جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ph » در نشریات گروه « علوم دام »

This study aimed to compare the effects of combined buffer and sodium bicarbonate on growth performance and ruminal parameters of Holstein young bulls with an average weight of 330.8±43.1 kg and an age of 240 days, fed with a high-concentrate diet. The experiment was conducted for 90 days with 10 days of habituation in a completely randomized design with three dietary treatments and 10 replications, and a forage: concentrate ratio of 20 to 80%. Experimental diets included a control diet (without buffer), a basal diet with 1% sodium bicarbonate, and a basal diet with 1% mixed buffer. Daily feed intake, monthly weight gain, and digestibility were measured. The experimental diets did not affect feed intake, weight changes, and digestibility. The best feed conversion ratio for bulls was in treatment of diet containing the mixed buffer supplement (P<0.05). Daily weight gain was higher in bulls fed with the combined buffer than that of the control group (P<0.05). Rumen ammonia nitrogen was higher in the control group than the bulls receiving mixed buffer (P<0.05). The pH of rumen fluid was lowest in the control group, two hours after feeding (P<0.05). The present study results showed that the mixed buffer had a better performance in controlling the rumen acidity of bulls fed with high concentrate diets compared to sodium bicarbonate, especially in terms of improving feed conversion ratio, and it seems to be necessary to add it to such diets.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of different levels of pistachio by-product biochar (PBPB) on cumulative gas production, gas production parameters, short chain fatty acids, digestibility, methane and ammonia production and volatile fatty acids in an in vitro batch fermentation system. The study was carried out in a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications. Four levels of PBPB including 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 % was added to the experimental diets with ratio 60% forage to 40% concentrate. All samples were incubated in three replications using buffered ruminal fluid collected from 4 Kermanian sheep. Result indicated that inclusion of biochar to experimental diet had no significant effect on cumulative gas production after 24 and 96 h of incubation, short chain fatty acids, protozoa population and volatile fatty acids. Inclusion of PBPB to the diet significantly increased pH (P<0.01) compared to control treatment . Concentrations of ammonia (P<0.05) and methane (P<0.01) significantly decreased at 1 and 1.5% of PBPB compared to control. In general, these findings indicated that the use of PBPB can have had a great potential to decrease methane mitigation and ammonia concentrations and improving of rumen fermentation

The current study was conducted to determine the effectof feed form (mash, pellet and extrude) on energy and protein efficiency, intestinal morphology and microbiology in broiler chickens. Energy and protein efficiency and European efficiency factor were calculated during the experiment period and jejunum morphology and relative length of intestine, microbial population, volatile fatty acids, viscosity of ileal were determined at 42 days of age. The results have shown that the effect of feed form on jejunum morphology (crypt depth (CD), serosa thickness, villous height (VH) and villous width (VW), VH:CD, length and relative length of intestine, microbial population (spore former bacteria, lactobacilli,colibacilli, total aerobic bacteria) of ileal digesta was not significant (P>0.05). The values of viscosity and volatile fatty acids (butyric, isobutyric, valeric, isovaleric) of ileal digesta was higher and values of pH, ascetic acid was lower in mash diet form in comparison to pellet and extrude diet form (P<0.05). Energy and protein efficiency and European efficiency factor were higher in extrudes diet form in comparison to mash and pellet feed forms in total experiment period (P<0.05). Our findings have shown that that extrusion and pellet feed forms had positive results on volatile fatty acid profile, intestinal contents’ viscosity, energy and protein efficiency and European efficiency factor in comparison to mash feed form in broiler chickens.

