جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "stored product pests" در نشریات گروه "گیاهپزشکی"

The escalating concerns regarding the adverse effects link to pesticide utilization against stored-product pests have amplified interest in exploring safer alternative approaches, notably physical methods. Temperature management, a prominent avenue within physical control, is considered one of the most promising strategies against these pests. This investigation scrutinizes the effectiveness of elevated temperatures on adult Trogoderma variabile, Callosobruchus maculatus, Lasioderma serricorne, Oryzaephilus surinamensis), and Plodia interpunctella.

Experiments employed one-day-old adults. High temperatures (40, 43, 46, 50 and 54 °C) were regulated using an electric oven (Memmert, Germany). Initially, each species underwent individual assessment in preliminary tests, establishing eight exposure durations for the main bioassays. Within each exposure duration, groups of one-day-old adults (4 replicates, comprising 25 male and 25 female adults per replicate) were housed in glass Petri dishes. Upon completion of the exposure period, adults were relocated to ambient room conditions (21-27 °C; 55-70% R.H.). Subsequently, deceased males and females were tallied after a 24-hour interval.

Both male and female adults across all species exhibited equivalent sensitivity to supra-optimal temperatures. As anticipated, higher temperatures significantly reduced the LTs; however, distinct response patterns were observed among the studied species. At 40 °C, the LT50s for T. variabile, C. maculatus, L. serricorne, O. surinamensis, and P. interpunctella were approximately 18, 9, 47, 34, and 7.5 h, respectively. At 54 °C, these times decreased to about 7, 4, 12, 8 and 8 min, respectively. Correspondingly, the LT95s at 40 °C these pests were approximately 3.7, 4.8, 5.7, 5.5, and 1.9 days, respectively, whereas at 54 °C, they reduced substantially to about 20, 18, 23, 14, and 26 min, respectively. For T. variabile, the LT50s at 43, 46, and 50 °C (approximately 13, 11.3, and 11 min, respectively) were roughly 1.7 times longer than that at 54 °C (around 7 min). Conversely, at 40 °C, the LT50 was considerably lengthier (1077 min). C. maculatus adults displayed LT50 values at 46 and 50 °C (around 8 and 9 min, respectively), roughly twice as long as those at 54 °C (4 min). At 40 and 43 °C, the LT50s were notably longer (543 and 67 min, respectively). In the case of L. serricorne, solely the LT50 at 50 °C was approximately twice as long as that at 54 °C (approximately 12 min). At 43 and 46 °C, however, the requisite LT50s were lengthier (about 167 and 80 min, respectively), while at 40 °C, the LT50 was substantially longer (about 2820 min). For O. surinamensis adults, the LT50s at 43, 46, and 50 °C were approximately 1.3 to 1.5 times longer (about 13, 12, and 11 minutes, respectively) than that at 54 °C (about 8 min, with the LT50 at 40 °C being notably longer (about 2048 min). Concerning P. interpunctella, the LT50s at 46 and 50 °C were roughly three (about 27 min) and two (about 18 min) times greater than the LT50 at 54 °C (about 8 min). At 40 and 43 °C, the LT50s were considerably longer (about 449 and 98 min, respectively). In general, based on both LT50 and LT95 L. serricorne emerged as the most tolerant species, while C. maculatus, according to LT50 and O. surinamensis based on LT95 appeared to be the most sensitive species to high temperatures.

Despite the varied responses observed among adult stored-products insects to supra-optimal temperatures, the comparison between estimated LT50s and LT95s indicated the notable efficacy of high temperatures, particularly at 50 and 54 °C, in inducing substantial mortality rates. This effectiveness ranged from approximately 23 min for L. serricorne to 14 min for O. surinamensis, resulting in 95% mortality. Our findings underscore the potential of high temperatures as a pivotal tool in the management and mitigation of economic losses caused by the five studied pests. The outcomes of this research advocate for the significant role that elevated temperatures can play in addressing these pests. Considering our results in conjunction with existing reports on the effects and efficiency of high temperatures, the physical control method utilizing elevated temperatures emerges as a viable alternative to chemical insecticides for controlling stored-products moths and beetles. This method holds promise and can be incorporated into pest management programs targeting these particular pests.

