فصلنامه پژوهشهای تولیدات دامی
پیاپی 16 (تابستان 1396)

An experiment was conducted in a 3×3 factorial arrangement (three different dietary protein level: Cobb recommendation, 10 and 20 percents lower than that and three feed formulations: a diet composed of corn and soybean as a control diet, a diet in which wheat, barley and some agricultural by-products were substituted partially instead of corn and soybean of first diet in which its total sulfur amino acids, lysine and threonine was equal to total of these amino acids as per first diet and the third diet was similar to the second one but its digestible sulfur amino acids, lysine and threonine was equal to these digestible amino acids in the first diet) with 4 replicates in a completely randomized design in order to investigate effects of feed type and dietary levels of crude protein on nitrogen excretion of broilers. Effect of feed type on nitrogen intake, retention and excretion of broilers was significant. As corn soybean based diet showed the highest intake, retention and ammonia nitrogen excretion and the lowest nitrogen excretion within the broiler litter (p

This experiment was conducted to investigate effects of different levels of Guar meal (0, 5, and 10%) and β-mannanase enzyme (0 and 0/05 percent) on microbial flora in Ileal, immune response and some blood parameters in broiler chickens during grower and finisher stages in 2×3 factorial arrangement with a randomized complete block design. Three hundred sixty Ross 308 male broiler chicks with 6 treatments and 4 replicates, 15 chicks in each experimental unit reared for 42 days. To evaluate the bacterial population in Ileum 42 day-old birds were slaughtered by cervical dislocation and after opening abdominal cavity a portion of Ileum were investigated for bacterial population. To investigate immune response one ml of sheep red blood cells was injected intramuscular to the birds at 35 day-old and blood samples were taken from wing vein at 41 day-old. In order to determine blood parameters from each treatment 4 birds were selected and blood samples for determining some blood parameters transferred to the laboratory. The results of this experiment showed that the lowest anaerobic, E.coli population observed in birds fed 10% Guar meal with enzyme supplementation (P

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dried citrus pulp(0, 5, and 10%) and pectinase enzyme supplementation (0 and 2000 unit per kg) on feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, nutrient digestibility and the internal organ size of broiler chickens. A total of 240 one day old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were used in a factorial arrangement (2×3) based on a completely randomized design. Each of 6 dietary treatments was given to 4 replicate pens from 1 to 42 d of age. At the end of each phase (starter, grower and finisher) feed intake and body weight gain were measured and feed conversion ratio was calculated. At the end of the experiment (day 42) nutrient digestibility, digesta pH of gizzard and ileum and relative weight of internal organs were measured. The results showed that dietary supplementation with pectinase did not affect measured parameters throughout the experiment (p>0.05), whereas inclusion of dried citrus pulp linearly reduced (p≤0.05) the growth performance parameters, the digestibility of DM and CP as well as pH of digesta in gizzard during the experiment. No interaction effect was observed between pectinase and dried citrus pulp in any measured parameters (p>0.05). It is concluded that the dietary incorporation of 100 g/kg citrus pulp reduced nutrient digestibility and increased the size of gastrointestinal tract, and consequently decreased growth performance of broilers.