In the ruminant animal, rumen fermentation provides nutrients, energy and protein needed for livestock, but this process is accompanied by the loss of energy in the form of methane and protein as ammonia nitrogen. Methane released from ruminants as an environmental pollutant with 38% greenhouse gases is one of the most important reasons for global warming. On the other hand, it reduces 2 to 15 percent of the energy consumed by the livestock. Ammonia nitrogen and nitric oxide are excreted through urine and fertilizers and pollute the environment. Therefore, researchers have tried to eliminate these problems from the past to add some supplements to animal feed to improve fermentation performance. Over the past few decades, ionophors and probiotics have been marketed as methane reducers. However, the antibiotic concerns and the level of these compounds in animal products have limited their use. To solve this problem, the use of herbs, essential oils and their extracts in the replacement of antibiotics and improvement of rumen function has been suggested. Essential oils are aromatic, volatile and oily compounds extracted from plants. They have antimicrobial properties against many bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. Due to the fact that herbal essential oils have strong antimicrobial properties, they are used as additives in livestock feeding. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of some essential oils and pH on rumen fermentation parameters in different diets in in vitro. In this study, the essential oils of Fennel (Foeniculu vulgare), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and Pinus pumilio (Pinus pumilio) were used. For the extraction of pine and fennel seeds and Eucalyptus leaves were used. Water extraction was used to extract essential oils from Clevenger apparatus. For this purpose, 1Lit glass balloons (pine and fennel seeds were cut and Eucalyptus leaf grinding), 70 grams were used and 750 ml of distilled water was added to each balloon. Samples and distilled water were warmed up at 100°C. Heating was performed for 4 hours to evaporate the contents of the balloons. The essential oils of each sample were extracted on the cooled water from the evaporation procedure. Finally, each of the essential oils was stored in dark glass containers until refrigerated at 4 ° C. The first phase consisted of incubation 4 basal diet: 100% alfalfa hay, 100% concentrate (barley), mixed concentrate with alfalfa with levels of 80 to 20 and 60 to 40% of concentrates to alfalfa hay with zeros, 3 and 30 mg/l of essentiol oils pine, eucalyptus and fennel mixed with 30 ml of rumen fluid for 72 hours at pH different (5 = pH, 6 = pH and 7 = pH). The pH were set at desired levels using NaOH and HCl at the beginning of incubation to investigate the effect of essential oils and different pH on different parts fermentation, the result of test gas production (a and b) .The second experiment tested the same conditions but in the first 24 hours for examining their effects on pH medium, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen and dry matter disappearance. The highest average gas production from fermentable partion in treatment of hay with eucalyptus oil and the lowest at 7 = pH in the treatment of 60 to 40 percent with pine essential oil was observed at 6 = pH. At the end of incubation the treatment of 60% concentrate with essential oils of fennel, pine and eucalyptus in 6 = pH and highest for alfalfa with pine oil was at 7 = pH. The lowest concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the treated hay with pine essential oils 7 = pH and the highest 80 percent concentrate treatment with essential oils in fennel was 7 = pH. The disappearance of dry matter in the hay treated with essential oils of pine was 7 = pH. These results suggest that high levels of essential oils effect on rumen microbial fermentation, which confirmed the antimicrobial activity. The results of this study show that of the added essential oils in tested pH, pine essential oil in 3 μl and less in the amount of 30 μl of eucalyptus essential oil, resulted in further reduction of ammonia nitrogen production, increased pH of the culture medium and decreased disappearance dry matter was found in all foods. Therefore, it can be concluded that the essential oils of pine and eucalyptus can control the degradation of the microbial protein in the rumen by reducing the ammonia nitrogen content and improve the nitrogen yield in ruminants. Since the amount of gas produced from an indigenous feed is due to the fermentation of that feed, and hence its energy value, it can be concluded that the use of pine essential oils, because it reduces gas production and consequently reduces feed fermentation, The fermentation process is not suitable.

The aim of present experiment was to investigate the buffering capacity of some buffers or alkalizers, their effect on digestion and fermentation of high concentration diets. The concentration of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 g in 100 ml from different buffers and alkalizing agents including: sodium bicarbonate, sodium sesquicarbonate, magnesium oxide, magnesium carbonate, sodium bentonite, zeolite and combined buffer (0.75% sodium bicarbonate 0.75% sodium sesquicarbonate) was used. The initial pH of the buffer solution, the amount of consumed hydrochloric acid for abrupt changes of pH to 5.2 or below it, and the final pH was registered. The lowest amount of the hydrochloric acid was consumed for solutions containing sodium bentonite, magnesium oxide, magnesium carbonate and control for suddently dropping their pH; and highest amount by sodium sesquicarbonate, combined buffer and sodium bicarbonate, respectively. The zeolite buffer also indicated a proper resistance to pH changes and did not have a significant difference with the combined buffer or sodium bicarbonate buffer. The treatments in gas production were included: control or basal diet without buffer, and amounts of 0.5 to 2% sodium bicarbonate, 0.5 to 2% sodium sesquicarbonate, 0.5% sodium bentonite, 2% magnesium carbonate, 1.5, 2 and 2.5% of zeolite and combined buffer, which were added to basal diet. The highest produced gas was in the sodium sesquicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, combined buffers and zeolite. Therefore, sodium sesquicarbonate, combined buffers, sodium bicarbonate and zeolite had the best position respectively, which were evaluated as suitable buffers for using in diets containing high concentration ingredients for feeding the ruminant animals.