Protecting stored products from pest’s attacks has been often as one of the most important concerns of human societies. Regarding adverse effects of chemical insecticides, main priority in management programs of stored product pests is to find safe alternatives. In the present study, insecticide effects of garlic emulsion (Sirinol®) and low temperatures of 0 and 2 °C in the independent and integrated assays on the adult stage of red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) was evaluated. A completely randomized design was conducted to accomplish the experiments at 27±1 °C, R.H. of 65±5%, and darkness. Based on the results obtained from probit analyses, the LC50 values for Sirinol® on T. castaneum after 24, 48, and 72 h. were estimated as 71.61, 66.96, and 61.20 μl/l, respectively. The time required for temperatures of 0 and 2 °C to kill 50% of T. castaneum (LT50) were calculated as 82.17 and 107.15 h., respectively. In integrated assays, mortality of T. castaneum in two conditions of using LC50 of Sirinol® and exposure to low temperature of 0 °C for 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. and exposure to 0 °C for 82 h. and treatment with concentrations 60, 65, 70, 75, and 80 μl/l of Sirinol®, were evaluated. The results obtained revealed that both garlic emulsion and low temperature caused considerable mortality in population of T. castaneum. Furthermore, integrated treatments had also reliable effects on this pest. The findings of present study could be so helpful for reducing adverse effects of chemical pesticides in the integrated management of red flour beetle.

The cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne damages a wide range of stored products. Despite a great deal of research, control of this pest still relies on the use of phostoxin tablets, which is becoming less effective as the insect develops resistance to this compound. In this research mortality effect of carbon dioxide and nitrogen gases evaluated individually and in combination, against adults of L. serricorne. Mortality was recorded after 24 h. Results indicated that nitrogen did not have a significant lethal effect on adults of pest. The LC50 value of carbon dioxide was estimated 2498.59 ppm. In combination tests of these gases, concentrations of 254, 381 and 508 ppm of nitrogen were combined with the LC50 value of carbon dioxide. Results showed that insect mortality was increased by decreasing the concentration of nitrogen or by increasing that of carbon dioxide. According to the results of this study, the cost of using phostoxin tablets was much higher than that of carbon dioxide. Linear programming can be introduced as a useful method for optimizing control managing of this pest. Also, by considering the low cost control and high insecticidal effect of carbon dioxide and evaluating other aspects, this fumigant can be introduced as a suitable alternative to phostoxin.

