payam variety in the first year under normal irrigation conditions. The highest grain yield was obtained under normal irrigation conditions with an average of 8230.5 kg ha-1 and the lowest grain yield was obtained from irrigation after 170 mm evaporation with an average of 3917.5 kg ha-1. The highest water use efficiency for grain yield (1.55 kg m-3) was obtained from Sepideh variety in the after 110 millimeter evaporation irrigation regime. Totally, Sapieh variety at after 110 millimeter evaporation irrigation regime saves irrigation water, while producing optimal economic performance and is recommended for temperate region of Khorramabad and similar areas.

In order to investigate the effect under late season cutting off irrigation on biochemical properties and yield of safflower cultivars a split factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design was conducted in three replicates at College of Agriculture and Natural resources of Darab, Shiraz University during 2017-2018 growing season. The main factor was irrigation regime in three levels included of normal irrigation, cutting off irrigation in the middle of the flowering, and in the early seed filling stages and sub factor was safflower cultivars including Padideh, Goldasht, Faraman and Isfahan local. Cutting off irrigation in flowering stage decreased 30.37% of chlorophyll a and 25.8% of chlorophyll b, and increased 15.38% carotenoid, 23.38% of catalase activity and 34.94 % of peroxidase activity, which in Goldasht cultivar was more than the other cultivars. Under cutting off irrigation at flowering and seed filling, the highest seed yield was obtained in Goldasht cultivar as 132 and 150.5 g/m2, respectively. Overall, cutting of irrigation at flowering and seed filling stages reduced grain yield by 32.3 and 19.93%, respectively. Under cutting off irrigating, seed yield with chlorophyll a content (r=0.77**), chlorophyll b (r=0.86**), carotenoid (r=0.74**), catalase (r=0.71**), peroxidase (r=0.72**), and harvest index (r=0.83**) had positive and significant correlation. In addition, Goldasht cultivar of safflower could by increasing photosynthetic pigments and enzyme activity under water deficit in late season obtained the more seed yield compared to other cultivars.

A split-split plot field experiment using the randomized complete block design with three replicates was carried out to investigate drought tolerance of wheat inoculated with mycorrhiza fungi and its interaction with copper nanoparticles. The factors included two irrigation levels (optimum irrigation and deficit irrigation), two levels of fungal symbiosis (with or without a symbiotic relationship), and three spray concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles (50, 250, and 450 ppm).The results of ANOVA revealed that Analysis of variance showed that proline content and spike/m2 were significant in irrigation regime, mycorrhiza, foliar application, and all the interaction effects of double and triple factors.The effect of irrigation regime, mycorrhiza and foliar application of copper nano oxide was effective on grain yield, but the effects and interactions of irrigation regime×foliar application, mycorrhiza×foliar application and irrigation regime×mycorrhiza×foliar application have no significate effect on that characteristic;Comparison of mean traits showed that the maximum number of spikes/m2 in mycorrhizal fungi application with50ppm copper nano oxide foliar application in optimum irrigation was780numbers.The highest hectolitre weight of wheat was related to triple interactions,optimum irrigation with fungus and foliar application of450ppm copper nano oxide that was not statistically significant effect with triple interactions,optimum irrigation without fungus and foliar application of 250ppm copper nano oxide.Maximum proline content was obtained in non-mycorrhizal fungi treatment with50ppm foliar spray under deficit irrigation (23.8mg/g fresh weight) which was statistically significant at least at5%level with other treatments. The highest grain yield (309.61g/m2) belonged to optimum irrigation treatment and minimum grain yield was observed in severe deficit irrigation.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important grain legumes, which is cultivated in most parts of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions because of its strategic importance in plant protein production. Among environmental stresses, drought stress limits plant growth and crop production more than any other factor. Many reports indicate that drought stress at the end of the season is the cause of a severe decrease in grain yield of chickpea in most regions, especially in Iran. Terminal drought, depending on the geographical area and weather conditions reduces 30 to 60 percent of the yield. With the improvement of crop management methods, such as breeding methods and using drought stress tolerant cultivars, it is possible to ameliorate the reduction of yield due to drought stress. On the other hand, application of supplemental irrigation at some stages of plant growth is a management factor for improvement, stability and finally reduction of risk for crop production under drought stress conditions. By increasing the intensity of drought stress, the plant development stages occur faster and the number of days to flowering, podding and maturation decreases. Drought stress decreases the area and weight of leaves. The results of the experiments indicated that drought stress caused a significant decrease in grain yield and yield components of chickpea. One way to reduce the adverse effects of drought stress on plants is reducing transpiration rates. In recent years, transpiration alleviator substances have been considered as a solution to reduce water losses from plant, because they reduce the rate of water vapor release from the leaves. Also, stress ameliorator substance such as calcium chloride and sodium selenate play an important role in adaptation of cells to abiotic stresses and increase the activity of antioxidants anzymes and photosynthesis through water absorption, root growth and maintaining turgor pressure in plant cells. The aim of this study was to investigate kaolin and chitosan as transpiration alleviator substances as well as calcium chloride and sodium selenate stress ameliorators on growth, yield and yield components of Azad chickpea cultivar under different irrigation regimes.
 

