جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « exploitation » در نشریات گروه « آبخیزداری، بیابان، محیط زیست، مرتع »

According to the law on the protection and exploitation of forests and pastures, any exploitation of natural resources by natural or legal persons must be done with the approval and permission of the country's natural resources and watershed management organization. Issuing grazing and grazing permits is one of the most important permits in the natural resources sector, which has its own implementation process. The evidence shows that there are various issues and problems in the process of issuing this license, and it is necessary to conduct a pathological scientific investigation to improve and correct the said process. The aim of the current research is to identify and categorize the existing damages in the process of issuing and renewing livestock grazing permits in pastures. 

This research is qualitative in nature and the technique of interviewing with focus groups has been used, in this research 96 beneficiaries and 31 experts from 6 provinces of Kerman, Isfahan, Hamadan, Kurdistan, Mazandaran and Semnan were purposefully selected and their opinions about the process and issues of livestock grazing licensing were analyzed using questionnaires and interviews, and the results were collected and analyzed using the content analysis technique.  

The results of this survey led to the identification and confirmation of 30 types of damage and problems in the process of issuing and renewing livestock grazing licenses in the form of three main categories (systemic, legal, and structural-executive), which in the branch of systemic problems, the component of multiple systems and the lack of a system integrated and intelligent, in the branch of legal obstacles, the component of time-consuming investigation of legal violations of applicants for grazing license renewal, division of grazing license among the children after the death of the owner of the grazing license, and in the branch of structural problems, the component of the weakness of monitoring and monitoring systems, lack of update of livestock and pasture statistical information , the low motivation of audit experts of natural resources departments and the lack of provincial credits have played the biggest role in the process of issuing grazing permits. Based on the results of this study, the issuing process in the investigated provinces takes 15 steps and 73 days, and the process of renewing the license is done in 8 days. 

In a general formulation and based on the findings and considering the problems that were stated before, in order to improve the process of issuing and renewing the Kera license, there is a need to take measures, for this purpose, it is necessary to create an integrated system, optimize the notification system, and automatically renew. Grazing license should be prioritized for responsible livestock farmers, updating information on livestock, pastures and determining the exact boundary of pastures and correcting or removing disturbing rules and instructions.

Having comprehensive and new information on medicinal and industrial plants distribution is necessary for proper planning, managing and use of these resources. Due to the ecological and economic importance of Ferula gummosa, this study was conducted. Economical evaluation of the species and affecting environmental factors on its distribution were selected as the goal of the study. The study area is located on Lar customary settlement of Shemiranat, Tehran province. At the relevant habitat of the species vegetation were sampled using systematic-random method. Soil samples were taken from 30 cm depth. DCA and Canonical Comparative Analysis (CCA) methods were used to evaluate the relationships between vegetation and environmental factors. The results showed that soil electrical conductivity was the most important factor affecting on the distribution of plants in the study area. Elevation as a factor was also identified as one of the important factors on the distribution of plant. Considering the expected leachate production capacity of the whole study area, i.e., 18 tons/year, net economic value of the species was 16950 million Rials for a one period of operation.

Gillnets are one of the most considerable passive fishing gears that are set vertically in the water, and the fish that swim towards them are caught. The process of catching through the net is mainly by stuck their operculum into the meshes. The principal mechanism of these nets is deception, based on making the fish indifferent to the danger (fishing gear). If these gears stay in one place for a certain period, they are called set gillnets and are the most remarkable tools in coastal (inshore) fishing. Anchored (set) gillnets are usually fixed in the seabed through massive metal anchors or set near the bottom and other water surfaces via a buoy and weight retention system. Due to the shallow water depth in the fishing grounds of Khuzestan Province, the use of anchored gillnets in the different deepness of setting the nets for catching various fish species, such as epipelagic (narrow-barred mackerel), benthopelagic (silver pomfret), demersal (fourfinger threadfin), and littoral (Liza) has long been customary. The most important results of replacing anchored gillnets with trawling for fishing will include improving the environmental situation, preserving commercial fish stocks, and the economic prosperity of the fishing community.