The cowpea seed beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus F.) is one of the most injurious insects infesting a wide range of leguminous stored seeds such as Lens culinaris, Vigna radiata, Vicia faba and Vigna unguiculata (1). This insect also causes secondary infestation during pulse storage, and may cause total loss within three months. The bruchids can cause heavy losses in terms of both quantity and quality (4). Heavy infestations of bruchids can cause heating of commodity, which results in quality loss, and mould growth. Currently, the control strategies of stored product insect pests have exclusively relied upon application of fumigants and protectant synthetic insecticides. Chemical control of pests has led to insecticide residues in stored products and insecticide-resistant insect populations (3, 6). Therefore, there is a need for the ecologically benign methods to control cowpea weevil on chickpea. High temperature application has been used to satisfactorily disinfest stored commodities by various technologies. Microwave radiation is one of the most promising biorational pest management tools for farm stored grain and grain processing industries (29). Microwave is a type of electromagnetic energy that provides rapid heating. It appears that high temperatures in a short time period may be lethal to many stored product pests. The present study aimed to assess the lethal effects of microwave radiation on adults of cowpea seed beetle in stored pulses.
The population of C. maculatus was originally collected from Laboratory of Entomology at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The cowpea weevils were reared on chickpea, in a growth chamber at temperature of 28 ± 2 ºC, relative humidity of 60 ± 5 % in the dark. Male and female beetles were treated separately with 2450 MHz at power levels of 90-900 W over a range of irradiation periods from 20 to 960 seconds. Corrected mortality data were subjected to two-way factorial analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in which the microwave power and insects’ sex were regarded as independent categorial factors and irradiation period as covariate using SPSS Version 16 software. Prior to the ANCOVA test, Levene's test for equality of variances was performed to examine the assumptions for ANCOVA. Moreover, at each radiation power, the values of median lethal time (LT50), i.e., microwave irradiation period needed for the death of 50% insect population, and 90% lethal time (LT90) with 95% confidence limits were estimated separately for male and female beetles by subjecting mortality data to the maximum likelihood program of probit regression analysis using POLO-PC software. This program has a provision for control mortality.
The results indicated that the mortality rates of both male and female adults increased as the exposure period and/or the power of radiation increased. When microwave power levels increased, the time elapsed to achieve maximum lethal effect decreased; this was implied by the results showing maximum mortality achievement in 960 and 80 seconds at 90 W and 900 W, respectively. Male beetles were more susceptible than females, but this difference was not significant based on the LT50 ratio. The LT50 values for the power levels between 90-900 W varied between 674.8 - 41.40 seconds for males and 741.5 - 47.2 seconds for females. The probit analysis showed that the slope values of mortality - exposure time regression lines were in the range of 3.23 - 5.51. According to the likelihood ratio test of parallelism, the slopes of probit mortality regressions differed significantly among various microwave power levels. However, further likelihood ratio test between the paired combinations concerned revealed that the slopes of probit mortality lines differed significantly only between those of 90 and 900W levels. The present results are in agreement with those of Singh et al. (2012) who worked on Callosobruchus chinensis (26). Also, Sadeghi Nasab et al (2004) working on the effect of microwave radiation on three stored product pests, found similar results (25).
The results from our study showed that microwave radiation has a potential to kill insects in stored beans. It was observed that at certain constant power levels, the mortality of beetles increased as the microwave exposure time elongated and vice-versa. Although this strategy can control insect population in stored beans in a short time whilst deserting no chemical residue on food products, the adverse effects of microwave radiation on nutritional quality of food products and seed germination should be investigated. Further research is also recommended to improve methodology for practical disinfection of stored pulses.

