جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « غلات » در نشریات گروه « علوم دام »

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of supplementing corn steep liquor (CSL), as a nitrogen source, with different dietary carbohydrate sources on in vitro gas production, fermentation parameters, digestibility and activity of rumen microbial enzymes of male lamb's diets. The 8 experimental diets contained different energy sources (including different levels of barley, corn and molasses), in which a constant level of CSL was used (13% of diet dry matter (DM)), incubated in vitro. Experimental diets were 1) corn, 2) barley, 3) mixture of corn/barley and replacing the former with4) 5, 5) 10, 6) 15, 7) 20 and 8) 25% molasses. The maximum and minimum gas production at 72 and 96 (h) of incubation, and potential of gas production (b) were obtained by incubation of diet containing15% molasses and corn diets, respectively (P<0.05). However, the greatest and lowest values for fractional rate of gas production (c) and microbial protein synthesiswere observed in the diets containing 10 and 25% molasses, respectively (P<0.05). The concentration of NH3-N was greatest by supplementing CSL with 25% molasses, while it was lowest in the diet containing 10% molasses (P<0.05). The addition 10% molasses along with CSL increased the activity of carboxymethyle cellulase and microcrystalline cellulase compared with the other treatments (P<0.05). The highest activity of filter paper-degrading (FDP) was obsereved with the diet in which CLS was supplemented with 5% molasses, while supplementing CSL conating diet with 25% molasses led to the lowest FPD activity (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results of present study showed that supplementing CSL containing diet with 10% of molasses improved nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation and nitrogen metabolism in vitro.

Barley grain is one of the major feedstuff in ruminant animal’s nutrition due to its high energy density and lower price than grains such as corn. Rate of barley starch digestion in the rumen is critical issue in high-grain fed ruminants because it is associated with higher performance of animal. Feeding high amount of barley in ruminant animal rations can cause an increase in the incidence of digestive disorders including reduced feed intake, off-feed, acidosis, and liver abscesses. Processing methods such heat treatment can affect physical characteristics and ruminal fermentation of grain. Moreover, barley grains from diverse cultivars are different in their chemical composition and fermentation characteristics due to geographical, environmental and genetic variations as well as their interactions. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of variety and heat treatment duration on physical characteristics and ruminal disappearance of barley grain. Two varieties of endemic barley grain (i.e. Sahand and Makoei) were prepared from Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. The grains were roasted in three time duration (5, 10 or 15 min at 120o C) in a cast iron container. The experiment was conducted using a 2*3 factorial design. The samples were dried in 60° oven for 48 hours. Chemical composition was determined according to prescribed procedures of AOAC (2002). Neutral detergent finer (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were measured by method of Van-Soest et al. (1991). Bulk density of sample was determined using the method described by Montgomery and Baumgardt (1965). Water holding capacity (WHC) determined by filtration method (Robertson and Eastwood, 1981). Dry matter solubility and ash solubility of samples were determind by method of Giger-Reverdin (2000). Dry matter degradability was measured by in situ technique using two fistulated Ghezel sheep (fed 60% forage + 40% concentrate). Samples were put in the polyester bags and incubated in the rumen for 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, and hours. After the specific incubation periods, bags were washed under running tap water until the effluent was clear and then dried at 55◦C for 48 h. Bags and contents were weighed to estimate DM disappearance (DMD). Kinetic parameters of DM degradation was estimated by the nonlinear regression procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) using the model of McDonald (1981) y = a + b (1 − e−c(t−lag)). Data were subjected to analysis as a factorial in a completely randomized design using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS. Roasting increased dry matter (DM) content of both barley varieties (P<0.05). An increase in ADF and NDF content of roasted grain was due to decrease in water content of grain. Sahand variety showed higher degradability than Makoei (P<0.05). Dry matter degradability of both barley varieties decreased during 16 to 48 h of incubation due to roasting process (P<0.05); however, these varieties showed different kinetics of degradation during early period of incubation. Roasting increased DM degradability of the Sahand variety during initial 6 h of incubation; however, it showed different pattern in the Makoie variety. The rapid and slow degradable fractions (ie; a and b) decreased by roasting duration in both varieties (P<0.05). Also heat processing of barley grain resulted in a lower effective degradability of dry matter (P<0.01). Effective degradability of Sahand variety was higher than Makoie in all passage rates and all duration of heat processing (P<0.05). Fractional rate of degradability did not change by heat treatment. Makoei variety had higher water holding capacity (WHC), bulk density (BD), dry matter solubility (DS), and ash solubility (AS) than Sahand (P<0.05). Roasting increased WHC and decreased BD in both varieties (P<0.05) but had no effect on DS and AS. There were positive correlations between BD100 and Ether Extract (EE), NDF and ADF content of barley grain, which were 0.53, 0.40, and 0.35, respectively. Also, water holding capacity showed high positive correlation with NDF and ADF content (r =0.84 and r =0.71 respectively) and as expected conversely correlated with EE content (r = -0.61) of barley grain. Both of DMS and AS conversely correlated with EE content of barley grain (r = -0.24 and r = -0.49 respectively). The results of the current study demonstrated that it is possible to decrease ruminal degradability of barley grain by using the right roasting treatment and choosing the proper variety. Makoei variety showed more decrease in fractional rate of digestion, which should be considered in the ration formulation