Effects of kaolin, chitosan and drought stress ameliorators on crop growth rate, grain yield and yield components of chickpea were investigated under supplemental irrigation at Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center during 2014-2015 growing season. A factorial split plot experiment basesd on a completely randomized block design with three replications were used. Three supplemental irrigation regimes, including irrigation at flowering stage, irrigation at podding stage and two irrigation flowering+podding stages with non irrigation (rainfed) in main plots and transpiration alleviator substances (kaolin 5%, chitosan 200 mlL-1) and stress ameliorators (chloride calcium 5 mM, selenat sodium 40 mlL-1) with non spray (control) treatments as factorial were placed in sub plots. Seeds were cultivated with 30 cm row spacing and 31 plants per m2 density at 5 cm depth of soil on March 5th. Application of stress ameliorators was performed in two stages before and after flowering. Spraying of anti-transpirations substances in the middle of the pudding stage was done by hand sprayed on the leaves. During this investigation, maximum leaf area index, maximum crop growth rate, biological yield, grain yield, yield components and harvest index of chickpea (var. Azad) were studied.

The results showed that the main effects of irrigation levels and transpiration alleviator substances in all studied traits, except to biological yield, also drought stress ameliorators except for seed number per pod were significant at the 1% level. The two and three interactions between studied factors were significant for different traits except to the number of seeds per pod. Foliar application of chitosan and calcium chloride in one irrigation at podding stage compared to irrigation at flowering stage or without irrigation (rainfed) increased seed yield by 42% and 192%, respectively. Also, spraying of chitosan with calcium chloride in two supplemental irrigation regime increased the grain yield comperad to one irrigation regimes at flowering or podding and rainfed by 99%, 41% and 312%, respectively. Two irrigation regimes with chitosan spray and calcium chloride consumption had the highest harvest index (50.3%) and in comparison to one irrigation regimes at flowering or podding and rainfed increased harvest index by 33%, 15% and 85%, respectively. Two irrigation regimes with chitosan and calcium chloride application had the maximum crop growth rate of plant and in comparison to one irrigation regime at flowering, podding stages and rainfed increased by 31%, 19% and 104%, respectively. In the two irrigation regimes with chitosan foliar and calcium chloride consumption, the maximum leaf area index was increased as compared to single irrigation regimes in flowering or podding stages and without irrigation.
 

Based on the present study, if sufficient water is available, it is preferable to use a double irrigation regime at flower and pod stages or at least a single irrigation regime in the podding stage with the spray of chitosan and calcium chloride to increase the grain yield of the chickpea (var. Azad) is recommended.