Increase of world population, lack of food sources, and need for food security, protection of agricultural products against losses, drought, pests, and diseases, all seems to be necessary more than ever. During the years, grains have been the main food of humans, especially wheat, barley, rice, and corn. So production and storage of these products is important for societies. One of the main problems in this field is protecting the grains in stores until consuming or planting them again. Annually, over hundreds of millions tons of grains are lost by pests present in stores and not observing the scientific principles of storing. Control of insects and pests during storage as a destructive factor of stored products by harmless methods is necessary. There are restrictions in use of chemically control methods against pests in stores. Therefore in recent decades, physically control methods have attracted a lot of attentions. The purpose of using physically control methods is eliminating pests with minimum destructive effect on the environment. These methods directly affect on pests or change their living situations and create an unsafe environment for them. One of the tools that indirectly affect pests is ultrasonic waves. Ultrasonic waves are mechanical waves which can properly penetrate in air and porous areas. These waves are completely safe for the environment and cause no damage to the environment. Ultrasonic waves as new safe strategy in insect control can prepare unsafe areas for annoying insects and agricultural pests. The main characteristics of ultrasonic waves are safe for humans and environment.
In this study, experiments were carried out to assess the repellent impact of ultrasonic waves on one important storage pest, red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbs). The system, which produces ultrasonic waves, includes distributor of ultrasonic waves, power supply, central processor, oscillator, display, Perry amplifier, amplifier, keyboard, and step motor. In this system, all parts are connected with each other. After doing pretests at different frequencies and times, frequencies of 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 kHz and radiation times of 3, 6, 12, and 24 h were selected as the most appropriate levels of variables. So these levels were used for doing the main tests on red beetle samples of flour. to study the effect of ultrasonic waves on red beetles, a factorial experiment was done based on completely randomized block design with three replications. To study the repellent and absorbent effects of ultrasonic waves, 20 red beetles were placed in 150 g flour into plastic tubes. The tubes have 10 cm diameter and 50 cm length. The odorless and flavourless oil was rubbed to the beginning and end of tubes in order to count the number of beetles. Because they trap into oil while exiting the tubes. The insects, which go toward the radiation source of waves, were as absorbent effect of waves. On the contrary, the insects that go against the radiation source and try to get out of flour were considered as repellent effect of waves.
The results of this research showed that ultrasonic waves can give red beetles away from the flour. It showed that insects tend very much to escape from the environment So they use all directions to get out of the environment. Analysis of variance showed that the frequency variable with the level of 95% probability independently had a significant effect on the pests escape. The results showed that in frequency of 35 kHz during 6 hours radiation intervals have highest repellency and escaping of pest from the nutrient medium with less energy consumption. The study showed that the application of ultrasonic waves in pests control can reduce the fumigant pesticides which are an important factor in environmental, food storage and consumers pollution.
The present study indicates that physically control method with ultrasonic wave is a safe, harmless, and accommodated method with the environment. It can be used in storehouses and grain depots. So this method can be placed in consolidated management program of pests in stores. To make sure about the proper and precise performance of this system, more researches are needed to be done in this field.

In order to replace pesticides with less hazardous compounds, plant essential oils are widely investigated. In this study, the effects of essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. leaves was tested for fumigant, contact and repellent effects against adults of Rhyzopertha dominica, Tribolium castaneum and Oryzaephilus surinamensis. The experiments were conducted in completely randomized design with 5 replications in 27±2oC, 65±5% R.H. and dark condition. The essential oil were extracted using Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed by GC-MS. Fumigant toxicity was studied in 50 mL containers and contact toxicity experiments were performed using petri-dish method and five different concentrations and the mortality was investigated after 24 h. Repellency of the oils was studied using the choice bioassay system in petri-dish with five concentrations, at 2 and 4 h exposure times. Analysis of chemical composition showed high amounts of monoterpenes in essential oil, mainly linalool (32.41 %). Probit analysis showed that the LC50 of C. aurantium essential oil against O. surinamensis was 262.93 µL/L air but there was no fumigant toxicity against R. dominica and O. surinamensis. Results of contact toxicity showed that C. aurantium had more toxicity for R. dominica (LC50=0.13 µl/cm2) and O. surinamensis (LC50=0.11 µl/cm2) than T. castaneum (LC50=1.84µL/cm2). Percent repellency (PR) increased with increasing exposure time and concentration of the essential oils. After 2h exposure time the PR of C. aurantium oil was 48, 90 and 84 % at the highest concentration of essential oil (1.194×10-1 µL/cm2) for R. dominica, T. castaneum and O. surinamensis.

The red flour beetles Tribolium castaneum is one of the most important pests of stored products, to control this pests plant extracts are suitable components as alternate for chemical pesticides. On the other hand herbs as natural resources that are antioxidant properties, The attention of researchers for use in the food and biological systems are located. In this research theefficiency of Pimpinella anisum extract on biological activity of anise Tribolium castaneum and its antioxidant functional is evaluated. In this study, the effect of seed extract of anisum on nutritional indices of adults T.castaneum, in 3 concentrations 50, 75 and 100 µl and respiratory toxicity effects of extracts ( 50, 89, 158, 281, 500 µl of extract per liter of air) was in vitro (29 ± 1°C and 65 ± 5% R.H.). Also the antioxidant effects of P.anisum was investigated by two methods, radical scavenging, DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method and reducing power of iron method. Nutrition a lindices showed that the highest and lowest concentration, respectively, has 86/94% and 68/82% inhibition of feeding. The highest mortality concentration was 500 µl/L of air at 24 hours. The required concentration to 50% mortality of population (LC50) at 24 hours after treatment was 215/19 µl/L of air. In DPPH test, the 50% inhibitory concentration of leaf extract was higher than seed extract, the same result was obtained from the power reducing of iron test.

