جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "کنوکارپوس" در نشریات گروه "علوم دام"

The domestic rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus from the Leporidae family is a herbivorous mammal and their usual diet is plant sources. Rabbits can tolerate temperatures between 4 and 27 degrees; Of course, the recommended average temperature for them is between 16 and 22 degrees. The average pregnancy period for rabbits is 28 to 31 days. Different forages in rabbit diets affect its optimal growth performance. Rabbits need energy, fiber and protein in their diet. It is recommended to use fodder plants as well as tropical plants to feed rabbits, currently dry fodder such as alfalfa constitutes 40 to 80% of the rabbit's diet. Corn, wheat, barley, and alfalfa are plants with high energy levels, and therefore, the consumption of these plants in diets is very high. Due to the high price of alfalfa and barley, the cost of preparing feed increases, as a result of which the economic efficiency decreases. Tropical plants have a significant amount of protein, fat, minerals and carbohydrates that can affect growth and production. Among the tropical plants are Conocarpus erectus and myrtle. Cenocarpus erectus is a common ornamental plant in tropical and semi-tropical regions, which usually has a height of 1.5 to 4 meters. This plant contains bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, saponin, tannin, phenolic compounds, resin, terpenes, glycosides and antibacterial activity. Myrtle plant is a small shrub with evergreen leaves. Among the effective substances found in the plant, we can mention phenolic acids such as gallic acid, vanillic acid and ferulic acid, tannins, catechin and quercetin. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was the effect of the use of myrtle and conocarpus plants in the diet of first-generation rabbits on digestibility, antioxidant capacity, blood parameters and microbial population of the digestive tract.

In this project, 12 breeding rabbits of New Zealand breed (10 females and 2 males) were tested, for this purpose, after 28 days of rabbit pregnancy period and 30 days of lactation period of born rabbits, the considered treatments were applied to the born rabbits (each treatment consisted of five repetitions). The treatments include: 1 control treatment, 2 treatments receiving 25% of myrtle plant and 3 treatments receiving 25% of conocarpus plant in the form of completely randomized design. The experiment was conducted on born rabbits for 30 days, and the average weight of the tested rabbits was 250 grams. At the end of the experiment, the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, insoluble fibers in neutral detergent, insoluble fibers in acidic and organic detergents, antioxidant activity of meat during storage in the refrigerator and in the freezer, microbial population of the digestive tract (population of Lactobacillus, E. coli and coliform bacteria) ) and blood parameters including cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were measured.

The effect of the use of myrtle and conocarpus on the digestibility of tested rabbits, the test results showed that Myrtle and conocarpus plants result in decreasing of the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (P<0.05). he results of the treatments on the microbial population showed that the populations of Lactobacillus, E. coli and coliforms in the cecum of rabbits were placed on Mord and Cenocarpus treatments (p > 0.05). The effect of myrtle and conocarpus plant on the antioxidant level of meat during storage in the refrigerator showed that the meat of rabbits fed with myrtle plant had a lower concentration of malondialdehyde and more antioxidant properties than the meat of rabbits fed with conocarpus plant (p< 0.05). The results of the experiment on the effect of treatments on blood parameters showed that the concentration of cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and glucose in the treatment using myrtle leaves and the treatment using conocarpus plant were significantly higher than the control treatment. decreased (p<0.05), but regarding the effect of treatments on liver enzymes, the test results showed that there was no significant difference in the concentration of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase between the treatments using myrtle and conocarpus compared to the control treatment (p> 0/05).

The results of the experiment showed that using myrtle plant and conocarpus plant as a substitute for part of alfalfa in the diet of newborn rabbits had an effect on digestibility, malondialdehyde concentration and blood parameters, and according to the positive effects of mord plant and conocarpus plant on the antioxidant concentration of rabbit meat. Whether during storage in the refrigerator or during the storage of rabbit meat in the freezer and blood biochemical parameters, and also considering the cheapness and availability of these plants in some areas, especially in Khuzestan, it can be concluded that the use of 25% of Sometimes myrtle and conocarpus have a positive effect as an effective antioxidant and a herbal supplement in the diet.

Conocarpus is an ornamental plant common in tropical and subtropical regions that is usually seen as a shrub with a height of 1.5 to 4 meters. Due to resistance and adaptation to hot and dry environment, poor drainage, air pollution and dense soils, its cultivation has increased in the last decade in the country and especially in Khuzestan (Mohammadabadi 2020). Al-Koaik et al (2014) reported the amount of crude protein and fiber of conocarpus leaves were 96.6 and 134.7 g/kg, respectively. Also, Direkvandi et al (2020) reported the amount of crude protein, NDF and ADF of conocarpus silage were 114, 473 and 371 g/kg DM, respectively, which can be used as feed with suitable nutrients in animal feeding. However, one of the things that should be considered about conocarpus as animal feed is the presence of secondary compounds such as phenolic compounds (tannins) (Mohammadabadi 2020). Treatment with microbial additives has been suggested to reduce tannins (Konda et al. 2007). These microbes contain the tannin acyl-hydrolase (tannase) enzyme, which hydrolyze tannin to gallic acid and glucose (Jafari-Tapeh et al 2012)

