جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "apple" در نشریات گروه "منابع طبیعی"

Today, providing food security for the world's growing population by preserving the earth's resources and minimal environmental effects has become one of the basic and important challenges in sustainable agriculture, and the optimal use of resources is one of the main requirements of sustainable agriculture. In this study, the pattern of energy consumption during apple production, analysis and modeling of energy and greenhouse gas emissions in Nazarabad city was investigated. The results showed that the total energy consumption was equal to 35934.46 megajoules per hectare and the emissions were equal to 1220031 grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per hectare. Nitrogen fertilizer was the most consumed input with a share of 32.43% of the total input energy The indices of energy.efficiency, energy productivity, energy intensity and net energy were obtained as 1.43, (kg/Mj) 0.59, (Mj/Kg) 1.67 and (Mj) 15541.18. Modeling was done with three methods GBR, DTR and RFR and RRMSE was calculated as 0.02, 0.07 and 0.08 and R as 0.99, 0.96 and 0.94 respectively. The results showed that the GBR method is able to is to accurately predict the values of energy efficiency indices of apple production. The results showed that energy consumption and emissions can be predicted by machine learning method with high accuracy through the inputs of irrigation water, electricity, chemical and animal fertilizers, labor force, chemical poisons, diesel fuel and machines. Sensitivity analysis was performed with SHAP and the most influential input on energy prediction was nitrogen fertilizer.

In order to evaluate the drought tolerance of some hybrid apple rootstocks, a factorial experiment was conducted base on randomized complete block design with 11 rootstock genotypes obtained from the apple rootstock breeding program, including AR1 to AR11, with MM111 rootstock as control in two irrigation treatments (40) and 80 (control) percent of usable water in the soil was applied. The water relative content of leaf and enzymes superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and hydrogen peroxide were measured in leaf samples. The results showed that the water relative content of leaf, the activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes and hydrogen peroxide were significantly affected by the rootstock genotype and the interaction effect of stress level and rootstock genotype. Drought stress caused a decrease in the relative water content of leaves in all the genotypes, but AR4, AR8, and AR11 genotypes had less differences compared to control irrigation. Drought stress increased the activity of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide in the leaves of rootstock genotypes. The comparison of the activity of enzymes under drought stress compared to control irrigation treatment showed the activity of antioxidant enzymes increased in genotypes AR3, AR4, AR7, AR8, AR11 and hydrogen peroxide accumulation in genotypes AR3, AR6, AR7, AR10. Therefore, the genotypes of AR4, AR8, and AR11 under drought stress conditions, with high relative leaf water content and higher antioxidant enzyme activity, are evaluated as tolerant to drought stress compared to other genotypes.

In order to evaluate the drought tolerance of some hybrid apple rootstocks, a pot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 11 genotypes derived from the apple rootstock breeding program AR1 to AR11 with MM111, as tolerant control, under two irrigation treatments of 40 and 80% field capacity was carried out on the soil. Generally, the studied genotypes showed significant differences at 1% level in terms of growth characteristics, Under drought stress treatment, vegetative growth parameters were reduced and its reduction was different in the genotypes. The dwarf genotypes(AR4, AR8, AR11) compared to vigouros genotypes( AR3, AR6, AR7, AR9) and semi dwarf genotypes (AR1, AR2, AR5, AR10, MM111) Showed a decrease in biomass production and were more affected by drought stress. Root growth pattern was affected by drought stress and genotypes AR2, AR3, AR8 which had maximum horizontal growth under normal irrigation conditions showed a sharp decrease in horizontal growth under drought stress. On the other hand, in the semi dwarf genotypes, AR5, AR10, and MM111 accumulated more solid material in the root.

 Iran is one of the main producers of fruits in the world. Grading, sizing and sorting of fruit is an important factor in the Iranian marketing and exportation. In this research, the performance of a mechanical sorter machine of semi spherical fruit and fruit damage during process were evaluated. This machine was operates based on the belt-roller mechanism. The effect of some operational characteristics of the machine such as feeding conveyor speed, transportation conveyor speed and fruit kind (two varieties of apple; Red and Golden delicious; and orange) was evaluated on the machine performance factors such as purity index, efficiency of process and fruit damage. The results showed that the purity index was 95.80% and 95.83% for apple and orange sorting, respectively and the optimum capacity of machine was 1 ton per hour at this condition. The fruit damage was negligible at the optimum operational condition such as feeding and transportation conveyor speed and feeding rate. It indicates that the designing and operational characteristics of machine were optimum and the sorting machine was very suitable to sort semi spherical products usable in gardens or cold storages.

 Iran is one of the main producers of fruits in the world. Grading, sizing and sorting of fruit is an important factor in the Iranian marketing and exportation. In this research, the performance of a mechanical sorter machine of semi spherical fruit and fruit damage during process were evaluated. This machine was operates based on the belt-roller mechanism. The effect of some operational characteristics of the machine such as feeding conveyor speed, transportation conveyor speed and fruit kind (two varieties of apple; Red and Golden delicious; and orange) was evaluated on the machine performance factors such as purity index, efficiency of process and fruit damage. The results showed that the purity index was 95.80% and 95.83% for apple and orange sorting, respectively and the optimum capacity of machine was 1 ton per hour at this condition. The fruit damage was negligible at the optimum operational condition such as feeding and transportation conveyor speed and feeding rate. It indicates that the designing and operational characteristics of machine were optimum and the sorting machine was very suitable to sort semi spherical products usable in gardens or cold storages.