Microwave irradiation is a type of heat processing to reduce the crude protein and starch degradability and increased protein passing to the small intestine to improve rumen fermentation of cereals. This research was carried out to investigate the degradability of starch and crude protein of different varieties of microwave irradiated barley grain and the distribution of protein in the carbohydrate system and pure protein kornel system and metabolizable protein system.
Determination of chemical composition with laboratory mill with 1 mm grinding mill and dry matter concentration, raw material of crude protein (Kjeldahl machines), raw Ethere Extract using standard methods. Starch was evaluated by anthrom (44) and neutral detergent fiber (ankome system) and acid detergent fiber by Van Suste et al. (1991) measurements (three replicates). Three barley varieties (Sahand, Makoei, and BahmanAbi) were exposed were exposed to microwave radiation for 2, 4, and 6 minutes. Kinetic and ruminal digestibilty of dry matter, starch and protein feed samples was determined by nylon bag using three Holstein male calves equipped with flexible rhombic fistula at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours in a randomized complete block design. Distribution of protein was determined based on the metabolizable protein system and the relevant equations. Protein solubility in different buffers was determined in order to understand the distribution of different protein portions in the carbohydrate system and the pure Cornell protein (CNCPS). In addition, the effect of irradiation on the distribution of barley carbohydrates in this system was studied.
Under the influence of microwave irradiation, the amount of dry matter, crude protein, organic matter, soluble fiber in acid detergent, insoluble fiber in neutral detergent of different barley grain varieties decreased, so that in the last 6 minutes, the lowest amount of dry matter, crude protein, organic matter, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and ethere extract belonging to Sahand cultivar. The results of this experiment indicated a significant and reducing effect of irradiation at different times on the amount of starch and digestible protein in the rumen and there was a significant difference between the different studied cultivars. Among different studied varieties, the different degradability parameters of Sahand varietie were affected by radiation. The difference between varieties in response to treatments can be considered as a reflection of the amount of crust, starch and crude protein and different distribution of starch in different parts of the grain. Prolonging the irradiation time increased its effect on different parameters of evaluation regarding crude protein and starch degradability. Treating various maize varieties with microwave significantly reduced the amount of soluble protein, reduced protein nitrogen and increased protein and starch content available in the carbohydrate system and pure cornel protein. However, Prolonging the irradiation time increased the protein bound to the cell wall and subsequently reduced protein availability but had no effect on the amount of available starch. Contrary to the results of the carbohydrate system and pure Cornell protein test, irradiation did not have a negative effect on the digestibility of crustacean protein subunits based on a three-step enzymatic method, but affected the digestive ability of starch.
The results of this study showed the different response of barley varieties to irradiation with microwave waves and the need for an in vivo investigations. It seems that according to the results, the best response in influencing nutritional parameters for improving rumen fermentation, protein degradation, starch and increasing the amounts of starch and digestible protein entering the small intestine can be related to irradiation to It was 4 minutes in different cultivars.

Twelve Turkmen horses with an average weight of 425 ± 4 kg and age of 6 ±1.8 years were used in the experiment. In all rations, the ratio of concentrate to forage was 65:35. Corn and oats, barley and wheat and barley with oats were used as a source of starch in 1, 2 and 3 ration respectively. Lignin and acid insoluble ash (AIA) were used as internal markers to determine the nutrient digestibility. Using lignin or AIA methods, the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract and digestible energy were significantly increased in treatment 1 (P<0.05). Digestion coefficients of ash-free neutral detergent fibre, ash-free acid detergent fibre, cellulose and hemicellulose were increased for treatments 1 and 3 (P<0.05). The digestion coefficients obtained by using both markers there was not significantly different (P >0.05) except in the case of ADFom and cellulose in diet 1 and ADFom, hemicellulose and cellulose in diet 2. However, the recovery rate of AIA and lignin were 106% and 91% respectively, the recovery rates of these markers are highly correlated with the total faecal collection method. In general, the inclusion of corn and oats in the ration has led to improve the nutrients digestibility compared to those without corn and oats.