جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « liver enzymes » در نشریات گروه « علوم دام »

Fat inclusion in the diet presents positive features such as essential fatty acids and vitamin supply, slowing the passage rate, and lubricating the feed milling equipment. The price of conventional added fat sources has been increasing in the last few years; therefore, there is a growing interest in the use of alternative energy sources in poultry feeding. In this context, coproducts derived from the soybean oil refinement process represent an economic alternative and permit giving added value to residual products. Soybean lecithin, which is extracted from the soybean oil degumming process, is mainly composed of polar lipids (>60%), especially of phospholipids, but also contains an important amount of neutral lipids (30–40%), as triacylglycerols and free fatty acids. Soy lecithin may also act as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are important precursors of eicosanoids for human health benefits and neonatal growth. The inclusion of lecithin in the diet could improve lipid digestibility, liver function, and performance. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of fat source and soybean lecithin on performance, egg quality, nutrient digestibility, and blood parameters in laying hens.
A total of 144 Nick Chick laying hens were randomly divided into six treatments, six replicates, and four hens per replicate as a 2×3 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments included: 1) 3% soybean oil, 2) 3% soybean oil + 0.1% lecithin, 3) 3% tallow, 4) 3% tallow + 0.1% lecithin, 5) a mixture of soybean oil + tallow in equal proportions, and  6) a mixture of soybean oil + tallow in equal proportions + 0.1% lecithin. Lecithin contains 7480 kcal/kg metabolizable energy and is added to experimental diets at one kg/ton as per company recommendation. Productive performance and egg quality traits were recorded from 37 to 44 weeks of age. Egg production and egg weight were recorded daily and feed intake was recorded weekly. This information was used to calculate the feed conversion ratio. Egg quality was measured in four eggs which were individually weighed and the external and internal quality (shape index, yolk index, yolk weight, yolk color, Haugh unit, shell weight, and shell thickness) was determined. At the end of the experiment (44 weeks of age) celite was added to experimental diets as an insoluble marker. Apparent metabolizable energy, dry matter, fat and crude protein digestibility were measured. Liver enzymes’ activity (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations) and blood parameters (triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, and LDL) were measured at the end of the experiment.
Feed intake (P<0.01), egg production, and egg mass improved by a mixture of soybean oil + tallow (P<0.05) in the entire experiment. The effects of the source of oil on the productive performance of laying hens are contradictory and depend on the oil source and fatty acid compositions of oil/lipids, strain, and age of hens. Inclusion of lecithin in the diet increased feed intake and yolk color (P<0.01) but decreased Haugh unit (P<0.05). The reasons for the discrepancies among researchers concerning the effects of dietary lecithin on poultry production are not known but might depend on the type of bird used, as well as on the characteristics of the diet, including the level, source, and fatty acid profile of the lipid source used. The information available on the effects of lecithin on yolk pigmentation is scarce. The unsaturated fatty acid profile of lecithin is more favorable for xanthophyll absorption and utilization than that of the more saturated fatty acid profile of animal fat. Lecithin facilitates the absorption and transfer of fats, so it can cause the absorption of pigment substances as fat-soluble compounds. Yolk color increased and eggshell thickness was decreased (P<0.05) by a mixture of soybean oil + tallow. Apparent metabolizable energy, dry matter, fat, and protein digestibility were not affected by fat source, lecithin inclusion, or fat source × lecithin interaction. Moreover, the data indicated that the addition of soy oil decreased the cholesterol in the plasma (P<0.05). Aspartate aminotransferase (P<0.01), lactate dehydrogenase (P<0.05), triglyceride (P<0.01), cholesterol, and LDL (P<0.05) concentrations of the plasma decreased by lecithin inclusion in the diet. Lecithin is one of the natural elements that have dispersing properties. Lecithin is capable of reducing LDL cholesterol. It also promotes HDL cholesterol synthesis. In addition, it is used to help reduce cholesterol and triglycerides and protect the liver in the prevention of kidney stone formation. The lecithin modifies the cholesterol homeostasis in the liver, increasing the HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase) and alpha 7 hydroxylase cholesterol activities. The LDL concentration and size are also significantly reduced and the bile acid pool and bile lipid secretion are increased.
In general, soybean lecithin can be added, in combination with soybean oil and tallow as an energy source in laying hens' diet to improve performance.

