جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "lactobacillus" در نشریات گروه "علوم دام"

Probiotic bacteria are becoming increasingly important in the content of human nutrition. Nowadays, probiotics are being increasingly promoted worldwide, with suggestions that probiotics can play an important role in immunological, digestive, and respiratory functions and could have a significant effect in alleviating infectious disease. Lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria are the most common types of microbes used as probiotics. Honey and bee products have been used in healing for centuries. Unfortunately, information about probiotics bacteria in local honeybee is not currently available and scant. Thus, the aim of this study was to isolate and identify the predominant Lactobacillus as probiotic from the honey stomach of Apis florea in the Iran. Samples of honeybee were collected from Apis florea colonies from Iran. Samples were preserved in fridge till test starts. Lactobacillus bacteria are isolated from honey stomach using MRS broth and agar medium. The isolates were Gram-stained and tested for Catalase reaction. Then DNA extracted of bacterial colonies amplified with PCR using lactobacilli primers. After sequencing, all bacterial gene identified by using Blast software.DNA from all lactobacillus in the honey were exhibited to be catalase negative, gram positive and the other with catalase positive and gram negative were eliminated.6 new strain/ species of Lactobacillus bacteria were identified from honey stomach in different colonies of A. florea and almost 28.4% of them identified as new species and candidate to register in NCBI.Most of them are Lactobacillus kunkeei. Lactobacillus in the honey stomach may have the potential to promote human performance and health.

