جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "bioavailability" در نشریات گروه "علوم دام"

Manganese is an essential trace element that acts as an activating component of many crucial enzymes such as alginase and pyruvate carboxylase. It is involved in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism, as well as in vital biochemical reactions (Hassan et al., 2020). Additionally, manganese serves as a cofactor in the synthesis of chondroitin sulfate and plays a significant role in bone formation in broiler chickens (Mwangi et al., 2019). Moreover, manganese is vital for the antioxidant and immune systems of animals (Patra and Lalhriatpuii, 2020; Wang et al., 2018). In the production of broiler chickens, manganese sources commonly used include inorganic Mn (Mn sulfate, Mn carbonate and Mn oxide) and organic Mn (Mn chelated with amino acid and protein). Inorganic sources of manganese are cheaper, although they have low digestibility (Tufarelli and Laudadio, 2017; Yenice et al., 2015). Organic sources have excellent chemical stability and high absorption efficiency. They have not been widely used in poultry diet due to different quality levels of manufactured products, unpredictable effects and high cost (Tufarelli and Laudadio, 2017; Brooks et al., 2012). Therefore, it is important to assess new sources of manganese that have higher digestibility and lower cost. Manganese hydroxychloride is a group of minerals which solubility in water is minimal, but it becomes more soluble in acidic conditions in intestine (Wang et al., 2011). The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the different levels and sources of manganese in the diet of broiler chickens by investigating their effects on growth performance, immunity, the digestibility of different sources in different solvents, and the digestibility using the technique of Everted Gut Sacs. Manganese sulfate, organic manganese, and manganese Hydroxychloride were obtained from Ariana company. In order to measurement of the amount of dry matter and ash, one gram in four repetitions was sampled from each of the sources. They were dried at 105°C for 12 hours and dry matter was calculated through subtraction. Then samples were transferred to the oven at 550°C for 16 hours and their ash content was determined. Finally, they were digested in hydrochloric acid and passed through Whatman filter paper No. 42. After making up to volume with mili-Q water, they were read by an atomic absorption device at a wavelength of 520 to 560 nm (AOAC, 1995; Williams, 1972). In order to evaluate the solubility, three samples (0.1 g) were prepared and dissolved in 100 ml of 2% citric acid, 0.4% hydrochloric acid and deionized water (Watson et al., 1970). For assessment ability to absorb minerals by the technique of Everted Gut Sacs, 180 one-day-old broilers of the Ross 308 commercial strain were fed from one to twenty-one days old with corn and soybean based (2018). On the 22nd day to the 28th day, they were fed with a diet free of manganese and on 29th day, they were starved for one day and night. Chickens were grouped into three treatments with Hydroxychloride, organic and manganese sulfate sources with 6 replications and 10 pieces per replication. Three parts were selected from each replication for the test steps (Feng et al., 2006). Samples prepared from jejunum and ileum in two buffers, Mis-Krebs and Tris-Krebs. In order to determine the relative bioavailability of different manganese sources, an experiment was conducted with 12 treatments included four different levels of manganese (35, 70, 105 and 140 mg/kg) with three different sources including Hydroxychloride, organic and sulfate. The highest amount of dry matter of manganese was related to manganese sulfate (99.23%). The lowest was manganese hydroxychloride (92.58%). The highest ash percentage was related to manganese hydroxychloride with 86.14% and the lowest was related to organic manganese with 21.56%. The amount of manganese calculated after testing organic sources, hydroxychloride and sulfate was 5.64, 34.64 and 34.47% respectively. The organic form of manganese had the highest solubility in 2% citric acid and the lowest in deionized water with 96.12 and 34.14%, respectively. Manganese hydroxychloride also had the highest solubility in 2% citric acid solution. Manganese sulfate had the highest solubility in hydrochloric acid and the lowest solubility in deionized water. In general, manganese sulfate had the highest solubility in deionized water compared to the other two sources. Also, the highest solubility of organic manganese in 2% citric acid was 96.12% in the whole experiment. It has been reported in studies that binding minerals with proteins will be a weak chelate and when they are placed in solvents, their chelate breaks easily and dissolve (Cao et al., 2000). The results related to performance traits and primary and secondary response of antibody titer against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) showed that experimental treatments had no significant effect on them.  The results showed that the highest solubility of the organic form of manganese was in citric acid (96.12%) and the lowest was in deionized water (34.13%). Manganese hydroxychloride had the highest solubility in 2% citric acid, while manganese sulfate had the highest solubility in 0.4% hydrochloric acid. Overall, manganese exhibited the highest solubility in hydrochloric acid and the lowest in deionized water. The results of the technique of inverted intestinal segments showed that the most absorption of manganese occurs in the ileum, and these results were in line with the results of other researchers who had performed this experiment in vitro and in vivo Among the experimental treatments, the highest absorption in the technique of inverted intestinal segments was related to the organic source of manganese, and the lowest was related to the form of sulfate, 3.25% and 1.99%, respectively. At the end, the use of organic manganese in broiler diet is recommended due to its high absorption level.

Phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) are macro-minerals for normal growth and development. Phosphorus plays a vital role in muscle function, enzyme activity, lipid metabolism, bone mineralization, maintaining osmotic and acid-base balance, energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and protein synthesis. In addition, in layers, P is required to replace tissue metabolites such as nucleotides and phospholipids, maintain skeletal integrity, and produce the egg. Also, Ca is essential for eggshell formation, coagulation, muscle, and nerve function. Bone is a rich source of P and Ca, which can be converted into bone ash (BA) as an organic source to supply P and Ca. Today, BA has been introduced as a suitable alternative for mineral sources of P and Ca in the poultry industry. Barshan et al reported in 2019 that the use of BA compared to dicalcium phosphate caused a significant increase in weight in broilers. The purpose of this study was to use bone ash as a dietary P source and to investigate the P bioavailability in it compared to monocalcium phosphate (MCP) as a standard source. 350 one-day-old broilers were used in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments and 5 repetitions. The dietary treatments were: 1) basic diet containing 0.11% of available P; 2, 4, 3) supplementing the basic diet with 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15% P from MCP source; 5, 6, 7) supplementing the basic diet with 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15% P from BA source. All experimental diets contained 0.78% Ca. At the end of the experiment, the P bioavailability in the BA was obtained based on the P consumed in relation to the daily weight gain and tibia bone ash by the slope-ratio method. Also, the investigated parameters such as digestibility and antibody titer against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were analyzed in a factorial design. The results showed that based on the weight gain in the grower (10 to 25 days) and finisher (26 to 35 days) periods, the bioavailability of P in BA was 82.37% and 93.24%, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that with the increase in the consumption time of BA, its P bioavailability has also increased and it has been able to compensate for the lack of growth well and almost similar to monocalcium phosphate. Also, based on the percentage of ash and P of tibia bone, the P bioavailability was 92.86% and 96.39%, respectively.The factorial analysis of digestibility results also showed that by increasing the level of P in diet and using MCP, the percentage of dry matter digestibility increases significantly (P<0.05). Also, the percentage of P digestibility increased numerically with the increase in diet P and the use of BA. Also, factorial analysis of the data related to the production of antibody titer against sheep red blood cells, we observed that the only significant difference in the main effects was for the total antibody titer and IgG in the secondary response; So that the antibody titer produced in the secondary response was significantly higher in chickens fed with monocalcium phosphate than in chickens fed with bone ash (P<0.05). The results of the bone quality test showed that the shear and tensile stress for the tibia was significantly higher in chickens fed with 0.26% P (P<0.05); but there was no significant difference between chickens fed with MCP and BA. An increase in tensile and shear stress means that more force is required to break these bones, which indicates the greater strength of these bones. Measuring the percentage of ash and phosphorus (P) in tibia bones showed that as the dietary phosphorus level increased, the percentage of ash and phosphorus in the tibia also increased significantly (P<0.05). Additionally, using monocalcium phosphate (MCP) in the diet resulted in a significant increase in tibia phosphorus (P<0.05); however, there was no significant difference in the percentage of tibia bone ash. Given the limited availability and high cost of phosphorus and calcium mineral resources, it is essential to find suitable alternatives. Bone ash (BA) is a rich source of phosphorus and calcium, which can be used as an organic source to supply these minerals in industrial poultry diets. Consistent with our results, Van Haren et al. reported that BA can compensate for growth deficits in broiler chickens, similar to diets supplemented with dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and MCP, compared to diets without a phosphorus source. In general, according to the results, it can be concluded that the bioavailability of P in BA is 92 to 96% compared to MCP. This result shows the good ability of BA to replace mineral sources of P. Also, since the absorbability of MCP is higher than dicalcium phosphate (DCP), it can be concluded that BA can have the same efficiency as DCP and be introduced as a substitute in the poultry industry.