In mixed breeds or high-yielding breeds that require the use of lipid resources in the diet to provide the required energy level for livestock, in order to increase fat consumption and increase its digestibility, the use of lysophospholipids has advantages. Also, the possibility of using fat in the diet while maintaining other conditions of gastrointestinal physiology, reduces the consumption of grains and prevents metabolic disorders such as acidosis. This study was performed to investigate the effects of consumption of different levels of lysophospholipids on performance, quantitative and qualitative traits of carcass, apparent digestibility, some blood parameters and liver enzymes in male fattening lambs of Afshari breeds.

In this study, 24 male lambs of Zell mixed with Afshari with an average weight of 29.85 ± 1.9 kg and an average age of 4 months were used. Experimental lambs were tested in 4 treatments and 6 replications in each treatment for 90 days. Experimental treatments include: 1) control treatment without adding lysophospholipid in the diet and with diets containing lipid source 2) diet treatment containing lipid source plus 0.25% lysophospholipid in the diet 3) diet treatment containing lipid source plus adding 0.5 % lysophospholipid in diet 4) Diet treatment contained lipid source plus addition of 0.75% lysophospholipid in diet.

The results showed that the addition of lysophospholipid supplement to the diet of fattening lambs had a significant effect on daily feed intake (P <0.05). The use of 0.75% lysophospholipid supplement increased feed intake. In the present study, the use of 0.75% of lysophospholipid supplement diet reduced the numerical value of feed conversion ratio, but this reduction was not numerically significant (P <0.05). The final live weight was higher in the lysophospholipid supplementation treatments than in the control group. Also, the group that received 0.75% of lysophospholipid supplement had a higher final weight than the control group and other groups (P <0.05). Dry matter and crude protein digestibility were not significantly different in the experimental groups and the control group. However, the apparent digestibility of crude fat increased in all groups that received lysophospholipid supplementation compared to the control group. NDF digestibility increased in the groups that received 0.5 and 0.75% of lysophospholipid supplement diet. However, ADF digestibility increased significantly only in the group that received 0.75% lysophospholipid supplementation. Experimental treatments had no effect on the serum glucose concentration of crude protein in experimental animals. Also, serum urea, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and VLDL concentrations increased with lysophospholipid supplementation. But the serum HDL concentration decreased. Also, experimental treatments had no effect on the concentration of liver enzymes in blood serum. Although the concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were numerically higher on day 90 in the groups receiving lysophospholipid supplementation, but this increase was statistically significant. Was not significant (P <0.05).

Due to the positive effects of lysophospholipid supplement on fat digestibility, functional traits and without creating unfavorable conditions on fiber digestibility (NDF and ADF), liver enzymes can be used in the diet of Afshari mixed breeding male lambs.

In this study, the effect of black cumin and the black seed was evaluated on the growth, blood metabolites, thyroid hormones, and liver enzymes activity of lambs under pasture grazing conditions.  Twenty-four Sanjabi male lambs in their four to five months of age (live weight of 30 ±0.9 kg) were used in four treatments and six replicates in a completely randomized design for 70 days. Treatments included group 1: Control (rangeland forage), group 2: Rangeland forage plus 0.3 g of black seed per kg body weight (BW), group 3: Rangeland forage plus 0.3 g of black cumin per kg BW, and group 4: Rangeland grass plus 0.15 g of black seed + 0.15 g of black cumin per kg BW. The lambs were weighed every two weeks. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein on days one, 35, and 70 of the experiment. Adding black seed and cumin had no significant effect on growth performance, but significantly increased total blood protein in treated groups (P<0.05). The blood urea level of lambs in treated lambs was lower than in the control group. Thyroxine concentration in lambs fed on black seed was higher than that of other groups (P<0.05). The activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase was lower in the herbal supplemented groups than in the control group (P<0.05). Overall, the results of this experiment showed that incorporation of these amounts of black seed and black cumin to the diet as herbal supplements improved some blood parameters, but had no significant effect on growth performance.