Probiotic bacteria are Gram-positive and negative-catalase with various characteristics including resistance to acid and bile salt conditions, antimicrobial characteristics, bacitracin production, and lack of capability for transferring genes resistant to antibiotics. These bacteria are a part of selected and useful bacteria in the digestive system, which leads to reinforcement of the body's immune system if they are adequately consumed (106-107 CFU/g). This research aimed to identify molecular identification and assessment of probiotic characteristics of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates separated from the digestive and reproduction system of  Ross 308 broiler breeders.
Twenty Ross 308 broiler breeders were selected and samples of the vagina and ileum of them, and the cecum and feces of roosters were taken to separate LAB. The Gram and catalase test was used to approve the biochemical characteristics of LAB. The suspension containing each LAB isolate was harvested at 4  for five min (10,000×g) to assess the survival of the selected LAB isolated under conditions simulating the GI tract. Then, remained sediment in the buffer solution containing HCL (1N) reached to pH equal to two by eliminating the supernatant. After adding 0.1 % (w/v) pepsin to bacterial suspension, it was stored at 37  for three hours. After incubation, the pH of suspension with NaCl (1N) was reached to six. Then, tolerance to small intestine condition was evaluated in PBS solution (pH=7), containing Oxgall (0.3% w/v) and pancreatin (0.1% w/v) of washed suspensions of the LAB was mixed and incubated at 37 . Finally, the LAB isolate population was determined by consecutive dilution in sterile PBS and plate media on MRS agar compared to a blank sample (untreated). For molecular identification of dominant lactic acid bacteria, the DNA of the dominant lactic acid isolate was extracted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit. Then, it was amplified using primers (44F; 1542 R) in temperature conditions. Afterward, for initial approval, PCR products were transferred to 1.5 % agarose gel and electrophoresis was performed in TBE buffer in the presence of positive control and negative control samples. The good diffusion method was used to determine the anti-bacterial effect of the selected LAB isolated against pathogenic factors. To assess auto-aggregation of the selected isolate, the cells obtained from its 24-hour culture were separated by refrigerated centrifugation (10 min, 4 , 6000×g) and was dissolved in phosphate buffer during two phases (pH=7.2) so that the obtained suspension had absorption equal to . Then, the suspension was put at the temperature of 37  for four hours. Then, the absorption of LAB isolate suspension in 600 nm was read. A combination of an equal volume of LAB isolates suspension and pathogenic bacteria were vortexed and incubated at 37℃ for four hours to assess auto-aggregation of isolate. The surface part of the suspensions was read at 600 nm and calculated. About 200 µl of 24 h culture of selected LAB was added to four mL of 1 % MRS agar medium to evaluate the selected LAB isolated antibiotic susceptibility. This combination was overlaid on plates containing 1.5 mL of 1.5% MRS agar, and then, discs of antibiotics including Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Streptomycin, Cefazolin, Ciprofloxacin, Penicillin, Cephalothin, Imipenem, Novobiocin, Clindamycin, Vancomycin, Ceftriaxone, and Nalidixic acid was placed on each plate. After 24 h of incubation at 37℃, the diameter of the inhibition zone (mm) was measured and reported as resistant, relatively sensitive, and sensitive. To consider the capability of hemolysis of blood, LAB isolate was streaked on the surface of a blood agar plate supplemented with 5% sheep blood. After 48 h of incubation at 37℃, the plates were considered in terms of diameter inhibition zone creation and color change in the medium.
The results of the sequencing test led to the identification of Levilactobacillus brevis. The predominant LAB isolated from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and reproductive tracts of Ross 308 broiler breeders and L. brevis isolated from the ileum (82.00%) (P<0.05) in the simulated conditions of the GIT compared to the L. brevis isolated from other parts GIT and the reproductive system had more survival than acid and bile. Examining the anti-bacterial effect of the aforementioned isolate showed that the L. brevis bacterium had an inhibitor influence on Shigella dysentery bacteria (87.00%) and Staphylococcus aureus (81.25%). In addition, the highest and the lowest characteristics of co-aggregation of this isolate were observed against Listeria monocytogenes (46.00%) and Salmonella typhimurium (38.00%). This isolate had 43% auto-aggregation characteristics and no hemolytic activity. Assessing antibiotic resistance of LAB isolate showed that the biggest diameter of inhibition zone of bacterium (23.5 mm) was related to Imipenem that had no significant difference with Ampicillin (22.5 mm) and Vancomycin (22.5 mm) and its lowest value (12 mm) was related to Ceftriaxone that had no significant difference with Gentamicin and Cephalotin. The results of this study showed that L. brevis bacterium can be used in the nutrition of broiler breeders as a probiotic bacterium.
The use of probiotics in the feeding of Ross 308 broiler breeders may eliminate the public health concerns of antimicrobial resistance development to some extent, as this could replace the use of antibiotics. According to antimicrobial characteristics, antibiotic resistance, hemolytic activity, auto-aggregation, and co-aggregation of predominant LAB isolate, it can be concluded that L. brevis can be useful and applicable as a probiotic supplement in producing food and pharmaceutical products for broiler breeders.

In the recent years, many countries have banned or restricted the usage of antibiotics as growth-promoting, due to their undesirable effects on human and animal health. Using probiotics as an alternative to growth-promoting antibiotics play an important role in improving performance, health and increasing the quality of poultry products. Lactobacilli are the most popular probiotic bacteria that have beneficial effects on host’s performance and health. In this study, the effect of two native strains of Lactobacillus ruteri isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of native chickens in north-western and south-western of Iran were investigated on performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters and immune response of broilers.

In this experiment, 300 Arbor-Acres® Plus+ male broiler chickens were divided in to 5 treatments, 4 replications (15 chickens per replication), in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments include: 1- Basic diet as a control treatment, 2- Basic diet + Avilamycin antibiotic, 3- Basic diet + commercial probiotic (Bio-Poul®), 4- Basic diet + Lactobacillus reuteri isolate MG547731 (Plr2), and 5- Basic diet + Lactobacillus reuteri isolate MG547727 (Plr3).