Introduction Drought is the biggest factor limiting the production of agricultural products. One of the effective strategies for stress modification is the production and introduction of high yielding and drought tolerant cultivars in combination with low water management methods. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is promising due to spring and autumn types and deep roots as a plant resistant to salinity stress and drought stress. The balanced and optimal nutrition of different types of fertilizers, especially micronutrient fertilizers, which have low absorption potential in soil, can be effective in achieving a quality product and balancing environmental and non-living stresses. One of these micronutrient elements is zinc. Irrigation method and suitable planting method depending on the weather conditions in each region are important components for suitable establishment and high yield. With regard to the special conditions of soil and water due to limitations in humidity, low soil organic matter and high soil pH, use of maximum capacity of new plants such as safflower in the field cultivation pattern by applying the correct methods of agricultural management is inevitable. Therefore, with the aim of increasing the productivity, experimental comparing the method of planting and soluble zinc Nano chelate on grain yield and water use efficiency and some agricultural characteristics of safflower under drought stress. Materials and methods In order to evaluation of yield, water productivity and some crop characteristics of safflower in different planting methods with Zn Nano chelate spraying under drought stress a split split- A completely randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Station of Sistan in 2016-2017. Experimental factors including planting method in two levels (Flat and Furrow) as the main factor, irrigation regime at three levels (irrigation after 45% (control), 65% and 85% of admissible moisture depletion) as subsidiary factor, spraying of zinc Nano chalat in three levels (non spraying zinc, 0.5 and 1 g / liter spraying) as sub-subfactor. The irrigation time was determined according to the soil moisture curve using the Trim model of humidity (1TDR). At the end of the growing season, after leaving side effect from the start and end, 5 plants of the 2 middle rows of each plot were randomly selected and plant height and number of heads per plant were determined and by selecting head 10 random samples of each plot has also calculated the number of seeds per head. Seed 1000 weight was determined with a gravity of 0.01 g. In order to determine the grain yield with respect to the marginal effect, an area equal to 1.6 M2 (square meters) harvested. Water productivity was also calculated by dividing the grain yield per hectare into water consumption per hectare. Data were analyzed using MSTAT-C software and the mean comparison was performed based on Duncan multi-domain test at 5% probability level. Results The irrigation regime and spraying of zinc Nan ochelat was significantly affected by morphological traits, yield, yield components and water use efficiency. number of heads per plant, 1000- seed weight, grain yield and Water use efficiency was under the influence by the planting method. According to the mean comparisons, less irrigation significantly reduced and spraying of Zn Nano chelat increased the studied traits. Grain yield in Flat method increased 29% compared to Furrow method. Irrigation after 45% moisture depletion compared to irrigation after 85% moisture depletion of 61 percent increased grain yield but water use efficiency reduction by 11.5%. The spraying of zinc Nan ochelat with a concentration of 1 g / lit compared to non-spraying grain yield increased by 36 percent and increased water use efficiency by 37% and oil percentage by 12%. Conclusion Grain yield in flat planting method increased compared to furrow planting method. Irrigation after 45 percent moisture depletion compared to irrigation after 85 percent moisture depletion of increased grain yield but water productivity reduction. The spraying of Zinc Nano chelate compared to non-spraying increased grain yield and water productivity. According to the results of flat planting method with spraying of Nano chelate on 1 g. Li-1 under drought stress conditions, it can compensate and eliminate the stress-induced damage for economic production of safflower in Sistan weather conditions.

Present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of drought stress and clinoptilolite on the yield and forage quality of silage corn hybrids. The experiment was arranged in a three-replicated split-spilt plot based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three irrigation regimes including optimum irrigation, moderate and severe drought stress (irrigation after 70, 100 and 130 mm evaporation from standard class A evaporation pan, respectively) as main plots, two levels of clinoptilolite (0, 10 kg.ha-1) as sub plots and three hybrids of silage corn (KSC704, KSC705 and KSC720) as sub sub-plot. Study was conducted at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj, Iran during 2013. Results of this study indicated that forage yield in mild (45133 kg/ha) and severe drought stress (38148 kg/ha) compared to normal irrigation regimes (56954 kg ha-1) decreased by 21% and 33%, respectively. Moreover, application of clinoptilolite resulted in 14% more forage yield (P<0.01). Forage quality parameters including water soluble carbohydrates, acid detergent fiber increased and total ash, total digestible nutrition reduced when there was moderate and severe drought stress imposition Application of clinoptilolite only increased total ash and had no significant effect on the rest of forage quality parameters. In this study, KSC704 hybrid produced highest forage yield (52030 kg.ha-1). Moreover, KSC705 had lowest acid detergent fiber content and neutrals detergent fiber content, highest dry matter intake and total digestible nutrition. Effects of irrigation regime and hybrid interaction on water-soluble carbohydrates and neutral detergent fiber of were significant at P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively.