An experiment was done for studying different levels of Ca & P (with and without Phytaze enzyme) on liver enzymes and blood parameters in Arian broiler chickens. Two hundred eighty eight broiler chicken were used in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 4 replicates with 12 chickens in each floor pen.  Broiler chickens were fed with different levels of Ca and P (with or without Phytaze enzyme). Treatments included: control group (0.1Ca, 0.5P %) and other treatments were 15% and 30% Ca and P lower than control diet (with and without Phytaze enzyme), 15% Ca & P more than control diet. The results showed that in diet with 15% Ca and P lower than control group had maximum feed intake, body weight gain and minimum feed conversion ratio in total period. The liver of AST, ALP and LDH enzymes concentration were affected by different treatments. But ALT was not affected by treatments. Treatment significantly affected of blood parameter including P, N and K, but not effected on the Ca concentration in 21 and 42 days. In general, it can be concluded that the diet with 15% Ca and P lower than control group resulted highest feed consumption, body weight gain and best feed conversion ratio.

Medicinal plants play an important role in maintaining the health and performance of the poultry during stress. One of the most important medicinal plants is artichoke. Artichoke, the scientific name of Cynara scolymus and the Latin name Artichoks, is an herb of the chicory family of the oldest medicinal plants. The extract of this plant improves arthrosclerosis and liver damages. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of Artichoke medicinal herb on growth performance, microbial population, liver enzymes and immune response in broiler chickens under cold stress condition in a completely randomized design.

In this experiment, 400 one day old broiler chicks of Ross 308 were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments, four replicates and 20 chicks in each replicate. Experimental treatments were control (basal diet), antibiotic (basal diet plus 0.0015 percent antibiotic virginiamycin), aspirin (basal diet plus 0.2 percent aspirin powder), 10 and 20 g/Kg artichoke powder. During the experiment (42 days), the chicks had free access to water and feed. The broiler chickens were exposed to a temperature of 32ºC at one-day-old, with stepwise reductions to 25 ºC, 20 ºC and 15 ºC on days 7, 14, and 21, respectively. At this point, a temperature of 15 ºC was maintained until the end of the experiment. At 21 and 42 days of each experimental unit, two birds were selected and the gastrointestinal tract opened in an aseptic condition adjacent to the flame. Using pre-sterilized aluminum foil pieces, 1 g of ileal contents was removed and added to tubes containing 9 ml of phosphate buffer saline and transferred to the laboratory to determine the population of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The number of bacteria per gram of sample was calculated. At the end of days 21 and 42, the breeding period after two hours of starvation from each experimental unit of 2 birds were randomly selected and 2 ml blood was taken via a wing vein. Serum samples were isolated after blood coagulation and transferred to the micro tube and centrifuged for 10 minutes. The enzymes activity of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were measured. To assay the primary and secondary antibody responses against sheep red blood cell (SRBC), at 16 and 23d of age, 2 birds/replicate were immunized intramuscularly with 0.5 mL 10% SRBC. Blood samples were obtained from the brachial vein at 7d following each injection (days 23 and 30). Antibody titers against Newcastle virus were measured in serum samples by hemagglutination inhibition assay.

The results indicated that the population of E. coli was not subjected to experimental diets at 21 days. Lactobacillus population was subjected to experimental rations at 21 days. The effect of experimental diet on Bifidobacterium population was significant at 21 days of age. The experimental diets containing antibiotics and aspirin reduced and increased Bifidobacterium population respectively. The effect of experimental diets on the population of E. coli was significant at 42 days of age. Both levels of artichoke reduced the population of E. coli by comparison with the control and antibiotic groups. The diet containing aspirin and antibiotics also reduced and increased the E. coli population, as compared to the control group. The effect of experimental diets on Lactobacillus population was significant at 42 days of age. Antibiotic diet lowered the Lactobacillus population compared with other experimental groups. The effect of experimental diet on bifidobacterium population was significant at 42 days of age. The diets of 2% of artichokes and antibiotics increased and decreased bifidobacterium population respectively. One reported in a study thatevaluated the phenolic compounds of leaf extract and their antimicrobial activity that the compounds in the plant's extract such as chlorogenic acid, cinnarin, luteolin-7 rhinosinus and sinarocide showed high activity for combat with organisms. Experimental treatments had significant effect on activity of liver enzymes. The treatments 2% artichoke and aspirin were reduced activity ALT at 21 days. The treatment 2% artichoke reduced the amount of AST enzyme compared to control and other experimental diets. The experimental diets had no effect on ALP at 21 days of age. The effect of experimental diets on blood enzymes at 42 days of age was not significant. The result of a study showed that artichoke extract reduced the concentration of AST and ALT in broiler chickens. Kraft (1997) stated that watery extract of artichoke significantly reduced the concentration of AST, ALT and ALP compared to control group. The effect of different diets on the antibody titer against SRBC in 2 stages (23 and 30 days) and Newcastle disease (at 7 days of injection and 7 days after blood donation) was not significant. According to the results of the present study, Rahimi et al. (2011) reported that the antibody produced against RBC of sheep between rations (containing 0.1% garlic and control) in both temperature conditions (normal temperature and cold temperature to create ascites) was not meaningful. The results of this study showed that the diets containing each plant and their interaction did not have a significant effect on the antibody titer against Newcastle disease. Feed intake and body weight were increased and feed conversion rate was decreased in artichoke powder received groups in comparison with other treatment.

