جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « histology » در نشریات گروه « علوم دام »

Japanese quail has a rapid growth rate (3 to 4 generations per year) and is relatively resistant to many diseases. Due to its high productivity, it has gained importance as an animal model in biological and genetic studies worldwide. Nutrition is a key factor that affects production efficiency in quails. Japanese quails require a diet that contains high-quality protein and a balanced profile of amino acids. Branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) not only contribute to protein synthesis but also play a role in other metabolic activities. Among the branched-chain amino acids, valine is a limiting amino acid in corn-soy-based diets. Protein is the most expensive component of the diet and has a significant impact on production costs in poultry. Nowadays, reducing the protein level in the diet has garnered attention for cost reduction in farming and for mitigating environmental pollution resulting from ammonia emissions and nitrogen excretion in the poultry industry. However, reducing the protein level in the feed without proper supplementation of amino acids can lead to decreased feed intake, reduced production levels, and changes in social behavior in birds. Published reports indicate that adding crystalline amino acids to low-protein diets in meat birds can have similar performance to high-protein diets at different growth stages. In most cases, valine becomes limiting with reduced protein levels in the diet. Considering the important metabolic roles of branched-chain amino acids, especially valine, in rapidly growing birds, the aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of using diets containing different digestible valine levels on the performance, growth traits, and histology of the liver and magnum in Japanese quails during the growth period.

All experimental procedures for the care and use of animals in the present study were approved by the animal care committee of the University of Tehran. Thousand one-day-old quails were given 5 dietary treatments, such that each treatment was replicated 5 times and 40 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design, during 1–42 days of age. Experimental diets were formulated to meet nutrients recommendation of growing quails with different levels of dietary digestible valine concentration (0.75, 0.85, 0.95, 1.05 and 1.15 %) in diets with a low protein (17.7-17% protein). The experimental diets provided 2,9 kcal metabolizable energy per gram. Other nutrients were provided based on the recommended nutritional requirements for growing quails. Other nutrients were formulated based on the recommended nutritional requirements for growing quails. The experimental diets were adjusted for two age periods: 1-21 days and 22-42 days. The birds received 24 hours of light until three days of age, followed by 23 hours of light and one hour of darkness daily. The parameters investigated in this experiment included growth performance, feed consumption, conversion ratio and carcass performance. The bird weights were measured at the beginning of the experiment and on days 21 and 42. Feed consumption on days 21 and 42 was calculated based on the difference between the amount of feed provided and the remaining feed. The weight of dead birds was used to correct the amount of feed consumption. On day 42, one male quail and one female quail were randomly selected from each replicate and killed after 6 hours of starvation. Additionally, after sampling the liver and magnum tissues, their histomorphological characteristics (nuclear diameter of hepatocytes, diameter of sinusoids in the liver tissue; epithelial height, inner muscle thickness, outer muscle thickness, gland diameter, and gland depth in the magnum tissue) were investigated.

During the breeding period, the quails that received the diet containing 0.95% and 1.05% digestible valine had higher body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), respectively. Feed intake (FI) and mortality were not affected by the treatments. Dietary treatments did not have any significant effect on the carcass characteristics (both male and female). However, the carcass yield was higher in male quails and the relative weight of breast and intestines was higher in female quails. In the treatments containing 1.05% and 1.15% of valine, the diameter of Liver cell nucleus and the diameter of liver hepatocytes were the highest, which indicates liver damage. The volume of sinusoids in female birds increased with increasing valine levels in the diet; So that in birds that received diets containing levels higher than 0.95% valine was more than birds fed with rations containing 0.75% valine. Based on the results of this study, different levels of valine in diets containing 17% crude protein had a significant effect on the histology of the magnum tissue (epithelial height, inner muscle thickness, outer muscle thickness, gland diameter), although only the depth of the glands showed a tendency for significance with 0.85% valine.

Based on the results, increasing the level of digestible valine in low protein diets up to 0.95% improves growth performance and feed conversion ratio in growing quails. However, it seems that the use of high levels of digestible valine in low protein diets (more than 0.85%) may lead to tissue damage in the liver and have a negative effect on growth performance. Further studies are recommended in this field.