Under the condition of this experiment, commercial probiotics, antibiotic and either Lactobacillus reuteri (Plr2) isolates, significantly improved daily weight gain in final period (p<0.05). Native isolates probiotics and commercial probiotics significantly (p<0.05) reduced the relative weight of gizzard and proventriculus, though no significant (p<0.05) differences were recorded for other carcass components in broiler chickens. After the first injection of SRBC, treatments include antibiotic and Lactobacillus reuteri (Plr2) isolate caused a significant increase of IgM, and after the second injection, Lactobacillus reuteri (Plr2) and commercial probiotic treatments, showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in immunoglobulin G and Total immunoglobulin. The antibody titer against Newcastle vaccine did not show a significant difference between treatments and the control group. There was no significant difference between serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and LDL between treatments and the control group. No significant difference was obtained in serum HDL level in probiotic treatments, while antibiotic treatment appeared with a significant decrease in HDL.

Addition of native Lactobacillus reuteri isolates to poultry diets can have beneficial effects similar to commercial probiotics, on performance, immune response and blood parameters of broilers.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of olive leaf powder feeding in different breeding periods on immunity, intestinal bacterial population and blood biochemical parameters of Arian broiler chickens. A total of 336 one-day-old male broiler (Arian strain 386) were studied in a completely randomized design with six treatments for 42 days. The experimental treatments included: control diet (without olive leaves) and the other groups were fed a diet containing 1% olive leaves: from one to14 days, one to 21 days, one to 28 days, one to 35 days and one to days. Body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were similar in all groups, but the mortality rate in one to 42 days treatment was lower than other treatments (P <0.01). The amount of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in one to 35 days and one to 42 days treatments was lower than other treatments (P <0.05). The alanine aminotransferase activity in the control treatment was higher and in the one to42 days treatment was lower than other treatments (P <0.05). Higher population of Lactobacillus were observed for treatments of one to 28 days, one to 35 days and one to 42 days in jejunum (P <0.01) and one to 21 days, one to 28 days, one to 35 days and one to 42 days in ileum. (P <0.05). The results of this experiment showed that feeding 10 gr/kg of dry olive leaves during the 42 days of the breeding period of broilers led to a reduction in mortality without any negative effect on performance and immunity.

Fodder beet is a valuable source of fodder in livestock diets due to favorable agronomic characteristics such as resistance to salinity and drought, less water requirement, and proper nutritional characteristics such as forage production and silage with high nutritional value, good taste, and good resistance to environmental changes. Despite the long history of using fodder beet in animal rations, its nutritional issues and physicochemical properties of it are not fully understood and further research is needed. Silage of fodder beet can be used well in the diet of all ruminants, but studying the proper ways of silage and controlling the physical and chemical properties of silage is one of the important issues that should be addressed. In addition to the stated benefits for fodder beet, such as low dry matter content, fiber, and fat, disruption of ion exchange and change in silo buffering capacity, as well as the difficulty of processing it for permanent consumption of livestock and also important restrictions such as high sugar and moisture in the roots and excess leachate and lack of production of quality silage are the most important obstacles to the consumption of this silage. Harvest time of fodder beet coincides with the heat of the summer season and the occurrence of numerous problems, so it is necessary to silo it to prevent spoilage with the correct method. Today with the introduction of new improved cultivars and the growth of processing technology, these limitations have been almost removed. This study aimed to evaluate some of the physicochemical parameters of ensiled fodder beet with and without Lactobacillus buchneri as a microbial additive.