The effects of hydrochloric and butyric acids supplementation to broiler chicken diets were investigated on performance, apparent protein digestibility, intestinal microbial population, carcass characteristics and intestinal histology. In these experiments, 280 male Ross 308 one-day old chicks were assigned to 7 treatments. Each treatment included 4 replicates of 10 chicks. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design. Treatment diets consisted of dietary addition of two levels of hydrochloric acid (1.5 and 3 percent), two levels of butyric acid (0.2 and 0.4 percent) and two levels of the acids mixture (1.5 0.4 and 3 0.2 percent). One treatment with no acid supplementation was considered as control group. The results showed that addition of hydrochloric and butyric acids in grower period to the diets of broiler chicks had a significant effect on average body weight and body weight gain. The level of 3 percent hydrochloric acid caused lowest and 0.4 percent butyric acid caused highest average body weight and average daily gain in both experiments. Supplemented acids significantly affect feed intake and feed conversion ratio in the grower period. Three percent hydrochloric acid treatment and mixed of the acids (3 0.2 percent) had lowest feed intake. Acid treatments had no significant effect on microbial count of ileum, carcass characteristics and histology of the small intestine of broiler chickens. The results of current experiment showed that the use of hydrochloric acid and butyric acid in diets had no positive effect on growth performance, carcass characteristics and morphology of the small intestine of broiler chickens that were grown under experimental conditions.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of egg yolk and soybean oil as early feeding to broiler chicks on growth performance and intestinal morphology. A number of 525 chicks (Ross 308) were allocated to 7 treatments with 5 replicates and 15 birds in each replicate in a completely randomized design. Treatments were: control group (without early feeding), and feeding of 0.4 and 0.8cc of egg yolk, soybean oil and water as force-feeding after incubation. All chickens then were fed with the same rations for 21 days. At the end of the study, two birds of each repilcate were slughtered for jujenum sampling to conduct the mophological trial. Feed intake and weight gain were recorded weekly. Results showed that growth performance of chickens was affected by the treatments only in the first week of rearing (p

The experiment was carried out using 200 Ross 308 broiler chickens in a completely randomized design with 5 treatment and 4 replicates. The experimental diets were consisted of a control free hulls diet and four diets containing 0.75 or 1.5 percent rice hulls with particle sizes of less than 1 mm or between 1-2 mm. The performance traits were determined through 42 d experimental period and carcass traits were expressed as a ratio of live weight. The digestibility coefficients of nutrients of the experimental diets were also determined. At grower phase, the diets contained 1.5% rice hulls regardless of their particle size, improved weight gain compared to the group fed the diets with 0.75% rice hulls (P

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of addition various levels of apple vinegar (zero, 1 and 2%) in drinking water on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract organs chyme pH, ileal lactobacillus population and immune responses of broiler chickens. One hundred and sixty day old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were allotted in a completely randomized design with three treatments, five replicates/treatment and 11 chicks/replicate. The study lasted from one to 42 days of age. The results showed that supplementation of drinking water with apple vinegar significantly (P0.05) effects. The cellular immune response to the injection of Phytohaemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) in the birds that fed apple vinegar contained water were significantly (P0.05) by the drinking water supplementation with apple vinegar. The addition apple vinegar to drinking water did not shown significant (P>0.05) effects on relative weights of spleen and lymphoid organs and the humoral immune response to sheep red blood cell intramuscular injection. The results of this study revealed, added apple vinegar to broiler chicken’s drinking water improved growth performance and in the lower age had meaningfully influence.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of deitary protein density (low, medium and high) and nano adjuvant on performance, antibody titres against Newcastle disease and blood parameters of broiler chickens. Two hundred fourty one-day old Ross 308 broiler chickens were allocated to six dietary treatments based on a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangment of 2×3 with two levels of nano adjuvant and three levels of protein. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured at the end of the experiment. On days 28 and 42, antibody titres against Newcastle disease virus were measured. Two birds per replicate were selected on day 42 and their blood samples were collected in order to determine white blood cell differential counts. The main effect of protein density on BWG was significant (P0.05). Despite of significant effect of protein density in the diets on body weight gain of the chicks, this effect on antibody titres against Newcastle disease and white blood cells counts was not significant. There was some advantage for nano adjvant use on antibody titers against Newcastle disease and white blood cells counts of broiler chickens.