Calcium in the diet of broiler chickens is effective on growth, feed efficiency, bone growth, leg health, nervous system function and body immunity. It is essential to provide calcium in sufficient amount to achieve optimal performance in broiler chickens. In order to accurately meet the calcium needs of poultry, one should be aware of the amount of bioavailable calcium in food and calcium sources. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the calcium bioavailability of some commercial calcium carbonates and its effect on the function and physical and chemical characteristics of bone in broiler chickens..

Four samples of commercial calcium carbonate, which have the highest production in Iran, were prepared. Then, according to standard methods, the amounts of heavy elements and their solubility in acid were determined. According to the measured characteristics, two carbonates which had better quality were selected and the bioavailability of calcium was determined using 180 male chickens by the standard curve method. Each diet was provided to chickens with 6 replications and 5 birds in each replication for two weeks from 7 to 21 days.

The results of the present study showed that among the carbonates tested, the highest solubility was carbonate Atlas, then carbonate Alborz, and the rest of the carbonates had lower solubility (p<0.01). The highest amount of calcium was related to carbonate Atlas (37.8) and then carbonate B (37.13).  The other calcium soureses had less calcium levels. Carbonate Atlas and Alborz had less poisonus elements. Calcipiure was applied as standard calcium source. The estimated bioavailability based on body weight was 99% for carbonate Atlas and 98.6% in carbonate Alborz. The estimated bioavailability based on the FCR for carbonate A was 121.7% and carbonate B was 92.8%. Estimated bioavailability based on tibial ash was 111.9% for carbonate Atlas and 106% in carbonate Alborz. The estimated bioavailability based on the percentage of tibia calcium was 101.4% for carbonate A and 89.5% in carbonate Alborz. The estimated bioavailability based on tibia calcium strength was 108% for carbonate Atlas and 101% in carbonate Alborz.

In general, the results of the present study showed that the selected carbonates have an acceptable quality as a source of calcium in poultry diets.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bentonite, kaolin and activated carbon on the absorption of Cu, Fe and Mn by in vitro and in vivo methods in Baluchi lambs. In vitro experiment, the binders effect on the minerals absorption was investigated in a completely randomized design with factor arrangement with standard solutions of Cu, Fe and Mn with concentrations of 7, 20 and 30 mg/l, respectively, four levels of binders (no binders, 10, 20 and 40 g/l) and three pHs 5.5, 6.4 and 7.5 and incubation for 60 min. In vivo experiment, bentonite, kaolin and activated carbon including 0, 10 and 20 g/kg DM were added to diet of 36 fattening lambs (6-7 months) for 90d in a completely randomized design. Feed intake, weight gain and blood and wool concentration of Cu, Fe and Mn were measured on 0, 45 and 90d. In vitro experiment, activated carbon had the highest and kaolin had the lowest mineral absorption by increasing binders levels and pH (P<0.05). In vivo experiment, the effect of treatments on feed intake, body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and blood and wool concentration of Fe were not significant.The concentration of Cu and Mn in the blood and wool in lambs fed with binder were lower than control treatment (P<0.05). In general, the use of binders, especially activated carbon at low concentrations, causes less absorption of minerals. In vitro methods can be used to select binders instead of animal experiments.