In order to investigate the effects of using live, autolyzed yeast and their combination on performance, and intestinal histology in Japanese quail, 360 of one-day-old chicks were used. Birds were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups in a completely randomized design with 6 replicates. The experimental groups included the control group: fed with basal diet without additives, the second group: fed with basal diet containing 0.4% live yeast, the third group: fed with basal diet containing 0.4% autolyzed yeast and the fourth group: fed with basal diet containing 0.2% live yeast and 0.2% autolyzed yeast. The results showed that the addition of autolyzed yeast caused the greatest increase in body weight gain compared to the control and their mixture in the whole period of experiment (P<0.05). The weight of thigh and pancreas as well as the length of duodenum increased significantly in birds fed with autolyzed yeast compared to live yeast and their mixture (P<0.05). The highest height of duodenal villi was observed in birds fed with autolyzed yeast and live yeast compared to the control treatment and their mixture. Birds fed with autolyzed yeast showed a significant decrease in E. coli bacteria and an increase in Lactobacillus bacteria (P<0.05). The results showed that the use of autolyzed yeast as well as live yeast can be useful in feeding Japanese quails due to improving performance, increasing the height of duodenal villi, reducing the microbial population of E. coli and increasing the cecal population of Lactobacillus.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the different levels of methionine in Standard and Low-protein Diets on Performance, Carcass Traits, blood metabolite and histology Parameters of growing Female Japanese Quails in a completely randomized design with 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. This experiment was consisted of two levels of protein (recommended level (NRC1994) and 10% higher than recommended level) with three levels of methionine (NRC recommended, 10% lower and 10% higher than recommended). This study, conducted with total of 480, 14-d quails that consisted of 6 treatments and 4 replicates and each replicate consisted of 20 chicks. The raising period for performance evaluation ranged from 14 to 35 days. All experimental diets were differed at crude protein and methionine, but other nutrients was in amount that recommended by NRC 1994. The results showed that interaction of crude protein and methionine had significant effect on body weight at 28, 35 days of age (P<0.05). Protein level had significant effect on total FCR (P<0.05), so lower FCR was resulted from chicks with 100 recommended level and also methionine level was significantly affect total fcr, so the %110 methionine level had better FCR than other levels . Experimental treatments had no significant effect on carcass constitutes and Blood metabolite, in female quails. Villus area, villus height to crypt depth ratio, and villus height was affected significantly by interaction of CP and Met (P<0.05). In conclusion, NRC 1994 recommended CP diet with 110 % Met level can improve quail production traits ,

Introduction:

 Emerging low cost animal feed stock, originating from bioprocessing and food production is increasing on a global scale. In particular, dried distillers’ grains soluble (DDGS) is a by-product of the ethanol industry created in the fermentation process of cereal grains starch in dry mill ethanol plants. DDGS is defined as the product obtained after removal of ethyl alcohol by distillation from the yeast fermentation of a grain or a grain mixture by condensing and drying at least 75% of the resultant whole stillage by methods employed in the grain distilling industry. DDGS present a high concentration of energy, protein. Especially with respect to the original grains. DDGS are mainly obtained from corn, wheat, barley, sorghum and rice, as well as from grain blends. DDGS could be considered a poultry feed stuff as an alternative source of protein in poultry ration with other protein source or after dietary supplementation with lysine. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different levels of DDDS on performance and histology of jejunum in broiler chicken in starter, grower and finisher and analyzed DDGS.

 Materials and Methods :

This experiment was done in 2 periods (first experiment was 1-21 days and second was 22-42 days). In first experiment 450 multiple Ross 308 broiler chicks were divided randomly into 5 experimental treatments and 6 replicates and second experiment had 5 treatment and 6 replicates and each replicate was assigned to a pen with 15 birds. Birds had given ad-libitum access to water drinking and diet. The experimental treatments received a basal diet that was supplemented as follows: control (without DDGS), 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% DDGS at first experiment and control (without DDGS), 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% DDGS at the second experiment. Prior to formulating the experimental diets, it was analyzed for dry matter, protein, amino acids, fat, crude fiber, ash. The amount of feed intake and body weight gain were measured weekly. At 21 and 45 days, 2 birds of each replicate were killed and intestinal segments removed. Samples (approximately 4 cm) were taken from the midpoint between the point of entry of the bile duct and Meckel's diverticulum (jejunum) for histology characteristics. Data were analyzed using GLM procedures of SAS software (SAS, 2006) in a completely randomized design. Differences between means were tested using Duncan’s test (1995). Differences were considered significant at P<0.05

Results and Discussion:

 The chemical composition of the DDGS samples was determined at the beginning period. Crude protein, crude fat crude fiber, lysine and methionine were 30.5, 2.5, 3, 0.31 and 0.15% respectively. The differences between DDGS in this experiment with the others are depended upon plant species, genotype, climate, and stage of growth, the kind of soil and storage conditions. The results of the first experiment have shown that body weight gain increased in broiler fed 3% DDGS and control (847.31, 846.74). Results showed that 3% levels of DDGS fed to broilers increased body weight gain significantly from 11-21 d (P<0.05). The least body weight gain and feed intake was belonged to 12% DDGS vs. broilers fed 0, 3 and 6% DDGS from 1-21d. The feed intake decreased in broilers fed to 12% of DDGS in comparison to control groups and the other treatments. Feed conversion ratio was not significantly affected by treatments from 1-21 d. There was not any significant difference between feed conversion ratios in 1-21 day between treatments. There was significant difference (P<0.05) between body weight gain in 30-37 days old. The lowest and highest body weight gain observed in birds fed 20% and 5% DDGS, respectively. There was not any significant difference between feed intake and feed conversion in 22-45 days. Villus height decreased to 881.01 μm in 12% containing diets in comparison to the other treatments. Crypt depth was lowest in control (156.79 μm). Effect of DDGS on the histology of jejunum broiler chickens in 21 and 42 days was not significant. There was a tendency for an increased in crypt depth and decreased in villi height as dietary DDGS increased from 0 to 20%, however it was not significant.‌

Conclusion:

 It can be concluded from this study, in first experiment (1-21 d) the dietary treatments containing 3% DDGS shows better performance in comparison to the other treatment. In second experiment (22-45%), 20% of DDGS was the best treatments for performance.

To compare the effect of different levels of monkey flower (MF) (Scrophularia Striata) powder on performance, blood parameter and jejunum histology in growing Japanese quail, the experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with 400 3d quails was assigned with five treatment and four  replicates  with 20 quail in each replicate. Experimental groups included: 1) basal diet. 2) basal diet with 0.04 g/kg flavophospholipol 3) basal diet with %1 MF powder, 4) basal diet with %2  MF powder, 5) basal diet with %3 MF powder. The use of MF powder had no any significant effect on avergage daily gain and feed conversion ratio, but the feed intake were increased by experimental treatments. Use of different levels of MF powder had a significant effect on jejunum crypt depth. Also, different levels of MF did not significantly affect sexual hormones, but this levels had significant effect on some intestinal histology and feeed intake in both sexes. Although MF powder especially 2 % level, improved live weight and feed intake in mal birds at different periods, but it can could not improved performance in female birds.

Nanotechnology can be very effective in increasing productivity through food, nutrition, hygiene and breeding of livestock, poultry and aquatic animals. Nanotechnology has received a great attention within scientific and industrial communities in many countries including Iran. Nanotechnology, as a powerful new technology has the ability of creating massive revolution in feed supply and agricultural systems at global scale by improving diet quality and consequently health and growth performance (Buzea et al. 2007). One of the reasons for the extensive use of these particles in poultry units is due to their antimicrobial properties. Nanotechnology deals with structures that their dimensions are approximately between 1 to 100 nanometers (Sriram et al. 2010). Silver nanoparticles are among widely used nanoparticles. The interest in the use of silver based antimicrobial agents was primarily due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance among microbial populations and due to the fact that resistance to silver is not commonly encountered (Prestinaci et al. 2015). Nanoparticles according to their size, have new properties in comparison with mass materials. Silver nanoparticles in many characters are more effective compared with other metals. In addition, beneficial effects of silver nanoparticles are due to the size and resemblance of nanoparticles which caused their passage through the biological membrane and through the cell (Wang et al. 2015). Silver nanoparticles because of their small size for proper homogeneity can be coated by zeolite particles. Zeolite has been used in broiler feed due to its resistant chemical structure and it’s not digested and catalyzed by passing through the digestive tract. Also, zeolites are crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicates of alkali and alkaline earth cations. Among many properties attributed to zeolites, two of the most characteristics that relates to their effectiveness in animal nutrition are their ability to lose and gain water reversibly and being capable of exchanging selectively a variety of cations in their structure without much changes of structure (Wawrzyniak et al. 2017). Therefore, zeolite can be considered as an appropriate carrier for nanoparticles. Based on these facts, silver nanoparticles had been replaced instead of massive particles of silver and been more effective in different industry. Silver nanoparticles lead to the production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in cells (Ahmadi and Kurdestani. 2010). Liver as the biggest gland in the body has several roles. In addition to digestive and metabolic activities, liver has immunological and detoxification activity (Maser et al. 1994). Silver nanoparticles can inter the cells and communicate with intracellular structures (Panzarini et al. 2018). The ability of silver nanoparticles to infiltrate into tissues led to resistance against their removal in blood and then, cause particles aggregation in utilizable tissues. Due to the reports of the aggregating and dangerous effects of silver nanoparticles, it seems necessary to histopathologically investigate liver and kidney of broiler chicken fed silver nanoparticles.