Some physicochemical parameters of ensiled fodder beet with and without Lactobacillus buchneri as a microbial additive in combination with 10 and 15% dry beet pulp were investigated through a 3×2 factorial arrangement in four replicates. Different silages included: 1) 100% pure fodder beet without additive (control), 2) control + 10% dry beet pulp, and 3) control + 15% dry beet pulp. The microbial additive was added at the level of 6×1010 CFU/g of dry matter. 24 plastic bags containing 25 kg of different material were compacted, sealed, and stored at room temperature. After 75 days, four bags of each group were opened and pH, temperature, and quality were immediately determined. Also, a sample from each bag was used to measure the chemical compositions. Measurements of temperature and pH were performed. Two samples of silage, one for extraction and determination of ammonia nitrogen (using selective ion absorption electrode) by AFIA recommendations and the other sample for measurement of dry matter, crude protein, and ash according to the AOAC method were used. Measurement of NDF and ADF were done according to the Van Soest method. To evaluate the aerobic stability of silages when opening plastic bags, the characteristics of color, odor, and texture of silage in the range of 1 to 10 for high to poor quality were determined using the modified Konigsberg Scores method. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design in a 3×2 factorial arrangement in four replicates using the mixed model procedure of the SAS program.

Experimental groups with 10 and 15% of dry beet pulp with microbial additive had a better quality (score: 6.5±0.16 vs. 9.4±0.21; pH: 4.04±0.06 vs. 4.59±0.08) than the control group (P<0.01). The type of ensiled materials had a significant effect on chemical compositions (DM, CP, NDF, and ADF) and the aerobic stability of silages at opening time (P<0.01). But microbial additives almost had no significant effect on the traits. Watery loss of silage for the control group was higher and its quality was lower than that in other groups (P<0.01). The best quality and more stability of silage were observed in the group with fodder beet+15% of dry beet pulp which is advisable.

According to the results of this study, adding 10 and 15% of dry beet pulp to fodder beet silage improved the appearance and aerobic stability of the resulting silages compared to the control group. Evaluation of appearance traits and pH of the samples showed that the treatments with dry pulp and the microbial additive had better quality than the control group. The type of mixture used had a significant effect on the chemical composition of silage and its aerobic stability when opened, but the microbial additive did not show a significant effect in most cases. The watery loss in the control group was higher than the other treatments and had a worse appearance quality than other silages. Overall, the most suitable silage composition in this experiment was a mixture of the control group+15% sugar beet pulp, which had better appearance quality, longer shelf life, higher dry matter level, and lower ammonia nitrogen than the other two groups.

The antibacterial and antifungal effects of pomegranates peel and seeds are associated with the presence of phenolic compounds (flavonoids and tannin). These compounds accumulate in the skin and pomegranate juice and account for 92% of the antioxidant activity of pomegranates (Abid et al. 2017). Total tannins for pomegranate peel and pulp were reported to be 9.73 and 0.66%, respectively (Delavare et al. 2014). The different species of pomegranate have antibacterial and antifungal properties that can influence on a wide range of microorganisms (Carlton et al. 2000). Phenolic compounds in plants and foods by changing the gut microbial population can increase the amount of useful bacteria and reduce harmful bacteria (Katiyar 2002). It has been found that intestinal microflora plays a critical role in the health of the digestive tract and is dependent on the ration as the final source for metabolism of organic compounds. (Choct et al. 1996). To our knowledge, the effects of pomegranate by-products have been investigated on livestock and rumen function, however their effects on the intestinal microflora in ruminants have not been addressed. Therefore, due to the high concentration of tannins and phenolic compounds in the pomegranate by-products and their effect on intestinal microflora, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pomegranate pomace silage and pomegranate air-dried pomace on intestinal microflora in Mehraban fattening lambs.