Antibiotics are used to prevent bacterial infections and improve the digestive system's health in the poultry diet. In this research, which was carried out under cold conditions, virginiamycin antibiotics not only had no positive effect on the ileum microbial population, but also compared with control treatment reduced beneficial bacteria and increased harmful bacteria. It is concluded that the inclusion of 2 percent of artichoke in broiler diet, under cold stress conditions had positive effect on microbial population, liver enzymes and immune response in comparison with control treatment and antibiotic treatment, therefore it can be recommended.

The replacement of inorganic mineral with organic sources can impose benefical effects on broiler chickens. The replacement of 25 and 50% inorganic iodine with organic source had beneficial effects on the determined indices of current experiment (Angelovicova et al., 2012). Higher replacement levels (100% organic iodine) detrimentally affected the blood and tissue indices of broiler chickens (Opalinski et al., 2012; Saki et al., 2012; Peyvastegan et al., 2017). The aim of this study was to investigate the replacement of inorganic mineral with organic sources iodine effects on performance, carcass characteristics, meat iodine, thyroid hormones, and some blood indices in broiler chickens. This experiement was performed to investiage the effects of different levels of inorganic iodine (potassium iodiate) replaced with organic source (yeast iodine) on performance, carcass characteristics, iodine content of meat, and thyroid hormone concentrations and blood indices (hematocrit, RBC, WBC, Hb, ALP, ALT, AST, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL) in broiler chcikens. The experiment was done based on a completely randomized design using 250 male broiler chickens (Ross strain) with 5 treatments and 5 replicates per each treatment (10 birds per each replicate) during a 42 days period. The experimental treatments included different replacement levels of 0.0 (5 mg/kg inorganic iodine without any organic source), 0.25 (3.75 mg/kg inorganic iodine along with 1.25 mg/kg organic source), 0.50 (2.5 mg/kg inorganic iodine along with 2.5 mg/kg organic source), 0.75 (1.25 mg/kg inorganic iodine along with 3.75 mg/kg organic source) and 100% (5 mg/kg organic iodine without any inorganic source) inorganic iodine (potassium iodiate) with organic source (yeast iodine). None of the repleacement levels of inorganic with organic source had effects on feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (P>0.05). Inceasing the inorganic replacement with organic form of iodine linearly increased the carcass and thigh relative weight (P<0.05). The birds fed 5 mg/kg inorganic iodine had the highest carcass weight (P<0.05). The birds fed the diets including 75 and 100% of organic iodine replacement had the highest breast and thigh weights (P<0.05). The abdominal fat trended to be lower in birds fed 5 mg/kg organic iodine (100% replamecment) as compared to control diet (100% inorganic iodine), (P=0.065). Moreover, increasing the replacement amount of organic iodine to 100% increased the breast meat iodine content linearly (P<0.05), while breast meat of birds fed 5 mg/kg organic iodine had the highest iodine content (P<0.05). Moreover, the breast iodine content of birds fed the diets with 75% replacement of inorganic iodine (3.75 mg yeats iodine and 1.25 mg potasium iodate per kg) was higher than those of diets with lower inorganic iodine replacements (P<0.05). No effects of inorganic iodine replacement were detected on relative weights of liver, heart, spleen, small intestine, deudenum and ileum (P>0.05), but incressing replacement of organic iodine caused an increase in the relative weights of pancreas, gizzard, jujenum, and thyroid gland (P<0.05). Birds which received the highest replacement level of organic iodine showed the highest pancrease,
gizzard, jejunem and thyroid gland weights wherease the control birds had the lowest weights of these organs at day 42 of experiment. There were no effects of inorganic iodine replacement with organic source on white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils and hetrophils at day 42 of experiment (P>0.05). Moreover, increasing the organic iodine replacement to inorganic form increased red blood cells and hematocrit (P<0.05). Blood hematocrit was increased by increasing the organic replacement until 50% (P<0.05). No effects of replacement level were observed for blood triglyceride and cholesterol (P>0.05). Both the blood LDL and HDL contents were affected by the replacement levels (P<0.05). Blood LDL concentration was increased by increasing the inorgainic level replacements but there were no significant difference between the replacement levels of 50, 75 and 100% inorganic iodine. The highest blood HDL concentration was related to the birds fed the 50% replacement of inorganic iodine with organic iodine source (2.5 mg yeast iodine and 2.5 mg potassium iodate). Moreover, the lowest blood HDL content was observed for the birds fed 75% replacement of inorganic iodine with organic iodine source. The blood enzyme activities of alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase along with T3 and T4 contents were increased by increasing the replacement level of inorganic iodine with organic source (P<0.05). The birds fed the control diet (5 mg/kg potassium iodate) had the lowest enzyme activities and thyroid hormone contents while the highest activity of the mentioned enzymes and thyroid hormones were observed for the higest replacement rate (100% inorganic iodine replacement). It is concluded that higher than 50% inorganic replacement with yeast iodine caused functional impairment of vital organs. Hence, replacement of 25 and 50% inorganic iodine with organic form had the benefical effects in broiler chickens by increasing the carcass and thigh weights, the breast iodine content and relative weights of internal organs.

