جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "محلول پاشی" در نشریات گروه "منابع طبیعی"

Calcium is one of the most important minerals that plays important role in resistance to plant pests and diseases, One of the accumulation sites of this element is the plant cell wall. The presence of calcium pectate in the cell wall is essential for plant survival. Lack of calcium in pistachio fruit causes the Endocarp Lesion in early May during the millet stage and fruit is growing. Calcium spraying is one of the strategies to eliminate the Endocarp Lesion that has become prevalent in recent years. various calcium-containing compounds are used, including various chelates and calcium fertilizers. The seeds of two cultivars of pistachio Badami Zarand and Qazvini were planted in hydroponic culture medium. After one month, complete nutrient solution (HF) with the percentage of elements and the same solution but without calcium (H) were added to the pots. The nutrient solutions were changed monthly. Calcium-containing solutions including calcium chelate, calcium nitrate and calcium acetate were prepared at a concentration of 2 per thousand and all pots were sprayed in 4 varieties at intervals of 5 days. After 4 months, seedling height, crown diameter and concentrations of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in the plant were measured. The results showed that foliar application of different calcium-containing compounds had no significant effect on calcium concentration of pistachio seedlings. However, the use of calcium in the nutrient solution of the culture medium and also the type of cultivar had a significant effect on the calcium concentration in the plant. Also, foliar application of calcium acetate caused a significant increase in phosphorus concentration in the plant. It seems that foliar application of calcium acetate probably increased phosphorus uptake due to its acidic nature.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop belonging to the Pedaliaceae family, treasured in different food and cosmetics industries. Sesame as a rich source of protein, carbohydrates, minerals, and various antioxidants, is widely cultivated throughout Africa and Asia. The Sesame plant is well adapted to harsh environments. Adverse environmental conditions, such as drought stress, have severely limited plant growth and reduced plant yield. Some crop management programs have been conducted to develop strategies to mitigate the harmful effects of drought on plant growth, physiology, and yield. To this end, the exogenous application of plant hormones such as abscisic acid (ABA) has been applied to some species. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of foliar application of different abscisic acid concentrations to improve morphological characteristics, yield components, biomass production, seed yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of sesame under water-limited conditions. A field experiment with the aim of evaluating the effect of different abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations (0: distilled water application, 10: foliar application of 10 µM ABA; 50: foliar application of 50 µM ABA; 100: foliar application of 100 µM ABA), under different irrigation regimes (normal: 100% field capacity (FC), and water-limited condition: 60% FC) was conducted as at Narju region, Jiroft, Iran, during the growing season of 2022-2023. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a split plot scheme with eight treatments replicated three times. Sesame seeds were prepared from the Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Jiroft and were sown on July 23, 2022. After establishment, the plants were thinned to obtain a final density of 60 plants per 3 m2 plot. The plants were treated with ABA at different concentrations two times. Different concentrations of ABA were applied 50 (first time) and 70 days (second time; at the time of stress imposition) after sowing. At the end of the growing season (November 29, 2022), 10 plants were harvested from each plot and various traits including plant height, number of branches, number of mature, immature, and total capsules per plant, number of seeds per plant, 1000-seed weight, biomass production, and seed yield were measured. Harvest index (HI) and WUE were also calculated. The results showed that under normal irrigation conditions, the application of 10 μM ABA concentration led to producing the highest number of mature capsules per plant, while no application of ABA resulted in the highest number of immature capsules per plant. In the conditions of application of irrigation level of 60% FC, the application of 100 μM ABA concentration with 25 and 8 capsules, respectively led to the production of more mature and immature capsules per plant. As a result, the highest number of capsules per plant (33 capsules) and the number of seeds per plant (2055 seeds) were obtained from the mentioned conditions. On the other hand, the thousand seed weight showed a different trend. In total, such variations observed led to the insignificant response of seed yield to the application of different ABA levels to different irrigation conditions. Applying limited irrigation in this study showed a greater effect on the reduction of seed yield (25.6%) compared to the biological yield (10.6%), which led to a decrease in harvest index by 19%. As a result of increasing the number of seeds per plant and 1000-seed weight, the application of 100 μM ABA concentration resulted in the highest seed yield (1138 kg ha-1) and biomass production (10054 kg ha1). Influenced by such results, increased water use efficiency by 9, 22, and 41% was observed for the 100 μM ABA level compared with the control and 10 and 50 μM ABA concentrations, respectively. In conclusion, the integration of different ABA concentrations with different irrigation management could be considered an effective strategy to improve the growth, yield, and water use efficiency, and alleviates the adverse effects of drought stress on sesame plants.