In this experiment, 16 Arabi lambs (average body weight, 25 ± 3 kg) were used in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replicates. The experimental period was 60 days (10 days adaptation and 50 days trial period). Four treatments were included; (1) Control group (without conocarpus); (2) BA6, diet containing conocarpus treated with bacterium A6; (3) BA8; diet containing conocarpus treated with bacterium A8; (4) WB, diet containing untreated conocarpus. During the experimental period, the complete mixed ration (based on 50% forage and 50% concentrate) was provided for each lamb twice daily at 8:00 am and 16:00 pm (allowed 5% of orts) (NRC, 2007). Lambs had free access to fresh water and salt licks. At the end of the experiment, feed intake (daily basis), feeding behavior (in a 24-hour period), nutrient digestibility (sampling on days 45 to 50 according to Givens et al 2000) and rumen fermentation parameters (pH, ammonia-N, volatile fatty acids and protozoa population; sampling on day 50 of the experiment at 0, 3 and 6 hours after morning feeding), were evaluated. Also, blood sample (approximately 10 mL) was collected from jugular veins using tubes containing an anticoagulant (heparin) on day 50 of the experiment at 0, 3 and 6 hours after morning feeding. Glucose, triglycerides, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) were determined by using enzymatic methods and spectrophotometer.

Results showed that the amount of feed intake decreased by experimental treatments (P <0.05) and in all cases the lowest amount of feed intake was observed in WB treatment (P <0.05). Similarly, Hosseini (2018) reported that the use of conocarpus silage reduced feed intake compared to control. Reduction of feed intake in treatments containing conocarpus is probably due to less palatability of these treatments. Feeding time and the rate of chewing was significantly decreased by the experimental treatments (P <0.05). The lowest rumination rate was observed in BA8 treatment (P <0.05). In contrast, the lowest rest period was observed in control and BA6 treatments (P <0.05). The highest digestibility of organic matter was observed in BA6 treatment (P <0.05). The lowest digestibility of NDF and ADF was observed in WB treatment (P <0.05). Digestibility of NDF and ADF showed no significant difference between BA6, BA8 and control (P <0.05). According to our results, Mohammadabadi et al (2021) also reported an increase in digestibility of cell wall as a result of treated with tannin-degrading bacteria. The highest and lowest pH values were observed in control and WB treatments, respectively (P <0.05). The concentration of Ammonia-N and protozoa population were significantly decreased by experimental treatments (P <0.05). The reducing effect of conocarpus-containing treatments on ammonia-N and protozoa populations may be due to more phenolic compounds in these treatments (Yanez Ruiz et al 2004). Total concentrations of volatile fatty acids, propionate, valerate, isobutyrate and isovalerate were not affected by experimental treatments (P <0.05). The concentration of acetate significantly increased by BA6 and BA8 treatments (P <0.05). Also, the highest concentration of butyrate was observed in WB treatment (P <0.05). The increase in acetate concentration in BA6 and BA8 treatments may be due to the increased digestibility of cell wall in these treatments. Blood glucose concentration and BUN were significantly decreased by experimental treatments (P <0.05). The high concentration of propionate and glucose was observed in the control treatment. Hosseini (2018) similar to our results reported that the use of conocarpus silage and dried conocarpus had no significant effect on triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL and LDL concentrations compared to the control. The concentration of liver enzymes in this study was not significant but was numerically higher than the control, which agreed with the results of Rezaeinia et al. (2012).

The results of this study showed that due to the positive effects of the conocarpus treated with tannin-degrading bacteria than the untreated conocarpus on some measured parameter, and also due to the lack of a negative impact on animal health, it can be said that the treated of this plant to reduce tannin that is a suitable solution for the use of conocarpus in the ration of lambs.Keywords: Tannin-degrading bacteria, Feeding behavior, Blood and ruminal parameters, conocarpus, Arabi lambs

The current experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of conocarpuson digestibility, microbial rumen fermentation, and blood parameters in the Arabi sheep. At the first experiment, the most proper diet among diets containing 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% conocarpusfoliage, instead of corn silage, were selected by in vitro methods. The result indicated, diet containing 15% conocarpus had the greatest potential of gas production and digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber (p < /em><0.05). Then, diet containing 15% conocarpusfoliage was used in the feeding of Arabi sheep with average weight of 25±5 kg and 12±1 months age. These diets containing 55% forage to 45% concentrate were used in the completely randomized design for a period of 35 days. Digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber and acid in the experimental diets was not different (p < /em>>0.05). Also, blood triglyceride and aspartate and alanine aminotransferase did not influence by treatments (p < /em>>0.05). The potential of gas production and digestibility of straw in sheep fed with control and experimental diets had not significant difference (p < /em>>0.05). Dry matter intake, blood urea, glucose and LDL in treatment containing conocarpus were less than the control treatment, but blood cholesterol and HDL increased (p < /em><0.05). Ammonia nitrogen and pH of rumen in diet containing conocarpus was less than control (p < /em><0.05). The result of this study showed, due to the lack of a negative effect on digestibility and fermentation and the other parameters in this experiment, maybe conocarpus foliage can be used by 15% as replacement with some forage in Arabi sheep diet.