Triticale is a hybrid cereal derived from crossing wheat with rye. In areas where soil and water were as limiting factors for plant growth, the silage of triticale can be used as a substitute for corn silage. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of microbial additives on the morphological characteristics, chemical composition and gas test of triticale silage, in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments were included of triticale silage without bacterial inoculation (control), triticale silage inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum and triticale silage inoculated with Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus plantarum. Dry matter, crude protein, pH, gas test, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, effluent and sensory test of silages were determined. The average of dry matter, crude protein, total nitrogen, the amount of effluent, morphological characteristics, the amount of gas production at the time of 96 hour and the parameters of gas production (B,C) showed no significant differences in all treatments (P>0.05). Also, the average of pH of silages which microbial additives were used in the preparation of them, were significantly lower than the control group (P

There is a shortage of animal feed and water resources in several developing countries. Thus, proper use of agro industrial by products is a useful means to overcome this problem. Agricultural by products can use as animal feeds, but because of high lignin and low protein content, their digestibility and palatability is low. Several processing method has been used to improving nutritive value of such materials (Rahal et al. 1997 and Fazaeli et al. 2004). Recently, biological delignification of lignocellulosic material has been considered as an alternative approach (Fazaeli et al. 2004). Termites gut contains different kinds of lignocellulose degrading microbes, which the possibility of their use in improving the nutritive value of agricultural by-products is a major step in compensation of animal feed shortage.
Material and The present study was conducted to determine the optimum temperature and pH for growth of symbiont bacteria degrading lignocellulosic material isolated from termite gut, and to investigate their effects on the digestibility and in vitro fermentation parameters of wheat straw (WS) and date leaf (DL). For this purpose, three bacteria including Bacillus licheniformis, Ochrobactrum intermedium and Microbacterium paludicola were used, which isolated by culture of termite guts contents in mediums containing different types of lignin and lignocellulosic materials. Sterile basal media was used as a medium for isolation process and contained the following ingredients per litre: 7.0 g K2HPO4, 3.0 g KH2PO4, 1.0 g (NH4)2SO4, 0.1 g MgSO4·7H2O (Borji 2003). Growth curves of isolated bacteria for optimum temperature and pH were obtained using nutrient broth medium. Three temperatures of 30, 37 and 40 oC and four pH of 5, 6, 7 and 8 were evaluated. After that, WS and DL were processed with these isolates in media 9 (M9) medium with following composition (per litre): 6.2 g Na2HPO4, 3.0 g KH2PO4, 0.5 g NaCl, 1.0 g NH4Cl (Kato et al. 1998). After processing, residues were collected, dried and used for in vitro gas production experiment according to Makkar (2010). For this purpose, rumen liquor was collected from two ruminally fistulated cows. Animals were maintained on a 60% hay and 40% concentrate diet according to their requirements for two weeks. Rumen contents were collected from the ventral sac of rumen before morning feeding. A completely randomized design was used to determine the optimum temperature and pH for bacterial growth as well as effects of different bacteria on in vitro gas production and fermentation parameters of treated substrates. Data were analyzed by General Linear Model (GLM) procedures of SAS (SAS Institute, 2001),
All of isolates were capable of grow at all of examined temperatures (i.e., 30, 37 and 40 oC). The optimum growth of B. licheniformis occurred at 40 oC, but the optimum growth of O. intermedium and M. paludicola was observed at 37 oC. All of isolates grew at different pH ranges (i.e., 5, 6, 7 and 8) and their optimum growth was observed at neutral pH of 7.0. At this neutral pH, highest growth for B. licheniformis, O. intermedium and M. paludicola was obtainedafter 30, 34 and 36 h of incubation, respectively. After processing, in both WS and DL, highest and lowest gas production and organic matter (OM) digestibility were observed by B. licheniformis and control treatment, respectively (P Results of present study showed that optimum growth for Ochrobactrum intermedium and Microbacterium paludicola isolated from termite gut was observed at 37 oC while it was 40 oC for Bacillus licheniformis. Optimum pH for growth of all of isolates was 7. Processing wheat straw and date leaf with bacteria, especially B. licheniformis improved rumen fermentation parameters in vitro. Research for upgrading the nutritive value of by products with ligninolytic bacteria isolated from termite gut is in infancy. Thus, further works in this field of study is needed.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the Response of duodenum histomorphometric characteristics, pH and microbial population of alimentary canal to silver nanoparticles coated on zeolite with 375 Cobb 500 broiler chickens in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 5 replicates and 15 birds to each replicate. The examination treatments were: 1) control diet (C) 2) control diet supplemented with 1% zeolite (Z) (3, 4, and 5) control diet supplemented with 1% zeolite coated with 0.25% (NS25), 0.5% (NS50) and 0.75% (NS75) nanosilver. group NS50 increased villi surface area compared with the control treatment and group NS25 (P<0.05). On d 42, groups NS25 and NS50 increased crop lactobacillus population compared with control treatment and group Z (P<0.05). The use of all treatments (Z, NS25, NS50 and NS75) decreased ceca coliforms compared with the control treatment (P<0.05). Also, the all of treatments decreased crop pH compared with the control treatment (P<0.05). Groups NS50 and NS75 decreased ceca pH compared with the control treatment (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study showed that silver nanoparticles coated on zeolite decreased pH and coliforms Harmful bacteria population and increased lactobacillus Beneficial bacteria and the end increased villi surface area of broiler chickens and it can be considered as a growth and health promoters.