Thirty multiparous Holstein dairy cows used to aim the investigation of the effects of zinc from different sources on bioavailability, production performance, and digestibility. Dairy cows in a complete randomized design randomly allocated to one of five dietary treatments that consist of 1) control (no supplement Zn), 2) Zn glycine complex (ZnGly), 3) Zn Hydroxychloride (ZnHcl), 4) Zn oxide (ZnO), 5) Zn sulfate (ZnSO4). The result indicated that different sources of zinc had not affected glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride (P>0.10). The used of different sources of zinc significantly increased of serum zinc to compare control (P<0.010).  Results showed that, BCS, milk, energy-corrected milk, fat-corrected milk yield and milk yield composition in dairy cows were not significantly affected by Zn source (P>0.10). Somatic cell count tended to decrease in ZnGly (P=0.096) and ZnHcl (P=0.073) in compare of control group. Dry matter intake was not different between treatment (P>0.10). Daily zinc intake, fecal zinc, the zinc concentration in milk per liter/or day, the zinc concentration in milk per liter/or day, apparent absorption and retention of zinc significantly were higher in zinc supplemented group in compare of control (P<0.010). Also, the used of different sources of zinc had not significantly affected on digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and Ash (P>0.10). Therefore, the results of this study suggested that used of zinc sources in dairy cows diet ZnGly and ZnHcl have higher bioavailability than inorganic sources of zinc and also might improve milk quality throw decrease of somatic cell count.

To investigate the mineral composition of mineral oyster produced in Khowsar city of Ardabil province, two experiments were performed. In the first study, in six composed samples and one type commercial oyster level of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluorine and their solubility of in 0.1 N of HCL and double distillated water, were done. Only calcium amount and solubility rate in Ardabil oyster, lower than commercial oyster (p

This study was conducted to evaluate the relative bioavailability value of Mn proteinate and Mn oxide in broiler chicks. A total of 432 day-old Cobb 500 commercial male broiler chicks were randomly distributed into nine treatments with eight replicate pens of six chicks each. In a completely randomized design experiment with a 2×4 factorial arrangement of two manganese sources (proteinate and reagent grade of oxide) with four levels of supplemental manganese (35, 70, 105 and 140 mg/kg diet) was provided by the use of a basal diet (control). Diets were fed from day one to 21 d of age. Manganese sources did not affect feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR), but body weight gain and FCR had a quadratic relationship with supplemental dietary Mn level. Tibia, kidney and liver manganese concentrations increased linearly, with increasing dietary Mn level. Tissue Mn analysis indicated that the tibia response to dietary Mn level was the greatest, followed by kidney and liver organs. The slope ratio regression analysis for tibia manganese content with supplemental manganese level revealed that the relative bioavailability value of manganese proteinate to Mn oxide was 101.7%. Thus, the relative bioavailability of Mn proteinate and Mn oxide was almost similar in this study.

An experiment was conducted to estimate the bioavailability and evaluation chemical properties of different zinc sources such as zinc sulfate, zinc oxide A, zinc oxide B and Bioplex Zn in broiler chickens fed by semi-puirfeid diets., At first, for chemical and solubility evaluation of different zinc sources in different solvents based on standards methods, 3 samples each containing 1 and 0.1 g, respectively, were used the results showed that zinc concentration is varied from 15 % in Bioplex Zn to 75 % in zinc oxide A. The highest solubility about 100 % obtained in the double distilled water, 0.4% HCL and 2 % citric acid is related to zinc sulfate but the lowest solubility observed in the double distilled water, 0.4% hydrochloric acid and 2 % citric acid is related to Bioplex Zn. In the following, for study the bioavailability of different zinc sources, of a 13 semi-purified diets supplemented by 50,100 or 150 mg of different zinc sources per kg of diet in feeding of 260 Ross-308 male broiler chickens in completely randomized design with 4 replicates and 6 birds per each in cage system from 8-21days of age were used. For estimation of relative bioavailability slope ratio method was used. In this method relative bioavailability of different zinc sources, calculated by dividing of regression equation coefficient to regression equation coefficient of zinc sulfate as a standard sources. The highest bioavailability value, based on weight gain, was obtained in diets supplemented by 100 mg zinc oxide A and B, but the highest bioavailability value for Bioplex Zn was found in 50 mg zinc supplemented per kg of basal diet (P