Oxidative stress is responsible for several health compromising conditions in livestock, resulting low performance, metabolic diseases, suppression of immune responses and fertility problems in males. It is known that the fatty acid composition of sperm membranes, especially their unsaturated components, determine their biophysical characteristics such as fluidity and flexibility as appropriate for their specific functions, including sperm motility and fertilizing capacity. The high levels of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell membranes made them susceptible to oxidation. Usually, the natural anti-oxidant defense of the birds needs fortification by dietary supplementation of antioxidants. Althoughsynthetic antioxidants are available and very effective, but health concerns are associated with their consumption. Researchers are seeking natural antioxidants to control the oxidation stress in birds. Natural antioxidants are substantially of plant origin. Antioxidants originated from animal kingdom are interesting, because they are natural, and protein rich feed ingredient with potentially functional properties. The vermiculture industry is a new and attractive agricultural activity and its main product is vermicompost which is applied in farm lands as a natural fertilizer. Earthworms are harvested as co-product and have the several applications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant properties of earthworm meal (EM) and ethanol extract (EE), and effect of feeding earthworm meal and the extract on some oxidative parameters of native roosters.
In experiment 1, fresh earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were washed and air-dried in shadow and ground to produce the earthworm meal. Half of earthworm meals were soaked in 80 % (V/V) ethanol with continues shaking for 24 h. The extract was filtered and concentrated to produce the ethanol extract of earthworm meal. The proximate composition in content value of moisture, crude ash, crude protein, and crude fat was determined according to the methods of AOAC. The fatty acid profile of extracted lipid was determined by gas chromatography after methylation of fatty acids. The total phenolic compounds of earthworm meal were determined using folin ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activity of extract was measured by ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. In experiment two, 20 preselected Western Azarbaijan native roosters (34 weeks of age) were randomly allocated to 5 treatments and 4 blocks. Each rooster considered as an experimental unit and received 0 g EM or EE, 10 or 20 g/kg EM, and 5.65 or 11.30 g/kg EE for 13 consecutive weeks. At the end of experiment blood samples were collected form brachial vein of roosters, and birds were killed. The tissue samples were collected from the liver and testis after recording the organ weights. The biochemical parameters of blood including phosphorus, calcium, hemoglobin, albumin, uric acid, glucose, total protein, cholesterol and triglyceride was determined using spectrophotometer and commercial diagnostic kits. The activity of liver enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase and alanine amino transferase) in plasma was determined using spectrophotometer and commercial diagnostic kits. The malondialdehyde concentration was measured in blood plasma, liver tissue, and testis tissue of roosters as an indicator of lipid peroxidation using thiobarbituric acid method.
The results indicated that earthworm had 26 different fatty acids, which eicosapentanoic, stearic, and arachidonic acid had the highest percentages, respectively. The total phenolic compounds in earthworm were 169.72 mg/g of gallic acid equivalent. The results showed that FRAP was 242 μmol of Fe (II)/mg dry extract. The dry matter, crude fat, protein and ash of earthworm meal were determined 91, 1.7, 8.75 and 64.2 %, respectively.
The blood, liver and testis malondialdehyde concentration in all of earthworm and earthworm extract treated groups were significantly decreased (P