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.)  is one of the most important medicinal plants grown in arid and semiarid environments. Cumin is suitable for rainfed cultivation due to its short growing season, leaf shape, canopy structure, and low water requirement. However, when rainfall falls short of crop requirements, rain-fed agriculture does not produce adequate economic yields. Several agronomic and physiological strategies have been implemented to mitigate the negative effects of drought stress and increase plant tolerance to it. Utilizing plant hormones is one of the realistic and promising strategies for increasing crop yields under stressful conditions. Few studies have examined the use of these substances as stress modulators in medicinal plants. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of stress modulator application on seed and essential oil yield of cumin in dryland and irrigated conditions. The split-plot factorial experiment was done based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications on a private farm in the city of Jaghtai (Khorasan Razavi) in 2017-18. The cultivation method at two levels (dryland and irrigated conditions) and sources of stress modulators at four levels (control, 1.5 M Glycine Betaine, 10-7 M Brassinosteroids, and 10-3 M Sodium nitroprusside) were studied as the main plot and subplot, respectively. The experimental field underwent wheat and barley cultivations in the previous first and second years. For soil preparation, the land was plowed in autumn. The fertilizers consisted of P2O5 (75 kg.ha-1), K2O (100 kg.ha-1), and N (100 kg.ha-1) represented ammonium diphosphate, potassium sulfate, and a form of urea, and were applied at sowing under irrigated conditions. In the rain-fed condition, nitrogen fertilizer application was reduced to 50 kg.ha-1. At the end of the growing season, 10 plants were randomly selected from each plot and their cumin yield components were measured, including final plant height, number of branches, number of umbels per plant, number of seeds per plant, and 1000-seed weight. To determine grain yield and biological yield, a 2.5 m2 area was harvested from each plot after removing the margins. Using the steam distillation method, the Clevenger apparatus was utilized to measure the essential oil. For this purpose, 50 grams of the seeds in each treatment were selected, crushed with a laboratory mill, and dissolved in 500 mL of water for three hours.The essential oil yield was obtained by multiplying the essential oil percentage by seed yield. ata analysis was performed using SAS software (ver. 9.4) and tables and charts were drawn using Word and Excel software. Mean data was compared with LSD method. Slicing of moderator interaction at the planting method levels revealed that foliar application with brassinosteroids in irrigated and dryland conditions increased number of umbrellas per plant (150 and 137%), number of seeds per plant (85.5% and 41.7%) and seed yield (57.9% and 44.8%) relative to no foliar application. Under irrigated conditions, the type of stress modulators affected the number of lateral branches and essential oil yield, with foliar application of glycine betaine producing the highest number of lateral branches and foliar application of brassinosteroids producing the highest essential oil yield. Foliar application of brassinosteroids decreased the essential oil content of irrigated plants by 8.81%. In general, the results of the experiment indicated that in cumin, in order to obtain proper seed and essential oil yield, cultivation should be done as irrigated and the most suitable modifiers to obtain maximum grain and essential oil yield could be classified as brassinosteroids > glycine betaine > Sodium nitroprusside.

In order to investigate the effect of humic acid, iron and silicon nanoparticles on quantitative and qualitative yield and filling components of wheat seed under salinity conditions, a factorial layout was carried out based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research greenhouse of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during 2021. Treatments included salinity levels (without salinity as a control, salinity of 35 and 70 mM by NaCl and without salinity as a control), foliar application of nanoparticles at four levels (no foliar application as a control, foliar application of 0.8 per liter of nano iron, 40 mg / l nanosilicon spraying, combined application of iron nanoparticles and silicon nanoparticles and no foliar application as a control) and humic acid spraying (spraying with water as a control and spraying 3 g/l. The results showed that combined application of humic acid and foliar application of 40 mg of iron and nanosilicon nanoparticles in the absence of salinity, increased maximum seed weight, seed filling rate, length and effective seed filling period, Spike length, 100-seed weight, plant height, number of seeds per spike, chlorophyll index (56.60, 1.183, 39, 58.45, 58.5, 39.53, 2.51, 70.6, and 57.57 respectively) and increased the yield of single plant (46.97%) compared to the conditions of non-application of humic acid and nano-oxides under the salinity of 70 mm of soil. Nanooxides (iron and silicon) can increase wheat seed yield of wheat under salinity stress conditions by improving seed filling components.