Nine male lamb of Mehraban breed (mean weight of 27.03±3.5 kg and mean age of 187.8±1.4 d), were fed on three iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets. Diets were balanced according to NRC (2007) recommendation including control diet, diet contain 27% pomegranate pulp silage (mixture of seed and pulp at equal ratio) and diet contain 31% air-dried pomegranate seed pulp. All three diets were fed for 60 d after 3 weeks for adaptation in individual pens with free access to salts lick and water. At the end of experiment all lambs were slaughtered and after than for enumeration of intestinal fluoromicrobes, one gram freshly digested specimens of ileum and cecum were collected. Samples were spread on the surface of agar medium. Colonies were counted by ophthalmic count and bacterial count was calculated as CFU/g (number of colonies per gram). The MRS agar and MacConkey (MC) medium were used for identification and enumeration of Lactobacillus spp and Escherichia coli respectively. All samples were incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours. All colonies were enumerated and recorded as CFU/g of culture suspension. For confirmation of Escherichia coli detection on MacConkey agar medium, polymerase change reaction (PCR) was conducted as DNA extraction using commercial kit (Bioneer, Sout Korea), polymerase change reactions, and electrophoresis of PCR products. Detection of molecular bacteria was done using the primers of 23S rRNA gene PCR. The PCR process was initial denaturation at 94 ºC for 2 minutes and totally 35 cycles, denaturation at 94 ºC for 45 seconds, and extension at 72 ºC for 2 minutes. All data was analyzed as a complete randomized design using SPSS software. Significant difference for means was considered at 0.05 level of differences.

The results of this study showed that in MRS medium either in ilium or cecum, the number of lactobacillus bacteria in all groups were not statistically significant. The mean number of Escherichia coli decreased due to feeding of pomegranate by-products (P<0.05), while the type of pomegranate by-product has not significant effect on number of Escherichia coli. The importance role of gut microflora is well recognized in GIT health, although population of gut microbes has been influenced by diet (Choct et al 1996). In contrast of useful effects of lactobacillus on GIT, Escherichia coli damages the intestine of animals and produces lipopolysaccharide (Munyaka et al. 2012). Tannins are considered as a toxin to microorganisms; these compounds in the soluble environment produce some stable complexes, mainly with protein and to a lesser extent with carbohydrates or some physiological ions elements such as iron and copper (Chung and Chou 1998). The pomegranate peel extract at different levels has antimicrobial effect against microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans (Ahmed et al. 2013). The phenolic materials in pomegranate fruit, are responsible for the antimicrobial properties of pomegranates (Seeram et al. 2006). In the present study, reduction of Escherichia coli population in lambs fed pomegranate by-products can be attributed to the adverse effect of phenolic substances in the pomegranate byproducts on Escherichia coli population. Several mechanisms have been introduced for antimicrobial properties of phenolic compounds in the pomegranate. Phenolic substances, with high molecular weight proteins, form complexes and by these complexes can react to the some cytoplasmic and membrane enzymes after absorption (Seeram et al. 2006). These complexes can also prevent cell surface receptors from attachment of harmful microorganisms (Cowan 1999). Phenolic compounds can react with the cellular proteins of microorganisms, alter cell wall structure and function (Hugo and Bloomfield 1971), reducing cell wall permeability and reducing substrate transport to cells (Goel et al. 2005). In addition, phenolic compounds can alter or denature some microbial enzymes, and also form complexes with certain nutrients and remove them from microorganisms (Hugo and Bloomfield 1971). The decline of Escherichia coli can also be attributed to the increase in the number of Lactobacillus; because by increasing the Lactobacillus and consequently increasing the production of lactic acid and creating an acidic environment, the population of Escherichia coli is reduced due to sensitivity of Escherichia coli to acidic environment (Hammer et al. 1999).

Feeding of the pomegranate pomace silage and air-dried pomegranate pomace in fattening lambs, decreased the population of Escherichia coli in ileum and cecum, although lactobacillus bacteria was not affected by pomegranate by-products. It seems that the tannins and phenolic compounds present in the pomegranate can effect on Escherichia coli population in ileum and cecum.