This experiment was performed at the Poultry Research Station Faculty of Animal Science at the Gorgan University of Agricultural and Natural Resources. This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of silver nanoparticles coated on zeolite and organic acid on liver and kidney histology in broiler chickens. A total of 375 one-day old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) was randomly assigned into five treatment groups containing of five replicates with 15 birds in each replicate. Five dietary treatments groups were, (1) basal diet (control), (2) basal diet containing 1% zeolite, (3) basal diet containing 1% of zeolite-coated with 0.5% silver nanoparticles, (4) basal diet containing 0.15% organic acids and (5) basal diet containing 1% of zeolite-coated with 0.5% of silver nanoparticles and 0.15% a mixture of organic acid. The basal diet prepared for starter and growth periods, and composition of the experimental diets prepared according to the requirements prescribed for Cobb 500 (Cobb. 2012). Birds has ad libitum access to feed and water for all treatment groups and continuous lighting program was provided during the experiment. Two chickens per each replicate were slaughtered on day 42 for evaluating the histology of liver and kidney. The tissue samples were fixed in a 10% buffered formalin, processed through graded alcohols and xylene and embedded in paraffin blocks. Tissue sections were cut for 5 m at multiple levels and routinely stained with haematoxylin-eosin (H&E). Mounted slides were examined and photographed under a light microscope. Hepatocytes and kidney cells were evaluated for histopathologic lesions, focal point of lymph nodes in the liver parenchyma, around the portal region and focal point of heterophobia. Data were analyzed based on a completely randomized design using general linear method (GLM) procedure by using SAS (2003) software. Mean comparison was done by Duncan's multiple range tests at 5% level with values of P<0.05 being considered significantly different.

The experimental results didn’t show any significant difference between experimental treatments on liver and kidney histopathology in broiler chickens (P>0.05). Liver in the body as a detoxifying organ absorbs a significant part of toxins produced from harmful microbes and external particles into the blood. However, it was not possible to remove them completely in the tissues because of high ability of nanoparticles in dispersion in tissues of broiler chickens (Zargaran-Esfahani et al. 2010). Increased liver weight in the presence of nanoparticles due to inflammation in these organs has been reported in some studies. The results of this experiment didn’t show any significant difference between treatments on liver and kidney histopathology in broiler chickens and there were no toxicological effects of silver nanoparticles on liver and kidney tissues (P>0.05).

Nanoparticles coated on zeolite and with organic acid can be used as an additive supplement without any adverse effect on feeding and histopathological liver and kidney in broiler chickens.

Chrysin was orally administered to evaluate testicular histology and relative StAR expression of Ross 308 roosters in the current study. Twenty roosters were randomly divided into four groups and were subjected to the basal diet supplemented with different levels of Chrysin including 0 (Ch0), 25 (Ch25), 50 (Ch50) or 75 (Ch75) mg/bird/day for 12 successive weeks. At the end of trial, all birds were killed and two samples were collected from the same testicle one of which was processed for histology, whereas another was snap-frozen with liquid nitrogen to assess relative gene expression. According to the results, seminiferous tubule and epithelium diameters (p<0.05) and spermatogonial numbers (p<0.01) of both CH75 and Ch50 groups were significantly improved compared to control group. However, Leydig cell numbers and blood vessels were not significantly affected. Birds fed 75 mg of Chrysin per day had significantly higher StARtranscript level compared to other groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, oral administration of Chrysin to roosters could improve testicular histology and steroidogenic parameters in the current study.