Today, due to the destructive environmental effects of fertilizers and chemical toxins, the application of plant extracts to improve plant growth and controlling pests and diseases is of particular importance. For assaying the effect of some plant extract on tomato growth behavior, the present study was conducted both as ex-vitro and in-vitro experiments.

The aim of experiment was to investigate the effect of extract of some plants including Taraxacum officinale, Concharpus erectus, Allium jesdianum, Rheum ribes, Dorema aucheri and Juniperus sabina. Ex-vitro experiment was performed as a completely randomized design with six treatments in three concentrations of 1000, 5000 and 8000 ppm and three replications. In in-vitro study, the experiment was performed with two concentrations of 50 and 100 ppm of plant extracts. The experiment was done at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2021-2022.

Results showed that in greenhouse and in most treatments, foliar application of tomato plnts by phytoextracts increased stem length (15 %), internode distance (20 %) and stem diameter. In contrast to that, in some treatments the number of branches (15 %), chlorophyll content and number of flowers (40 %) decreased compared to the control. Under in vitro conditions, germination rate (100 %), seedling growth (37 %), the callus formation (≥ 100 %) and callus weight increased as treated with the plant extracts. The analysis of used plant extracts indicates that they are rich sources of phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant compounds. High antioxidant activity could be the main reason of observed results. Antioxidant compounds improve cell growth and even improve seed germination via the reducing the stress conditions. However, the role of these compounds in modifying the ratio of endogenous hormones in cultured tissue is not ignorable.

According to the approaches of using plant extracts for nutrition and pest and disease control, the results of the present study in Tomato cultivation is considerable.

Drought stress is considered to be an important abiotic constraint, limiting plant growth and productivity worldwide. The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the effects of exogenous application of kaolin on growth, yield and physiological responses of sweet pepper plants under drought stress. The experiment was conducted in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design in three replicates at the Faculty of Agriculture of Ilam University in 2019. The first factor included three concentrations of kaolin (0, 2.5 and 5%) and the second factor included three irrigation intervals (2, 4 and 6 days).The results showed that total yield, growth parameters and chlorophyll content decreased while proline, Malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzymes activities increased with increasing level of water stress. Kaolin treatment improved growth parameters, total yield and chlorophyll content of pepper plant subjected to drought stress and provided significant protection against drought stress. Moreover, kaolin decreased the malondialdehyde accumulation, which was correlated with the increased activities of antioxidant enzymes. In general, the results indicate that foliar application of kaolin (especially 2.5%), could be effectively used to protect pepper’s plants from the adverse effects of drought stress.

Drought stress on maternal plant can negatively affect germination characteristics of produced seeds, and micronutrients application in this circumstance may mitigate drought impacts and leads to seeds with higher vigor. This research was conducted as two experiments in 2015 in seed laboratory of Yasouj University. At first experiment the seeds obtained from a former experiment included of three irrigation levels (after 75, 110 and 145 mm evaporation from class A pan) and four foliar applications included of water, zinc sulfate 3000 ppm, boric acid 2000 ppm and mixture of zinc sulfate and boric acid, were evaluated in germination experiments in 30°c. Second experiment was a factorial based on RCD with three replications. First factor was drought stress, by PEG 6000, in three levels (0, -0.2 and -0.4 Mpa), and second factor in eight levels included of seed soaking in water, ZnSo4, H3Bo3 and ZnSo4 + H3Bo3 and seed with high content of Zn , B and Zn+ B and a dry seed as control. First experiment results showed that with delaying in irrigation time, foliar application of micronutrients, compared to water foliar application, significantly increased germination traits. In second experiment, although seed soaking in nutrients, significantly decreased germination indices, but seed with high zinc and boron contents positively affected on germination vigor and antioxidant activities especially under drought stress condition.