The effects of different sources of selenium supplementation and rosemary essential oil on growth performance, microflora population and intestinal morphology in broiler chicken with using of 480 male broiler chicks in a factorial arrangement (2x5) with 10 treatments and 4 replicates were investigated. Two experimental factors consisted of different sources of selenium (level of 0.3 mg/kg of diet from selenomethionine, nanoselenomethionine, selenitsodium, nano selenium bonza and without selenium) and rosemary essential oil (0 and 300 mg/kg of diet). Results showed that broilers received diet of without Se and rosemary essential oil had lower weight gain and feed intake.Broilers received diet of nano selenium bonza with rosemary essential oil had lower feed conversion ratio as compared to the other broilers (P<0.05). Broilers fed on diets of nanoselenomethionine with rosemary essential oil and nano selenium bonza with rosemary essential oil were increased villus height in jejunum (P<0.05). The crypt depth of intestinal in birds which received nanoselenium was more than the birds that consumed other sources of selenium in the diet (P<0.05). Crypt diameter nano selenium bonza with rosemary essential oil treatment was higher as compared to other treatments (P<0.01). Selenomethionine and nanoselenomethionine alone and in combination with rosemary essential oil treatments had high lactobacillus population and lactobacillus population to total microbial population ratio of ileum as compared to without Se and rosemary essential oil treatment (P<0.05). Based on the results, inclusion nanoselenium (0.3 mg/kg) supplement with rosemary essential oil (300 mg/kg) into the diet of broiler chicken can improve performance, gut morphology and microflora.

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of in ovo injection and dietary feeding of flavonoid (Naringin & Hesperidin) on performance, carcass quality, meat antioxidant stability and hindgut microflora by total 600 fertile eggs were used for amnion injection (17.5th day of embryonic) and hatched chicked divided randomly in four replications with 10 birds for growing period until 42d. Treatments by completely randomize design were 1, 2 and 3) 50, 100, 175 mg/kg flavonoids in diet, respectively, 4 and 5) 15, 30 mg/egg injection of flavonoid respectively and 6) injection of 15 mg/ egg and feeding 50 mg/kg flavonoid and 7) injection of 30 mg/ egg and feeding175 mg/kg and 8) control group. Treatments did not have a significant effect on performance traits compare to control group. Reduction of Malondialdehyde substances in tight and breast meat were observed in treatments (except 4) at 28 and 42 days than in the control group significantly (P

Future of dairy herds greatly depends on a standard and suitable calf rearing. Improving health and welfare parameters of calves will be resulted in rearing potent heifers in milk production and calving. Moreover, it is better to approach a maximum efficiency of calf rearing with hazardless methods and minimum side effects. Considering antibiotics resistance and growth hormones remnants in animal bodies, prebiotics are fascinating alternatives to be evaluated.
Twenty-four female Holstein calves, aging 18±3 days and body weight of 36±4 kg, were randomly assigned to groups including milk without additive, milk plus 3.5 g/day inulin and milk plus 7 g/day inulin so as to evaluation effect of using inulin as a prebiotic on growth performance, blood parameters and colonic microbial population of suckling calves. Experiment was carried out in a one-week adaptation followed by a six weeks measuring and recording period. Claves were weaned when they consumed 900 grams of starter (dry matter). Dry matter intake and feces score monitoring were recorded daily, and calves were weighed weekly. Feces sampling and blood sampling were done in (third and sixth) and (second, fourth and sixth) weeks of experiment, respectively.
There were no significant differences among groups in dry matter intake, average daily gain and feed conversion rate. Adding inulin prebiotic had no significant effect on blood parameters, although cholesterol and triglyceride concentration showed a trend toward reduction in groups receiving inulin. Feces pH and lactobacillus and coliform bacteria count did not differ among treatments.
Results of present study showed that supplemented milk with inulin oligosaccharide for six weeks had no significant effect on grows performance, dry matter intake, feed conversion rate, lactobacillus and coliform bacteria count, feces pH and blood parameters of Holstein suckling calves.