This experiment was conducted to assess the effects of using Thyme, Saturea, medicinal plants with or without enzyme on performance, blood parameters in broiler chickens. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 480 broiler (Ross-308) in 8 treatments and 3 replicates (n=20) for starter (1-21 days) and grower period (21- 42 days). The experimental diets contained: 1, Control (basal diet); 2, Containing 1% Thymus; 3, containing 1% Saturea; 4, Containing 0.05% enzyme; 5, using of 0.5% Thymus 0.5% Saturea; 6, 1% thymus 0.05% enzyme; 7, 1% Saturea 0.05% enzyme); 8, 0.5% Thymus 0.5% Saturea.05% enzyme. The results of this experiment showed that thyme and saturea and enzyme supplementation significantly increased the amount of body weight gain, and improved feed conversion ratio in grower (21-42 days) and whole period (0-42 days), in comparison to control diet (P

Present study was conducted to evaluate the supplementation of different levels of antioxidant Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) on the improvement cryopreservation of Mahabadi goat sperm. Four healthy Mahabadi goats (3-4 years) were used to collect semen samples by artificial vagina, once a week for five weeks during non-breeding season. Good quality samples were pooled and divided into five equal aliquots supplemented with extender containing different concentrations of BHA (0, 1, 2 and 4 mM). Sperm parameters, including motility and progressive motility, viability, membrane integrity and total abnormality were assessed. According to the results, BHA at the concentration of 4 mM significantly improved sperm post-thaw viability, membrane integrity, total and progressive motility (P0.05). Furthermore, abnormality percentage was not significant among different levels of BHA and control groups (P>0.05). Current study indicated that inclusion of BHA in extender may be an approach to improve post thaw goat sperm quality.

In this research, effects of Zilpaterol hydrochloride as a beta-2 agonist were investigated on color traits, chemical compounds (protein, fat, ash and dry matter contents) and some of consumer palatability ratings (cooking loss, tenderness, flavor, meat off flavor and general acceptability) of longissimus muscle (LM) in Mahabadi castrated male kids. In this study 16 kids with 23± 1.84 kg live body weight and 6 months old were used for 93 days as feedlot period. Goats were fed diet including 15.2% crude protein and 2.3 Mcal/kgDM ME. On day 60, kids fed 0.2 mg/kg live body weight of Zilpaterol hydrochloride during 30 finishing period with 3 days withdrawal from feedlot period. All of goats were slaughtered in industrial slaughterhouse and the carcass was chilled on 4°C for 24h. After chilling muscle, the color attributes was determined. A sample from area 11th to 13th ribs of LM was prepared and immediately vacuum sealed and freighted at -18 °C. Zilpatrol hydrochloride increased protein (P

The aim of this study was evaluation the effects of energy and protein decreasing of diet with using of different levels of lemon pulp intake on growth related hormones, blood parameters and performance of broiler chickens. Lemon pulps used as a dietary replace for nutrient. A total 240 one-day old broilers (Ross 308) were randomly divided to 4 treatments (4 replicate with 15 birds per pen). Four experimental treatments supplemented with 0, 4, 8 and 12 percent of lemon pulp. At the end of experimental period, performance values were calculated and sera separated from blood samples were used for measurement of hormones level by ELISA technique and biochemical parameters by auto analyzer system. The results showed that the rations containing of lemon pulp had significantly decreased body weight in broilers at the end of starter and finisher periods (P

This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition and of silages made from Alhagi with waste date Palm. The effect of feeding different levels of ensiled Alhagi with waste date Palm on dry matter intake, nutrients digestibility and blood parameters in Kermani sheep were investigated. For this purpose 100 k g of Alhagi with 20 kg of waste date Palm without kernel were mixed and ensiled for 45 d in containers with 100 liter capacity. After opening, chemical composition, PH and metabolizable energy of silages were determined. The experimental diets were: 1) control diet (without Alhagi with waste date Palm silage), 2) diet containing 7% Alhagi with waste date Palm silage, 3) diet containing 14% Alhagi with waste date Palm silage and 4) diet containing 21% Alhagi with waste date Palm silage. Four male rams (41±2 kg BW) were used in a 21 d 4×4 change over design. Blood samples were collected on last day of each sampling period before morning feeding. Adding different levels of waste date Palm to Alhagi during ensiling improved the quality of silage and increased crude protein and ether extract (P