This study was conducted in 2015 as a factorial randomized complete block design with four replications to assess the effects of sodium nitroprusside on reducing the drought damage on morphological and physiological parameters of three grapevine cultivars (Yaghooti, Askari and Bidane sefid). Water deficit treatments were applied at four levels including: full irrigation (100% FC), moderate stress (60% FC), severe stress (30% FC) and re-irrigation after severe stress treatment and foliar application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (at 0, 0.5 and 1 mM). Water stress decreased plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, relative water content and membrane stability, whereas significantly enhanced total soluble sugars, carotenoids, proline content, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbic peroxidase and catalase activities. Based on the responses of cultivars to different levels of drought stress, it can be concluded that Yaghooti seems to be a more resistant cultivar to water stress compared to Askari and Bidanesefid cultivars. Foliar applications of SNP significantly decreased the negative effects of water stress in grapevine cultivars and increased plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, relative water content, membrane stability, total soluble sugars, carotenoids, proline content, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbic peroxidase and catalase activity. Therefore, application of SNP (especially at 0.5 mM) can reduce adverse effects of drought stress and improve growth in grape cultivars.

Pistachio is one of the most important nut crops that has a special place among agricultural products. In recent years, the rate of yield production in Iran was less than that of global amounts, which the plant nutritional problems are of the most important reason for that. Present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of foliar spray with amino acids and seaweed extract on yield and quality of pistachios (cv Ahmad Aghaei). The experiment was carried out as a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments was spraying with amino acids (aminosauren) and seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum), both at three levels (0, 1 and 2 mg/L).  Among the treatments, aminosuren had more positive effects on the yield of pistachio, than the algae extract of Ascophyllum. Different concentrations of amino acids and seaweed extracts showed significant effects on leaf area and pistachio yield compared with the control samples. Based on the results, combination treatment of aminosauren and seaweed at a concentration of 2 mg/L had the best effect on yield (4.58 kg/tree), leaf area (109/8 cm2) and nut weigh (18.8 ounces). Finally, according to the results of this study, the combined fertilizer containing amino acids and seaweed can play a significant role in improving the yield and quality attributes of pistachio.

In order to determine the effects of the foliar applicationof ureaand micro elements during growth periods of maternal plants on germination, vigor and greening of produced chickpea seeds (Kabuli), an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and three replications at the Agricultural Faculty Research Station, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad during 2013-2014. The treatments consisted of foliar applicationat six levels: control (foliar application with water); foliar applicationof urea (2 %); foliar applicationof urea + (2%)  Zinc (2 per thousand); foliar applicationof urea (2%) + Iron sulfate (3 per thousand); foliar applicationof urea (2%) + Zinc (2 per thousand) and iron (3 per thousand); foliar applicationwith urea+ complete fertilizer (3 per thousand micro-elements containing 500 ppm) and foliar applicationwith two levels, sprayed once at the beginning of flowering and sprayed twice namely, one at the beginning of flowering and one at seeding stage that include 12 treatments in total. The result showed that foliar application was not significant on germination percentage and maximum speed of germination using two times  foliar application of urea + Zinc+ iron and foliar applicationwith urea+ complete fertilizer in flowering and seeding time treatments, respectively. Two times offoliar application using urea + zinc + iron had the highest impact on the vigor index.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of time and integrated application of urea and humic acid on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in rain-fed condition in 2013 at Joghatai, Khorasan-e-Razavi province, Iran. Treatment was arranged as factorial experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications. Factors were fives combination of urea and humic acid (100% urea, 25% urea+75%humic acid, 50%urea +50%humic acid, 75%urea+25%humic acid and 100% humic acid) and times of foliar application (vegetative and vegetative+flowering). Urea 1% and humic acid (2 lit.ha-1) was used for foliar application. Result showed that interaction between time and integrated application had significant effect on number of lateral branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, plant height, economic and biological yield. The greatest economic yield was achieved in combination of 75% Urea+25% humic acid at vegetative stage and combination of 25% Urea+75% humic acid at vegetative+flowering stage. Increasing of urea fertilizer at combination in vegetative stage increased number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, plant height, seed weight and number of lateral branches while it decreased these traits on vegetative+flowering stage. In both times, integrated application of humic acid and urea fertilizer had greater yield and yield components compared with two fertilizers alone. Overall results indicated that once spraying with the mixture of 75% nitrogen and 25% humic acid is better than other treatments to achieve good economic yield in dry conditions.