In order to determine the effects of adding different levels of Satureja khuzistanica essential oilin two conventional and microcapsulated forms into the diet on performance, immune response, blood biochemical parameters and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens, an exprement was conducted using 400 Ross 308 (mixed sex) broiler chickens, in five treatments, four replicates and 20 chickens per each replicate. The expriment was done in a completely randomized design. Treatments included control (no additive), dietary containing levels of 400 and 500 mg/kg Satureja essential oil and dietary containing levels of 0.5 and 1.00 percent capsulated Satureja essential oil. Adding different levels of Satureja khuzistanica essential oil in conventional and microcapsulated forms to diet of broiler chickens had no effect on feed intake,FCR, immune response and the number of white and red blood cells. However, experimental treatments containing conventional and microcapsulatedformof Satureja essential oil caused a significant decrease in body weight of the birds relative to than the control treatment. The level of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and blood biochemical parameters (cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL) were not affected by the experimental treatments. Although small intestin histologhy traits like width of villi, depth of crypt and length of villi to depth of crypt ratio were not affected by the experimental treatments, the level of 0.5 percent capsulated Satureja essential oil caused a significant decrease in length to width of villi ratio (P<0/05). Acccording to the results of the present experiment, using of two common and microcapsulated Satureja essential oil forms,  have not any  effect on performance, blood biochemical parameters and immune response.

The aim of this study was to determine correlation of plasma lipids profile with testicular histology parameters in Ross-308 broiler breeder roosters. This study was performed on 12 male ross 308 broiler breeder. Blood samples were collected from a wing vein to measure plasma lipid profiles (cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL lipoproteins, cholesterol, and glucose). The concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL were measured by spectrophotometric method using commercial kits of pars azmoon co. though, glucose concentration was measured by electrochemical method using glucose monitoring system. For testicular histology study (endocrine parameters of the testis); the 5 μm paraffin cross sections of testis tissue was used. The data were analyzed by the Pearson correlation test. Our results showed that the plasma HDL values were positively correlated with the number of leydig cells (r=0.73; p<0.01), the number of spermatogonia cells (r=0.92; p<0.001), seminiferous epithelium thickness (r=0.86; p<0.001) and diameter of seminiferous tubules (r=0.62; p<0.001). Also, plasma cholesterol and glucose values were negatively correlated with the number of the leydig cells (r=-0.78; p<0.01؛ r=-0.69; p<0.001), spermatogonia cells number (r=-0.68; p<0.001؛ r=-0.72; p<0.01), seminiferous epithelium thickness (r=-0.80; p<0.01؛ r=-0.82; p<0.001), and diameter of seminiferous tubules (r=-0.80; p<0.01؛ r=-0.82; p<0.001). Plasma LDL value also had a negative correlation with the number of spermatogonia cells (r= -0.39; p<0.001), and also, diameter of seminiferous tubules (r= -0.69; p<0.01). Plasma triglyceride values was negatively correlated with the number of spermatogonia cells (r= -0.79; p<0.001), and seminiferous epithelium thickness (r= -0.76; p<0.01). In conclusion, HDL lipoprotein had a positive correlation with testicular histology indexes, on the other hand, triglyceride, cholesterol, lipoprotein LDL, and glucose showed a negative correlation with that.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary Curcumin supplementation on histological parameters of testis in aged Ross 308 broiler breeder roosters. A total of twelve 48-week old broiler breeder roosters in a completely randomized design were randomly assigned to four treatments and three replicates during a 13 weeks of experimental period. Treatments included no dietary Curcumin supplementation (control group), and daily supplementation of 10, 20, and 30 mg Curcumin/birds as mixed in the basal diet. At the end of the experimental period, all of the roosters were slaughtered, and testis tissue samples were collected. Testicular weight was higher in the roosters that daily received 30 mg Curcumin compared with the control group (P<0.05). Dietary supplementation of 20 and 30 mg Curcumin/day increased the diameter of seminiferous tubule compared to the control group (P<0.05). Seminiferous epithelium thickness was dose-dependently increased in Curcumin-supplemented birds compared to the control group (P<0.05). The number of spermatogonia cells was increased in all treatment groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). The number of Leydig cells was also increased in roosters received 20 and 20 mg Curcumin/day compared to the control birds (P<0.05). However, treatments did not affect the number of testis blood vessels (P>0.05). According to the results of the present study, dietary supplementation of 30 mg Curcumin/day/bird improves testis histological parameters in aged broiler breeder roosters.