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence of liver abscess in lactating and dry Holstein cows and its effect on some blood parameters and histology of hepatocytes. The liver of 577 lactating and dry Holstein cows at the time of slaughter in two abattoirs in Iran were examined. Blood collection from cows was carried out at the time of slaughter. Sixty healthy cows, i.e., the same number of cows with liver abscesses (which had no problem in terms of autopsy and splanchnic checking), were considered as control group according to herd and number of gestation. Immediately after slaughter, the livers of the cows was divided into 4 groups of liver without abscess score 0, liver with one or two small abscesses or scars; score A, liver with two to four well-organized abscesses; score A, and liver with one or more large open abscesses, with or without adhesions; score A. The slaughterhouse survey showed that, 10.4% (60 cows) had liver abscesses (25, 31.7 and 43.3 % for A-, A and A). Data from histological studies showed that in livers with abscesses in compare to healthy livers, natural form of hepatocytes close to sinusoids in liver with abscesses had changed, parts of the affected tissue showed necrosis and the numbers of Kupffer cells were increased. The concentration of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) in the blood serum of cattle with liver abscesses with A, A and A scores were higher than that of healthy cows (P≤0.01), while the concentration of creatine kinase (CK) in the cows affected by the abscess was lower than the healthy group (P≤0.01). Cows with liver abscesses with scores A-, A and A had lower concentrations of albumin and serum cholesterol than healthy cows (P≤0.01). The results of this study showed that the higher concentrations of liver enzymes and low blood concentrations of albumin and cholestrol in cows with liver abscesses may be due to the destruction of liver cells and inflammation. In conclusion, some blood parameters can be used as an indicator for assessing the status of liver abscess.

Milk thistle (MT) (Silybum marianum L.), as one of the famous medicinal plant, belongs to Compositae family and is native for west and central Europe, and north of India (Zargari 1996). The plant is endemic for Iran too, and is grown in different parts of the country (Hassanloo et al. 2001). A mix of flavonolignans called silymarin forms the main bioactive component of this plant (Luper 1998). The content of silymarin in MT seeds collected from different zones of Iran varies from 6.9 to 27.1 mg/g of dry matter (Hassanloo et al. 2001). Supplementation of MT seed (Suchý et al. 2008, Rashidi et al. 2015) or silymarin (Schiavone et al. 2007) to the diet had no adverse effect on broilers performance. However, adding the seed and silymarin to aflatoxin contaminated diets prevented the deleterious effect of the toxin on broilers (Jamshidi et al. 2007, Chand et al. 2011). Silymarin has anti inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects which its mechanisms of action has been reviewed by Abenavoli et al. (2010). Addition of 200 mg/kg silymarin improved humoral immune response of broiler (Mojahedtalab et al. 2013). Reduction of cholesterol, increase of HDLcholesterol (Rashidi et al. 2015), and decrease of alanin aminotransferas and aspartate amino transferase (Suchý et al. 2008) in broilers serum have been also revealed. In a previous study, MT seed, probably due to the presence of anti nutritional factors, decreased nutrients digestibility and performance of broilers (Khatami 2015). Hence, in this study the heated and crude MT seed was tested on broilers performance, some blood and humoral parameters.
Material and A total of 256 one-day old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to four treatments with four replicates and 16 birds each. The experimental treatments including zero (control), 0.4 percent crude, 0.4 percent heated and 0.8 percent heated MT seed were fed to broilers for a period of 42 days. MT seed was collected from Moghan zone, Ardabil province of Iran. Heat treatment of MT seed was performed using an oven (80 ˚C, 24 h). The experimental diets were formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements for starter (0-10), grower (11-24) and finisher (25-42) phases (Table 1). The birds reared under standard conditions with free access to water and feed for 23 hours per day. At the end of each feeding phases, feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG) of birds were recorded. Then using the data feed conversion ratio was calculated. To determine some blood serum biochemical parameters using the commercial kits (Pars Azmoon, Tehran, Iran), two birds (one male and one female) were bled from their wing vein on day 35. Two birds per cage were also injected intramuscularly with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) (2.5% suspension in PBS, 0.2 ml/ chick) at 35 days of age. Determination of total antibody titer (against SRBC) and resistant antibody to 2-mercaptoethanol (IgG) were done by hemagglutination assay following the blood sampling in 7th days after injection (Cheema et al 2003). IgM antibody level calculated from the difference between the total antibody and the IgG. The data were subjected to statistical analyses using the General Linear Model procedure of SAS software (SAS Institute, 2002). Duncan’s multiple range test was used to compare the significant difference between the means.
Through the starter period (0-10 days), adding 0.4 percent heated MT seed reduced WG and increased FCR of chickens (P The results showed that bioactive components of MT are resistant to heat treatment (80 °C, 24 h). Appling MT seed in broilers diet had no positive effect on growth performance, but improved the performance of liver and humoral immunity.