Water scarcity is the most important factor limiting the production of horticultural products, especially in semi-arid countries such as Iran. Application of appropriate methods to increase growth and nutritional status of fruit trees is the most important factor for optimal fruit production. This study was carried out as a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications on Golabe-Kohanz apple cultivar grafted on M9 rootstock. Treatments consisted of tree bag placements (no bag, one bag and two bag) and irrigation (50, 75 and 100% of field capacity). Physiological, reproductive and nutritional characteristics of the trees were evaluated 24 months after planting. Results showed that the interaction effects of different levels of irrigation were significant on leaf fresh weight, leaf area, plant height, total chlorophyll and leaf nitrogen content (p≤%5) and the effects were significant on plant height, trunk diameter, leaf potassium, leaf number and flowers (at p≤%.). Plant height, trunk diameter, and leaf potassium increased significantly with 75% irrigation and two bags. In 75% irrigation and one bag Leaf nitrogen was 52.91% more than that of 75% irrigation without bag. Therefore, this system is recommended for cultivation of dwarf apples cultivars.

Abstract In order to produce mid and early-ripening apple varieties, 44 cross combinations were done between selected parents (years 2004-2005) among which 7000 full-sib and half-sib progenies were selected. The selection process at juvenile phase by use of morphological markers method resulted in 720 superior hybrids. Hybrid orchard was established in Meshkin-abad (located in Karaj, Iran) horticulture research station (year 2008). Finally, 566 trees were remained and left to grow. The present study was conducted to evaluate the flowering phenology, ripening time, precocity, flower density and fruiting habit of 566 first offspring of 6-7 year-old during 1392 and 1393. The percentage of fruit set was assessed in two stages by counting the number of fruiting branches and the number of fruits per tree. At the end of the growing season, 17 early and med ripening genotypes were identified. Fruit evaluation experiments including biochemical traits and pomological traits were performed according to D.U.S tests. For 17 selected hybrids, simple cluster analysis was performed in terms of all quantitative and qualitative traits and the degree of correlation of the traits was determined. Based on the results of cluster analysis by Ward method, all selected results were divided into 3 groups. A significant positive correlation was observed between fruit weight and fruit length and diameter and a significant negative correlation was observed between fruit weight and TSS and TA at the p≤1% level.

In order to develop new apple cultivars, imported apple (from Italy) seedlings were evaluated for their growth, yield and quality characteristics. Imported combinations including Red Chief, Galaschniga, Fujikiko, Fuji, Gala cultivars grafted on M9 rootstocks as well as ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’ on M9 rootstocks as control were planted in a randomized complete block design at Horticultural Research Station, Orumiyeh. Growth parameters and vegetative characteristics of trees and qualitative traits of fruit were measured, and 3 year combined statistical analysis of data was performed. The results showed that all vegetative traits except for trunk diameter were statistically different among cultivars. Vegetative growth of one-year shoots, height, area of ​​canopy expansion and leaf size in ‘Red Chief’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’ Leaves were lower than other imported varieties. Total chlorophyll content in new cultivars was higher than control cultivars. Yield and fruit size were significantly lower in control trees than in other trees. Fruit quality indices in imported apple cultivars were significantly higher than control trees. The alternate bearing index and yield variations were lower in new cultivars of ‘Galaschniga’ and ‘Fuji Kiko’ than other cultivars. Yield performance in ‘Red Chief’ and ‘Galaschniga’ was higher than other cultivars.

Precooling is an important process that carried out on the fruits such as Apple due to extend the shelf life. In this research, the new package was designed and constructed. Then, the effect of various performance parameters during the precooling process such as the airflow rate and types of packages was studied on the 7/8 th cooling time and cooling uniformity to select and introduce the best package. The results indicated that the Polyethylene package had the lowest 7/8 th cooling time; however, it is not suitable for export of apple due to the high moisture loss during the precooling (23-26%). The highest cooling time and lowest cooling uniformity was related to the commercial package because of its unsuitable vents deign. The results showed that the cooling time of fruit in the new designed of package decreased 30.5 and 25.9 % as compere with the commercial package in the airflow rate of 0.5 and L s-1kgp-1, respectively. In addition, the cooling process was uniformity and the standard error between the 7/8 th cooling time of fruit was 19.6 % lower than that one for the commercial package. Increasing the airflow rate from 0.5 to 1.5 L s-1kgp-1 led to decreasing the 7/8 th cooling time in the range of 16.8 to 39.7 % in the all packages. Because of the lowest moisture loss, highest cooling uniformity and lowest cooling time, the new designed package was introduced as the best packages to cooling process of apple and its cold storage.

Simulation of the heat and moisture transfer is one of the effective techniques for modification and optimization in different food drying methods. One of the most important factors to improve the accuracy of the predicted temperature and moisture content profiles in a drying process is the shrinkage or volume reduction of products The aim of this study was mathematical modeling of the shrinkage rate and the moving velocity of product boundary during drying process in order to prediction of slices thicknesses and the distance of inner nods using numerical solution for related function by finite element method. The drying of apple slices was conducted in the air velocity of 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 m s-1 and the temperature of 50, 60 and 70 ºC. Based on the results, the thickness of the samples reduced from 0.0053 to 0.0014 m. The exponential model showed a better fitness to the results for thickness and boundary moving velocity change in compare to the other studied models. The model coefficients were calculated as a function of drying time, temperature and velocity of hot air. The distance of domain internal nods was predicted as a function of outer boundary velocity and drying time. A good fitness was observed between the experimental and simulation results in sample shrinkage.