This study was conducted to determine solubility and acid production of some feedstuffs in various fermentation conditions. The solubility was determined at a temperature of 39°C for 24 h and the potential of acid production (PAP) was measured by adding calcium carbonate to filtered fermentation medium. Fermentation of feedstuffs was performed in special gas production syringes both natural and induced acidosis conditions. Total feedstuffs had 316.1 g kg-1 and 11.72 mg Ca g-1 for DM solubility and PAP, respectively. The best regression model to estimate PAP was made by non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) for all feedstuffs (R2 = 0.91) and by soluble OM in DM for both high NFC and high crude protein groups (R2 = 0.83). In natural fermentation condition there was high correlation (r = -0.91) between pH and gas production. The rice hull and wheat straw had the highest and the sugar cane molasses and citrus pulp had the lowest pH in 6h natural fermentation condition. The rice hull, wheat straw, alfalfa hay, corn silage and sugar beet pulp were more resistant than others in induced acidosis. The results showed that solubility and NFC content can be used in models that estimate PAP of feedstuffs. Also determination of fermentation characteristics of some common and by-products or lesserknown feedstuffs in terms of acid and gas production in a short time is possible by presented screening methods.

Range species forages have different quality and feeding value in different site and times. Therefore research carried out to Investigate of Plantago Coronopus Forage Quality at different phenological Growth Stages in Five Habitats of Golestan Province (Goomishan, soofikam, Sangar Tappeh, Inchehbroon and chaparghoymeh). Samples were collected from two phonological stages (vegetative and seed ripening) and then crude protein (CP), ether extraction (EE), organic mather (OM), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin (ADL) were determined. Dry matter digestibility (DDM) and organic matter digestibility (DOM) of forages were determined using rumen fluid from buffalo by in vitro techniques. The results of chemical analysis indicated that CP, EE and ADF percent were significant differences in different sites (p

Milk and dairy production is the most important of calcium resources and its consumption quantity is sign of nutrition situation and society health. According to the importance of milk production and industrial dairy cattle breeding at food security and GDP, and also the role of Isfahan province in Iran's animal husbandry sector, the purpose of this study was to survey the effective factors on production and profitability of milk in dairy cattle farms of Isfahan Township. Data collection was done by completing via 90 questionnaires simple random sampling 2011. Based on well-known econometric criterio. Cob-Douglass function was selected as the best of type production function. Results of production function estimation showed that variables of annual consumption quantity of power, alfalfa, sorghum, chaff, number of worker have the effectiveness of positive and significantly on milk production. Sorghum consumption has the most effect. The total of estimated coefficient is smaller one and positive, therefore, input consumption performs in economic region. Results of normal profit function estimation showed that prices of alfalfa, sorghum, chaff; medicine cost and postiche inseminate cost have the effectiveness of negative and significantly, but annual wage the effectiveness of positive and significantly on profitability. Also, input price of sorghum has the most effect on dairy cattle farms profitability.