The objective of this study was to investigate the suitable method for preparing sugarcane top (SCT) silage and evaluation the nutritive value of prepared silage by using in vitro methods in ruminant. The treatments were mixture of urea+molasses (1, 3 % DM, respectively) on two levels 0 and 1+3, sulfuric acid on three levels 0, 0.9 and 1.8 % DM that arranged in a 2×3 factorial design. The sugar cane top were mixed (DM basis) by additives and ensiled in polyethylene bags. Content of CPof SCT ensiled with urea+molasses and sulfuric acid increased (P<0.05). All additives significantly decreased pH of silage (P<0.05). The acid caused to increase NDF (P<0.05) and dry matter digestibility (P>0.05). Adding of sulphuric acid increased gas production linearly (P<0.05). All additives used in this experiment improved nutritive value of SCT silage, and made possible of long preservation. However, if pH decreases to lower than 4, silage quality remains the same as initial forage for a longer keeping time.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of thyme essence on the performance traits, mortality, pH and changing of intestinal bacterial population of broiler chicks. A total number of 500 one day old Ross-308 male broiler chickens were allocated randomly to 4 treatments. Replicates were 5 for each treatment with 25 chicks per each unit using a CRD statistical plan. Duration of experiment was 42 days and diets were similar with respect of Energy, Protein and other nutrients for all treatments. Treatments including plane water without thyme essence as control group and levels of 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 percent of drinking thyme essence as experimental groups. Performance traits were included daily feed intake, gain and feed conversion ratio at the whole of experimental period. The gut pH at the ileum area was measured, also the selected intestinal bacterial population including Coli form, G- (gram negative bacteria) and Lactobacillus (lactic acid bacteria), counted and determined via gut samples at the age of 21 and 42 days. According to the results, the highest feed intake belonged to treatment of 0.2% (87.29 g/day) and lowest to control group (84.99 g/day) (p<0.05). The highest daily gain belonged to treatments 0.2 and 0.15% respectively (52 and 51.30 g/day), and lowest to control group (48.11 g/day) (p<0.05). The lowest feed conversion ratio belonged to treatment 0.15% (1.67) and then to treatments 0.2 and 0.1% respectively (1.70 and 1.71), and highest to control group (1.77) (p<0.05). The lowest mortality percentage belonged to treatment 0.1% (p<0.05). Gut pH of thyme essence treatments were significantly (p<0.05) lower than control group at both 21 and 42 days of age. The results of counting the intestinal bacterial populations at both ages showed that the lowest Coli forms and gram negative bacteria, in contrast, the highest Lactobacillus number were belonged to thyme essence treatments (p<0.05).