The objective of this experiment was to studythe effects of fiber-rich molting diets as alternative to the conventional feed withdrawal method, on performance, gastro intestinal fermentation and microbial activity of laying hens. One hundred eighty Hy-line (W36) laying hens were used in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 6 replicates by 12 birds in each replication during 12 days. Treatments were: 1- control group (hens fed with a layer diet), 2- feed withdrawal group, 3- laying hen diet containing 20000 mg zinc oxide/kg, 4- laying hen diet diluted by adding 90% alfalfa meal, 5- laying hen diet diluted by adding 90% palm kernel meal. Egg production of hen was monitored for 12 weeks during post molting period. Results show that lactobacilli and Escherichia coli bacteria population was significantly greater (P

Many herbal products (herbs and essential oils) are currently used as feed additives by the feed industry in the European Union and elsewhere. These phytogenic substances which increase feed aroma or palatability of feeds are classified as sensory additives by European Council. However, several publications show that some essential oils may have beneficial effects on animal performance and health status because of other properties except their sensory characteristics. These claimed properties are stimulation of digestive secretions; antimicrobial, coccidiostat, anthelmintic, and anti-inflammatory activities; and antioxidant properties. Most research revealed that supplementing herbal essential oils to diets resulted in reducing blood cholesterol, increasing palatability of feed and stimulating the immune system in poultry, while different results obtained by ruminants because of rumen microbial population and ruminal fermentation conditions. The use of large and repeated quantities of antibiotics in animal feed may cause to eliminate beneficial intestinal microflora and innate immune system and subsequently cause to antibiotic resistance and remains antibiotics in animal products. Recently, many herbal products because having flavoring and antimicrobial properties as introduced as good alternatives for antibiotics. The aim of the present investigation was to study of effect of Ziziphora clinopodioies, Mentha spicata and Mentha pulegium on the performance of suckling calves, dry matter digestibility, blood parameters and the immune system, the effect on the incidence of diarrhea and fecal microbial population (Escherichia coli, lactobacillus and total aerobic bacteria).
In the present study, extraction of essential oils from three plant species (Ziziphora clinopodioies, Mentha spicata and Mentha pulegium) by means of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were analyzed. In order to determine the chemical composition of plants used for food such as dry matter, crude protein and ether extracts, from conventional laboratory methods AOAC (2005) were used. sixteen Holstein calves with mean of 42.18± 0.71 Kg birth weight, aged 5± 3 day allocated to treats: 1) control (milk without additive), 2) milk contains powder Ziziphora clinipodioides, 3) milk contains powder Mentha spicata, 4) milk contains powder Mentha pulegium. The herbs added to milk in each treatment was 20 g daily. Duration the experimental period was 25 days. Dry matter intake, water intake and fecal score measured daily. Body weight monitored every 5 days, and blood sampling conducted twice, once one day before the start of the period (day zero) and once final day. Samples for culture prepared in three phases beginning, middle and end of the period.
The major component in Ziziphora clinopodioies was pulegone (38.34%), major component in Mentha spicata and Mentha pulegium was carvone (61.93%) and piperitone oxide (43.09%), respectively. The dry matter of three plant, Ziziphora clinopodioies, Mentha spicata and Mentha pulegium were 92.70, 93.25 and 94.01, crude protein were 8.57, 20.47 and 17.32, and also ether extracts were 3.20, 2.15 and 2.50 percent, respectively. Based on the obtained results, adding of Mentha pulegium to milk reduces dry matter intake during starter period and total dry matter intake in treatment Ziziphora clinopodioides was significantly higher than treatment control. Calves treated with Ziziphora clinopodioides, Mentha pulegium and Mentha spicata consumed statistically more water than control group. Dry matter digestibility significantly decreased in treatments Ziziphora clinopodioides and Menthe spicata compared to control. Daily gain, feed conversion ratio, blood parameter and immune respones were not affected by treatment trials. There were no significant differences between treatments for fecal score and day of diarrhea. Ziziphora clinopodioies, Mentha spicata and Mentha pulegium significantly decreased Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus count in fecal compare to control, but they had no significantly effect on total number of aerobic bacteria. The result showed that adding herbal to milk in neonatal calves have positive effect because of affecting on starter intake, consume water, fecal consistency score and intestinal microbial population.
Plant-derived essential oil may be a useful means to improve efficiency of nutrient utilization in ruminants and reduce the impact of their production on the environment. This study showed that the inclusion of Ziziphora clinopodioies, Mentha spicata and Mentha pulegium calves diet significantly improved the water intake and Mentha spicata and Mentha pulegium decreased dry matter intake. Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus reduction microbial population fecal calves represent the three species of the plant is antibacterial. However, further and more complete evaluations are required to establish the effect of herbal products in diets on the performance of animals.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic on performance and Lactobacillus population in broiler chickens. Six hundred and thirty 1-d-old broiler chicks were used in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments and 6 replicates of 15 birds per replicate. Dietary treatments were; 1) basal diet (control diet without supplemental additives), 2) basal diet + probiotic of Perimalac, 3) basal diet + prebiotic of Technomos, 4) basal diet + prebiotic of fermacto, 5) basal diet + perimalac+ technomos, 6) basal diet + perimalac + Fermacto and 7) basal diet + symbiotic of Biomin IMBO. Parameters that were measured were: Feed intake, body weight gain, Feed conversion ratio and Lactobacillus population in ileum and cecum. In the starter period the body weight gain was significantly increased by the inclusion of combination of Perimalac + Fermacto as compared with the control (P<0. 05). In this experiment, feed intake was not affected by treatments (P > 0.05). During the starter period the treatments containing of Perimalac + Fermacto and Synbiotic Biomin, and during the grower and total periods the treatments containing Perimalac + Fermacto led to significant improvement in feed conversion ratio compared with the control group (P<0. 05). In the 23 and 42 days of the experiment, the treatments containing Fermacto alone, or Perimalac + Fermacto and Synbiotic increased the lactobacillus population in in the ileum and cecum in compared with the control group (P<0. 05). In conclusion, combination of probiotic and prebiotic improved the overall performance and increased intestinal population of Lactobacilli in broiler chickens.