In order to investigate the effect of the foliar application of various combinations on corn maternal plant on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the seed an experiment was conducted in factorial form based on RCBD with three replications during growing seasons of 2009-2011. Treatments were four growth stages (the 8-10 leaves, the tasseling, the seed-filling, all the stages), seven levels of foliar application (Methanol, Zn, B, Mg, N, Mn, a mixture of all combinations) and control as a separate plot. The analysis of the data showed a significant effect of the combination type of foliar application in different stages on the reserve of N, protein and starch content and grain yield per plant. The detailed results of the study showed that foliar application with a mixture of all combinations in all stages increased the reserved N and protein content in comparison with control 0/3 and 16 %, respectively. Foliar application with N, Mg, Zn, Mn and B in grain-filling stage, N, Mg and Mn foliar application in tasseling and N, Mg and B foliar application in all stages had the highest germination percent (100%). Therefore, N foliar application in the 8-10 leave, tasseling and the seed-filling stages increased 33% grain yield in comparison with the control.

Sucrose and boron as a source of carbohydrates and an effective factor in carbohydrate transport, respectively heve positive effects on seedlings’ growth. In this study, the effect of spraying sucrose and boric acid were evaluated on seedlings and fruits quality of tomato in the nursury and field, respectively. Tomato seeds (Var. SuprA) were planted in seedling tray. Seedlings were subdivided into two groups for foliar application: 1- were sprayed in the nursery, and 2- were sprayed after transplanting into the soil. Foliar application of each group was performed in three stages with concentrations of 0, 5 and 10% sucrose and 0, 0.1 and 0.2% boric acid. The results revealed that nutrition of sucrose and boric acid in nursery reduced seedlings’ height and leaf area upto 30 percent in comparison to the control, which might be desirable to tolerate the potential stress caused by transplanting process. Because of decreased shoot growth, the root to shoot ratio of seedlings increased by all treatments containing sucrose upto 35 percent compared to control. Spraying with 10 percent sucrose and 0.1 percent boric acid in nursery were significantly improved shoot dry weight to 0.04 g and carotenoid upto 0.214 mg/gFW. Also, tomato seedlings sprayed with sucrose and boric acid immediately after transplanting had positive effects on plants growth. The highest number of flowers (114.86) and the highest number of clusters with (19.7) were recorded for 0.2 percent boric acid treatment. Maximum number of fruits per plant (18.70) was recorded for spraying sucrose 5 percent plus boric acid 0.1 percent. For coclusion, increasing the carbohydrate content of transplant through sucrose foliar application is a key factor in plant establishment. It was also found that the boron element allows sucrose transfer into the plant. The simultaneous use of sucrose and boron improved sucrose absorption rates in the plants.

In order to study the effect of potassium phosphite and boric acid on fruit set of different grape (Vitis vinifera L.)cultivars,two separate experiments were arranged in a factorial design based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications on orchard conditions. The first experiment was involved foliar application of potassium phosphate (0, 1500 and 3000 mg/L) on Askari, Sefidali and Razeghi cultivars and in second trail spraying of boric acid (0, 1500 and 3000 mg/L) after 50% anthesis on inflorescence were done on same cultivars. The total number of flowers, number of opened and closed flowers, number of fallen flowers, and the number of flowers after abscission and fruit set in all three cultivars were measured. The results showed that there was a significant difference at P≤0.01 for all or some of traits between Askari, Sefidali, Razeghi cultivars and between three concentrations of potassium phosphate and boric acid. The lowest number of flower abscission (44.69 and 51.85) and highest fruit set (74.58 and 77.60%) were obtained from potassium phosphate and boric acid treatments with 3000 mg/L, respectively. According to the results of this study and also regarding to other important traits and experiment conditions, potassium phosphate and boric acid fertilizers at 3000 mg/L after 50% anthesis are suggested due to the positive effects on increases fruit set and crop yield as.