To evaluate the effect of different levels of wild pistachio leaves on liver enzymes, bloodparameters and performance indicators of broiler chickens, 192 one-day old Ross 308 broiler chickens in the completely randomized design, including 4 treatments, 4 replicates and 12 chicks (both sexes), per experimentalunits were used. The experimental treatments includedrationscontaining levelsofzero (control), 1, 2, and 3 percent of wild pistachio leaf powder. The results of this experiment showed that effect of wild pistachio leaf on feed intake and daily gain significantly reduced compared to control treatment in the initial period (P˂0.05), but feed intake and daily gain were not significant in the growth period and total period.The feedconversion ratio was not significantly affected (P > 0.05). The effect of experimental treatments was not significant on AST and ALT, but the ALP enzyme was significantly reduced by the experimental treatments (P˂0.05). The amount of glucose, total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol of serum were not significantly affected. The effect of experimental treatments on triglyceride and LDL cholesterol serum reduction was significant (P˂0.05). According to the results, wild pistachio leaf can be used as an additive plant with reducing feature on liver enzymes and triglyceride and LDL cholesterol in poultry diets.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different level of garlic powder on the performance, egg quality traits and blood parameters in commercial laying hens. A total of one hundred and twenty eight 58-wk-old Lohmann lite (LSL) hens were allotted into 4 dietary treatment groups replicated 4 times with 8 hens per replicate in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets included of control diet (no supplemented garlic powder) and 3 levels of garlic powder, (1, 2 and 3% of diet). Laying performance traits and egg quality parameters were recorded by replicate at 61 and 63 wk-old. Blood and egg yolk parameters were measured at the end of the trial. Results indicated that egg production percent, egg mass, feed intakeand feed conversion rate were not affected by experimental treatments. However, egg weight was increased by 3% garlic powder compared with the control diet (P