Fars is the largest wheat producer province in Iran. In terms of planted area and output, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the number one crop in Fars and currently almost all irrigated wheat is conventionally planted in narrow spaced rows or broadcasting on the flat and is irrigated by flood irrigation within bordered basins. Conventional flat planting for wheat has some disadvantages. In order to study the response of wheat genotypes to flat planting and bed planting under different irrigation regimes, experiments were conducted in Darab region at two consecutive growing seasons. The experimental design was split-split plot with three replications. The main factor was two irrigation regimes (irrigation was applied normally and irrigation cut off after flowering stage). Sub plots were two planting methods (FP: flat planting, BP: bed planting). The sub-sub plots were four different wheat genotypes (Shiroudi-local check, Chamran 2, Aflak and a promising line: S-82-10). Based on results, post anthesis drought stress decreased grain yield and its components in all genotypes. The main reason of grain yield reduction in stress condition was reduction in grain number per spike and grain weight. The Aflak cultivar produced the highest grain yield (5712 kg ha-1) in non-stress condition while the highest grain yield in drought stress (3148 kg ha-1) condition was belonged to Shiroudi cultivar. The biological yield and harvest index were positively affected by bed planting. The bed planting method improved WUE (water use efficiency) and grain yield by more than 21% and 16%, respectively.

In order to investigation effect of different irrigation regimes on seed germination characters in some of promising rapeseed lines, two separate split plot experimental based on CRD and RCBD design at laboratory and environmental condition, respectively, during 2015-16 cropping seasons were performed. At each experiment, different levels of irrigation––control, cut-off irrigation at the flowering stage, and cut-off irrigation at the pod formation stage––and 18 promising lines were considered as main and sub-plots, respectively. Results of analysis of variance obtained from laboratory showed that cultivar and irrigation regimes effects were significant on all of the measured characters. However, at environmental condition, only irrigation regimes, line, and their interaction effects were significant. Correlation coefficients among different characters indicated that, germination percentage under laboratory significantly correlated with final emergence percentage and final mean emerging, while correlation among electrical conductivity with some of characters such as germination percentage, daily germination and seedling dry weight was negative. Overall, our findings revealed that KS7 has desirable status than other lines. Hence, the use of this promising line for future experiments and assessing its grain yield and other related traits is recommended.

To evaluate the effect of seed hydropriming, planting method and deficit irrigation on the yield of corn (cv. KSC 704), an experiment was conducted in a factorial based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during 2015–16 at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamabad, Kermanshah, Iran. The experimental factors consisted of seed priming in two levels (no primed and hydropriming) and planting methods in two levels (on-ridge and in-furrow) in three irrigation environments (supplying 100, 85 and 70% of the crop water requirement). The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effects of year, irrigation and seed priming on grain yield were significant (p≤0.01), whereas the effect of planting method was not significant. Interaction of irrigation regime × seed priming × cultivar on grain yield was significant (p≤0.05) and the highest value of this trait (13.289 t ha-1) was obtained by seed hydropriming and planting in-furrow and supplying 100% of the crop water requirement. Grain yield in seed hydropriming treatment was 10.973 t ha-1 (about 650 kg ha-1 more than no primed treatment). According to the results, it is recommended that farmers increase grain yield of corn by seed hydropriming and in-furrow planting.