Tuberculosis is the most common infectious diseases. Current diagnostic methods are either slow or lack enough sensivity or specificity. Several mycobacterial antigens are involved in the complex interaction with the immune system of the host. They can be helpful for mycobacteria diagnosis. Antigen 60 (A60) is thermostable antigen found in Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This antigen, are used in ELISA systems design for diagnosis of tuberculosis. The aim of this study is purification of A60 from bacterial cytoplasm and evaluating and compare its efficiency with standard human tuberculin. With filtration chromatography, A60 were purified from other bacterial components. A60 was recognized by agar gel Immnuodiffusion with anti BCG and Anti A60 antiserum, where formed immunopercipitiongen line with anti BCG anti serum and anti A60 anti serum. Molecular weight components of the A60 was obtained using electrophoresis. By chromatography, seven fractions obtained. Dot blot analyzing showed that, cytoplasm and cell wall of BCG contained A60. This test showed that first fraction created maximum color intensity and as a result, the highest amount of A60 was in the fractions one. In agar gel immnuodiffusion, cytoplasm sample and all factions obtained from chromatography showed positive reaction with anti A60 anti serum and fraction one, had highest amount of sediment among the other factions. Molecular weight components of the A60 were identified about 35, 38, 40 and 65 kD. Results of reactions from injected A60 and standard human tuberculin showed the effectiveness of this antigen in comparison with standard human tuberculin. Detection of antibody in the serum of patients is rapid and repeatable method. A60 with 89% sensitivity and 94% specificity could be an appropriate matter for the diagnosis of tuberculosis.With this method, without any advanced and expensive equipments or materials we can achive the desired results as quickly as possible.

The reliability and performance of the molecular diagnostic assays such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzyme digestion and other applications are influence by quantity and quality of the extracted DNA strongly. Furthermore, to choose suitable and optimal tissue for genomic experiments nevertheless consider quantity and quality of the extracted DNA, we need to consider the comfort of sample collecting, transporting costs, storing costs, safety of sampling and pre-processing. I this study an efficient salting out-modified procedure for extracting DNA from hair roots, introduced. This procedure yield high quantity of DNA with adequate quality. Four hundred Hair roots and blood samples were obtained from buffalo units experiment. The yield of extracted DNA and the purity of the DNA samples were evaluated by absorbance (A2260/A280) ratio. 1% agar gel electrophoresis and PCR amplification. Mean DNA yields and the 260/280 nm absorbance ratio for buffalo hair roots and blood were 27.67 μg and 1.85 and 17.86 μg and 1.83, respectively. Comparing this results with previous studies demonstrate that our modified procedure is cost-effectiveness, comfortable, safe, efficient and recommendable procedure to carry out in biotechnology laboratories.

Parasites and intestinal worms are one of the main causes of the economic decline in the sheep industry. This research carried out for consideration of microsatellite polymorphism in the intron 5 of DRB2 gene and its association with the egg numbers of Marshallagia Marshalli parasite in Ghezel sheep breed, Blood and fecal samples were obtained from 80 male lambs at the age of 4-6 months. Fecal samples were collected from the lamb's rectum and the number of fecal eggs was calculated by the Clayton Lane technique. The DNA was extracted using Chloroform- Isoamyl Alcohol and Microsatellite regions of intron 5 of the DRB2 gene were amplified. PCR products were electrophoresed on 3% Agarose gel. Allele sizes were determined by 25 bp ladder and UVidoc software. The PROC MIXED was considered for evaluation of genotypes effects on the traits. Statistical analysis showed there was significant correlation between the numbers of Marshallagia Marshalli parasite eggs and the polymorphism of DRB2 gene. Therefore, lambs that had the genotypes of 288-278 and 288-288 in intron 5 of DRB2 gene had significantly (P

GDF9 gene is one of the most important effective factors on litter size in sheep. Thus, the aim of the present study was to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) available in exon 2 of GDF9 gene in pure and crossbred of Pakistani sheep using PCR-SSCP. Hence, blood samples were collected from 30 Pakistani sheep, 17 crossbred sheep (Pakistani rams × LoriBakhtiari) and 7 crossbred sheep (Pakistani rams × Kermani ewes) and genomic DNA was extracted using salting-out method. A 634 bp fragment was amplified using one specific primer pairs using polymerase chain reaction. After single stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) of PCR products, band patterns of GDF9 gene were observed on 8% polyacrylamide gel stained with silver-nitrate method. In total, 4 banding patterns 1, 2, 3 and 4 were obtained with frequencies of 0.193, 0.129, 0.371 & 0.407, respectively. The sequencing results were led to identification of 3 mutations in 443, 477 and 721 nucleotide situations of GDF9 gene in the studied populations.