Essential oils are suitable components as alternate for chemical pesticides. Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella Hubner Tribolium confusum Herbst and Callosobruchus chinensis are some of the most important stored product pests. In this research, insecticidal effects of essential oils of five medicinal plants have been studied on these pests. Plants are included Achillea wilhelmsii, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Artemisia absinthium, Rosmarinus officinalis and Foeniculum vulgare that essential oils extracted by hydrodistilation method. Insecticide activity of essential oils studied on adults of T. confusum and C. chinensis and first instars larvae P. interpunctella. Cinnamon had the most insecticide activity on all insects especially Indian meal moth and the least insecticide activity were observed by absenthin and rosemary on Tribolium. There is significant difference between insecticide effects of essential oil on three pests. Also by increasing doses mortality increased. These results showed essential oils, especially Cinnamon have a good potential for using in warehouses instead of fumigant pesticides as insecticide.

In an attempt to find a natural and safe method for the control of stored-product pests, insecticidal activity and repellency effect of essential oil from Salvia mirzayanii Rech. F. & Esfand. were investigated against one day old adults of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Col.: Bruchidae) and Tribolium confusum J du Val. (Col.: Tenebrionidae). The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation method, using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus. Experiments were carried out at 27 ± 1°C and 65 ± 5% R.H. in dark condition. Results of fumigant toxicity tests showed that the mortality of C. maculatus was increased significantly with increases in concentration and exposure time. LC50 value was 2.58 µL/L air for C. maculatus. Results indicated that C. maculatus was so susceptible to S. mirzayanii oil. LT50 values for C. maculatus were 9.73, 8.52, 7.17 and 7.08 h at 37.03, 111.11, 148.14 and 185.18 µL/L air, respectively. No mortality was observed on T. confusum at highest concentration (3703.70 µL/L air). Repellency was increased significantly with increases in concentration in both of species of the insects. The essential oil was significantly more repellent to T. confusum than C. maculatus. It is concluded that S. mirzayanii essential oil can be used as a safe pesticide to control stored insect pests, especially against C. maculatus.

Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Pyralidae) is one of the most important stored-product insects that are controlled by fumigants. However, the use of plant essential oils and their constituents may have the advantage over conventional fumigants in terms of low mammalian toxicity and can be used as alternatives to conventional fumigants. Therefore, in this research, repellent activity of 18 plant essential oils was investigated on adults and last instar larvae of Indian meal moth. Also, fumigant toxicity of the essential oils was studied on the first instar larvae. Repellency of the essential oils on adults showed that Anethum graveolens and Rosmarinus officinalis at 2 µliter essential oil in 2 grams food had 100% activity. Hyossopus officinalis and Petroselinum sativum showed the lowest (14.8%) repellency. Consistent with adult repellency, both of R. officinalis and A. graveolens had high repellency on larvae. The fumigant toxicity results of the oils showed that all plants had LC50 values less than 26 µl/l air, indicating strong fumigant toxicity on first instar larvae. Dill was less toxic (LC50= 25.48 µl/l air); while Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Carum carvi, Achillea millefolium and Melissa officinalis were the most toxic with LC50 values of 2.12, 5.06, 5.20 and 5.57 µl/l air, respectively. Consequently, most of these plant essential oils specially Rosemary and Dill may have high potential for using in integrated control of Indian meal moth in storage, in terms of repellency.