This study was conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of nano and micro sources of manganese in broiler chickens. Two hundred and eight، 10-d-old male Ross 308 broilers in a completely randomized design with 13 treatments، 4 replications and 4 chicks per replicate were studied for 35 days. During the experimental period، a basal corn-soybean meal diet containing 20 ppm Mn (control treatment) was supplemented with 70، 120، and 170 mg/Kg، Mn as graded levels، from four different sources (nano manganese oxide، carbonate and sulfate and micro manganese sulfate) and fed ad libitum. Results indicated that in comparison with micro MnSO4، nano manganese increased bone breaking strength significantly (P<0. 01). The bioavailability of different sources of nano manganese in comparison to micro MnSO4 was higher significantly (P<0. 01). The bioavailability of nano manganese sulfate، Carbonate and Oxide in comparison to micro manganese sulfate، on the basis of bone manganese content، was 324، 158 and 125 percent respectively. In conclusion، nano manganese had the substitutability of micro manganese sulfate in broilers diet to reduce leg abnormalities with no negative effect on performance.

This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of different zinc (Zn) sources on performance، blood mineral and cell counts of Zandi lambs. 18 male lambs at weaning were supplemented with two different sources of zinc، 25 ppm ZnSO4 and 25 ppm zinc-peptide added to the basal diet as control. Live body weight، weight gain and feed efficiency improved with Zn-peptide supplementation (P 0. 05). Sera Zn concentration was higher and copper and iron concentration was lower in zinc supplemented groups (P<0. 05). Supplementation of zinc had no effect on blood cell counts except for white blood cells that decreased with zinc peptide supplementation (P<0. 05). It was concluded that adding 25 ppm zinc peptide to fattening lamb diet improved performance and cause to higher level of blood zinc.

A total of 160 day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were divided in a completely randomized design experiment، and assigned to 8 treatments and 4 replicates in their experimental units (cages). Treatments included: T1: basal diet with no additional methionine، T2: basal diet plus 0. 06، T3: basal diet plus 0. 11، T4: basal diet plus 0. 17 % of DL-methionine، T5: basal diet plus 0. 06، T6: basal diet plus 0. 11، T7: basal diet plus 0. 17، T8: basal diet plus 0. 22 % of Herbal methionine. To investigate the immunocompetence of birds at 28 and 42 days of age، two tests were conducted: responding to antibody titer against antigen of Sheep Red Blood Cell (SRBC) and responding to dilution 1-choloro 2-3- DiNitroBenzene (DNCB). Multiexponential and multilinear regressions were employed to determine bioavailability of Herbal Methionine (H-Met) ® relative to DL-Met on growth performance and immunocompetence of broilers. Body weight gain and feed intake of the broilers (fed either H-Met or DL Met) improved in the experiment، regardless of Met sources، in comparison with broilers fed basal diet. Immunocompetence results of broilers were not significant at 28 day of age (p)

This experiment was carried out to determine the bioefficacy of herbal methionine (H-Met)® versus to DLmethionine (DL-Met) on growth performance basisin broiler chickens. A total of 160 day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were used in a completely randomized design and were randomly assigned to treatments, 4 replicates and 5 chicks in every experimental unit (cage).Treatments included basal diet supplemented increasingly with Herbal methionine and DL-methionine during three growth periods of chickens. Multiexponential regression was used to determined bioavailability of H-Met® relative to DL-Met on growth performance basis in broilers. Body weight gain and feed intake of the broilers fed H-Met or DL Met improved in the experiment, regardless of Met sources, relative to those broilers fed basal diet. The bioavailability of HMet ® relative to DL-Met with considering body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio in starter period were 45, 77 and 82% respectively, in grower period were 55, 69 and 75% respectively and in finisher period were 57, 71 and 75% respectively. Totally, the average bioavailability of H-Met® versus to DL-Met is 65% for broiler chickens.