In the present study the effect of initial weight on IGF-1 gene expression in breast muscle of Japanese quail was investigated using completely randomized design. Two hundred pieces birds were randomly divided into two different groups including light and heavy weight. IGF-1 gene expression levels were measured using the Real time PCR techniques in breast muscle of the Japanese quail at 24 days of age. Also in this age, the body weight and bone characteristics such as Femur, Humorous and tibia were measured. The results indicate that IGF-1 gene expression in light weight were significantly higher than the heavy weight group (P

Prolactin (PRL) is known as the beginning and maintenance factor of broodiness in avian species. The prolactin receptor (PRLR) gen plays an important role in the process of PRL hormone signal transduction. In the present study, the polymorphism in exon 2 of PRLR gene in Japanese quail and guinea fowl were investigated. Blood samples were randomly obtained from 180 Japanese quail and 157 guinea fowl. After genomic DNA extraction polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was run for amplification of a DNA segment with 162bp. After determination of the single stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) of PCR product, the banding patterns were recognized using non denatured polyacrylamide gel and silver nitrate staining. Two alleles of A(0.939) and B(0.061) and two genotypes of AA(0.939) and BB(0.061), were identified in Japanese quail. The exon 2 region of PRLR gene was monoomorph among the guinea fowl samples. The Chi-square test showed significant deviation from Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium for this locus in Japanese quails. The results showed that PRLR gene polymorphism could be regarded as a marker for breeding program in the Japanese quail.

This research was conducted to find association of genetic variation in exon 1 and 3 of the follicle stimulating hormone beta (FSHB) subunit gene and litter size in Baluchi sheep. DNA was extracted using modified salting out method and polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a fragment of 220 bp of exon 1 and a fragment of 427 bp of exon 3 along with a part of intron 2. Two methods of PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing were used for identification the different genotypes, While no polymorphism was found for exon 3, the present study identified 3 novel nucleotide polymorphisms in exon 1 of ovine FSHB gene, resulted 7 banding patterns which significantly influenced total and average number of labs across all parties. Results also showed significant association (p

In this study the causes of culling in 9 industrial dairy farms in northwest of Iran between 2008 to 2013 were investigated. The impact of various factors on culling was analyzed using the GLIMIX procedure of SAS 9.2. The results showed that from 5404 dairy cows culled, voluntary and involuntary culling rate were 24.8% and 75.2 % respectively. Infertility and metabolic disorders were the most frequent causes of culling with 17.7%, and 16.8% respectively. The voluntary culling of female calves and heifers (before calving) was extremely high (60.55%) and for the heifers after calving was extremely low (5.06%). Almost 25.49% of culling occurred during the first 50 days after calving which was mostly involuntarily. The effect of independent variables including calving type (abortion, stillbirth, natural calving), dystocia, open days, lactation number, length of dry period and calving season on culling rate were all significant (pr

The Bactrian camel of Ardebil province, northwestern of Iran, is an adapted genetic resource and a great national wealth; however its population has dramatically decreased in numbers. Therefore, we aim to investigate the mitochondrial genetic diversity within this population. In 37 individuals, a 518-bp region of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that spanned a portion of the cytochrome b gene, the tRNAs praline and threonine, and the beginning of the control region were successfully amplified and aligned to the Bactrian mtDNA reference sequence. In total, we recovered 5 polymorphic sites and five distinct haplotypes. The heterozygosis estimated from the haplotype frequencies were 0.503 indicating an unexpected high genetic diversity within Iranian Bactrian camels. Our results have important implications for the conservation of genetic diversity and the management of livestock production to facilitate the retention of or potential increase in the camels’ economic value. Further studies using nuclear DNA such as Y chromosome markers and microsatellites or single nucleotide polymorphisms are encouraged to substantiate the results of this study.