Introduction Heat stress is one of the environmental stresses in summer. It was showed that decrease digestibility nutrient and impair the function of immune and antioxidant system. Several methods have been suggested to reduce the negative effects of heat stress in broiler chickens including: supplemented antibiotic, probiotic and prebiotic in the various levels of diets. However, extensive usage of antibiotics will cause the increasing resistance of pathogens to antibiotics and the accumulation of antibiotics remain in animal products and the environment. It is becoming increasingly evident that to achieve the aims above and to reduce the use of antibiotics significantly, it is necessary to combine of intervention strategies such as genetic selection of resistant animals, elimination of pathogens from feed and water, vaccinations, and applications of suitable feed and water additives. On the other hand, it was showed that probiotic and prebiotic additives improve the function of immune and antioxidant system. However, to our knowledge, information is lacking on the effects of simultaneous using probiotic and prebiotic on broiler antioxidant and immune system. This experiment was conducted to compare the effect of different levels of probiotic and prebiotic on antioxidant system, immune system, liver enzymes activity and some blood parameters under heat stress in broilers chickens.
Material and Methods Two hundred and fifty six broiler chickens (Ross 308) were used in a completely randomized design with a 4×2 factorial arrangement of treatments and four replicates with 8 chickens in each. Broiler chickens were fed with 2 levels of probiotic (0 and 0.01) % and 4 levels of prebiotic compound (0, 0.025, 0.050 and 0.075) % diet during 29- 42 days of age. Blood sample was collected in order to measure the serum concentration of metabolites (glucose, total protein, globulin and albumin), minerals (Fe, Mg, Ca and P), liver enzymes activity (ALP, ALT, AST), antioxidant system (SOD, GSH-px) and immune system (IgG, IgM). Data from the experiment were analyzed by mixed model procedure of SAS. Cage was the experimental unit. We considered P Results and Discussion During the past decade, some studies have supported the potential health benefits of probiotics, such as improved gastrointestinal microbiota ecosystems, stimulation of the immunological system, anticarcinogenic activities, and reduced oxidative stress. The results of present study indicated that supplemented probiotic in diet was significantly increased the serum concentration of glucose, magnesium and IgG and decreased globulin. The results of several other studies similarly confirmed that treatment of animals with probiotics increase the serum concentration of glucose and reduce or no effect on the serum concentration of albumin, globulin and total protein in broiler chickens. The results this study also showed that treatment of animals with the different levels of prebiotic was caused insignificant change in the serum concentration of metabolites and minerals. Of course, simultaneous using of 0.01% probiotic and prebiotic in the levels of 0.05% and 0.075 % diet was caused to increase of serum glucose significantly. Adding probiotics and prebiotics and their interactions in the diet has insignificant effect on the enzyme activity of serum ALT and ALP broiler chickens under heat stress. Few studies were conducted as to the interaction effect of probiotics and prebiotics on immune and antioxidant system. The results of this experiment showed that addition of 0.01% probiotic and prebiotic in the level of 0.05 % to diet was caused significant increase the enzyme activity of GSH-px. Furthermore, treatment of 0.01% probiotic and prebiotic in the level of 0.075% to diet was caused significant increase the antibodies production against SRBC. The results of previous studies have been showed that the function of immune and antioxidant system impair under heat stress. On the other hand, in agreement with present results, it was indicated that probiotics and prebiotics increase GSH-px and IgG and the antibodies production against SRBC. Thus, both the present experiment and the other reports indicate that dietary supplementation of probiotic and prebiotic improve the immune and antioxidant system of broilers and could be as an alternative to antibiotics
Conclusion In general, by the results of present study, it can be concluded that supplemented probiotic invidually in diet significantly increase the serum concentration of glucose, magnesium and IgG and decreased globulin. Furthermore, using of 0.01% probiotic and 0.05% and/or 0.075% prebiotic in diet indicated that probiotic and synbiotic, can improve the blood parameters, antioxidant system and immune system in broiler chickens under the heat stress.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Enterococcus facium isolates from intestine of Coracias Garrulus(SE) and lactofeed probiotic on performance and carcass characteristics parameters of broiler chickens. A total of 280 chicks were arranged into 28 experimental units with 7 treatments in a completely randomized design. The treatments were included control, spraying Lactofeed, drinking Lactofeed and spraying drinking Lactofeed(LF) and spraying SE, drinking SE and spraying drinking SE. Spraying and drinking suspension with 1×1011 cfu were done on 1, 10, 24 and 35 days. The blood of two birds from each replicate was gathered at 28 and 42days. The body weight was increased when birds received SE and LF. The FCR were lower in birds received drinking probiotic and in spraying drinking SE as compared to control. The addition of SE and LF were decreased the serum cholesterol (176 vs, 121 and triglyceride (105 vs. 65)concentration of broilers. The antibody response against SRBC was increased in birds received SE and LF (8.12 vs. 5.83. The jejunum population of gram positive (4.05 vs. 18.38) and gram negative bacteria (13.68 vs. 4.99) were increased and decreased, respectively, in experimental treatments. It is concluded that supplementation of Enterococcus faciumisolates or lactofeed probiotic to water of chicks or spraying may improve the body weight and FCR, immune system and jejunum microflora of broiler chickens.