The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of Lactobacillus strains liquid solution which was supposed to be added to the surface of restaurant waste (RW). To do so, each of different levels (2, 3, 5 and 7 ml) of liquid solution containing selected Lactobacillus strains (L. acidophilus, L. reuteri, L. plantarum and L. casei) was added to 1 kg of homogeneous and uniform waste with three replicates. The results of the first experiment indicated that adding 5 ml of liquid solution to 1 kg of the waste had the highest survival and economic justification. The second experiment evaluated the effect of 5 ml level of liquid solution on the amount of RW nutrients. Five treatments (four Lactobacillus treatments and one control treatment) were added to 1 kg of waste with five replicates. Finding of the experiment related to RW nutrients showed that microbial processing by Lactobacillus treatments caused a significant improvement as compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). Among the strains used L. acidophilus had the highest mean amount of crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), dry matter (DM) and gross energy (GE) with respectively 21.40%, 19.91%, 41.02% and 4872.61 kcal/kg and it had the lowest amount of ash with 3.67% compared with the other strains. Due to fluctuations in the chemical composition of each meal and to resolve the ambiguity that whether the change in chemical composition of the waste is influenced by days and weeks or not, an individual experiment was conducted and the chemical composition of the meals was separately analyzed during 4 weeks. The results of the experiment demonstrated that there was not a close relationship between the weeks and the mean chemical compositions of the raw waste. Average CP, DM, EE, ash and GE for all days of the week were 18.74% 38.46% 18.67% 4.09% and 4497.65 kcal/kg, respectively. These results clearly showed that the numbers gained from sampling and the uniform mixtures of the waste were not significantly different. The amounts of CP, DM, EE, ash and GE within the uniform mixture were 18.87%, 38.78%, 18.84%, 4.12% and 4507.33 kcal/kg, respectively. The economic calculation of using RW showed that its use in poultry diet is permitted and it is more economical.