The effects of hydrochloric and butyric acids supplementation to broiler chicken diets were investigated on performance, apparent protein digestibility, intestinal microbial population, carcass characteristics and intestinal histology. In these experiments, 280 male Ross 308 one-day old chicks were assigned to 7 treatments. Each treatment included 4 replicates of 10 chicks. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design. Treatment diets consisted of dietary addition of two levels of hydrochloric acid (1.5 and 3 percent), two levels of butyric acid (0.2 and 0.4 percent) and two levels of the acids mixture (1.5 0.4 and 3 0.2 percent). One treatment with no acid supplementation was considered as control group. The results showed that addition of hydrochloric and butyric acids in grower period to the diets of broiler chicks had a significant effect on average body weight and body weight gain. The level of 3 percent hydrochloric acid caused lowest and 0.4 percent butyric acid caused highest average body weight and average daily gain in both experiments. Supplemented acids significantly affect feed intake and feed conversion ratio in the grower period. Three percent hydrochloric acid treatment and mixed of the acids (3 0.2 percent) had lowest feed intake. Acid treatments had no significant effect on microbial count of ileum, carcass characteristics and histology of the small intestine of broiler chickens. The results of current experiment showed that the use of hydrochloric acid and butyric acid in diets had no positive effect on growth performance, carcass characteristics and morphology of the small intestine of broiler chickens that were grown under experimental conditions.

The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of hydrochloric and butyric acids addition to broiler diets on performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal microbial population and intestinal histology. Two hundred eighty Ross 308 one-day old female broiler chicks were assigned to 7 dietary treatments and 4 replicates of 10 chicks in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments consisted of dietary addition of 2 levels of hydrochloric acid (1.5 and 3 percent), 2 levels of butyric acid (0.2 and 0.4 percent) and 2 levels of the acids mixture (1.5 0.4 and 3 0.2 percent) and a treatment with no acid supplementation as control group. Dietary hydrochloric and butyric acids during grower period decreased average body weight, significantly (P

The pancreas contains both exocrine and endocrine components that secrete digestive enzymes and peptide hormones respectively. These two components are very different structurally and functionally but are intermingled within the gland. In the present study، the pancreases of 15 adult healthy animals (5 per each species) were used. After dissecting them، the pancreas of animals fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and then subjected to routine tissue processing for light microscopy. Different structures of the stroma and parenchyma of pancreas in hamster، guinea pig and rabbit were histomorphometrically studied using micrometrical method. All of parameters between three animals were analyzed and compared using ANOVA test. Results showed that the pancreas in three species was lobulated and compound tubulo-acinar gland having exocrine and endocrine portions. In the present study، the secretory acini of pancreas were oval or irregularly round and composed of 5 to 7 pyramidal cells arranged around a small central lumen. The mean percent of the islets of langerhans to the total pancreatic tissue in guinea pig (29. 8 ± 16. 04) was more than rabbit (9. 55 ± 4. 60) and hamster (10. 8 ± 3. 71). In hamster، diameter of islet was more than other animals. There was significant difference in diameter of islet of langerhans between animals (P<0. 001). It was observed 191. 30 µm، 41. 56 µm and 54. 60 µm in hamster، rabbit and guinea pig respectively.

This study aims is to recognize some body organs of the Caspian miniature horse as a native Iranian breed. In this study, accessory sex glands of five adult Caspian miniature horses were studied by routine anatomical and histological methods. Anatomical study showed that accessory sex glands is similar to horse but its size is smaller. In histological study, structure of accessory sex glands was similar to horse but the number of secretory units was less than that of the horse. Difference in glands size and abundance of their secretory units indicated semen volume in Caspian miniature horse is lesser than ordinary horse. 

In this paper the soft palate of 72 camel embryos were collected for histological study. Embryos were collected from 2 to 13 months age and in each month, 6 embryos (3 male & 3 female) were studied. Camel uteruses were gathered from slaughterhouse. After dissecting the uteruses, the length of fetuses were measured. Then the samples (head of embryos) were fixed in %10 formalin. Then, the soft palates were dissected in histological laboratory and routine (H&E), staining and serial section performed for histological examination. In this study, simple epithelial tissue exchanged to stratified and pseudostratified epithelium. Also thickness of epithelial tissue (The rows of cells) according to embryos age were increased. Glands in small embryos are mucous and serous or mixed, but in large embryos mocousal glands were increased. Muscles are very thin. In addition, no differentiation was seen between two sexes.