Tidal waves are one of the most effective factors in nutrients transferring in sea ecosystems, and following that, on the production of aquatic stocks and their exploitation. Various lunar cycles highly impact the amount of capture, behavior, movement, feeding, reproduction, and migration of different groups of fish. This effect is especially considerable for fish that live at shallow depths, such as fishing grounds in Khuzestan Province in the Persian Gulf. Hence, in this analytical article, the effect of lunar months and tidal waves on the exploitation of aquatic stocks along with other influential factors such as seasonal variations, fishing gears, socio-cultural relations of fishermen, wind blow, food and their habitat preferences has been studied. This information can be beneficial for fisheries cooperative societies, especially in Khuzestan province, to have better efficiency by spending less money and energy; and in the field of fishing administration, the issuance of maritime licenses should be done more purposefully.

Mining is considered one of the dimensions of development that human activities affect ecosystems. In land sustainable management (LSM), ecosystem changes that occur in areas during mining -as one of the appropriate measures to determine the ecological vulnerability- is very important. In the present study, based on ecological sustainability, environmental degradation model of Tabas city were evaluated and classified. In this regard, a set of environmental factors including topography, vegetation, climate, groundwater, soil, and geology data layers were prepared using satellite images and stationary data. According to the results, environmental factors of topographic, precipitation, and vegetation have the highest sensitivity, respectively. According to studies, mines accounted for 15.3 percent of the study area. Most exploratory mines were classified in a semi-sensitive class. Soil and geological (edaphic) factors with the highest ecological limitation were more diverse than other factors in this region. Accordingly, due to the high sensitivity of the soil and the possibility of erosion, especially in areas with low vegetation or barren lands in eastern and southwestern areas that have more vulnerable, should be less priority in mining activities.

Exploitation and extraction of sub products of forests and rangelands have long been important to the human beings and today these products have economic, cultural and social roles in countries where there are forests and rangelands ecosystems, so that ignoring and not paying attention to it would bring about irreparable problems for megacities. The purpose of the present study the impact of exploitation on the degradation of forests and rangelands is based on the attitude of the villagers.. Data collection included survey, stratified sampling with proportional allocation. 384 questionnaires were examined. The instrument- questionnaires- were validated by the experts and specialists. The reliability of that has been obtained by Cronbach's alpha (0.76). The statistical population included all the villages in Zarinabad with population around 6379 people, according to Morgan’s table 384 people were selected as statistical sample. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the harvests and the destruction sub products of forests and rangelands. The results also showed that villagers have a positive attitude toward the formation of public co – operatives (p<0.05). Results showed that the formation of cooperatives for utilization, training and supervision of experts to harvest sub product of forest and rangeland are positive and significant effect in reducing degradation of this resources (p<0.05). The results also showed that there is a significant difference between the utilization of forest and pasture sub-products and income, and poverty reduction from the average.

According to the important role of rangeland on the exploiters of its and rangeland ecological changes in the economic and social systems, planning and decision-making to assess the current situation is the most important. In this regard, this study intends to determine the difference between experts and exploiters to examine and compare the affecting factors on the utilization of rangelands according to four priority measures including strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities and threats. For this purpose, the SWOT analysis was used to analyze the affecting factors on the exploitation of rangelands. Identified factors using the questionnaire set based on Likert spectrum items and AHP analysis were prioritized and compared by the pastorals and experts. The results of the comparison indicate that prioritize of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats is different between experts and stakeholders, and in some cases there is a considerable distance between experts and pastorals. The factors related to the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and the threats had priority the adaptation of animal species and plant cover-weight with weight 0.117, weighing experienced pastorals resignation with weight 0.026, increase scientific studies on rangeland in research centers, the Department of Natural Resources with weight 0.185 and weighting fluctuations in livestock markets with weight 0.076 respectively.

Indigenous knowledge plays an important role in the sustainable management of natural resources. This study was performed on the Khurtab Rudbar watershed, the Noor County, to investigate the role of indigenous knowledge in the conservation, restoration, and sustainable utilization of the rangeland. The stratified random sampling method was performed in the descriptive-survey type framework. The Questionnaires used in data collection was based on the Likert Spectrum. Validation of the research tools was confirmed by seeking expert opinion and their reliability by determining the Cronbach٫s alpha coefficient for the main variables. The sampling population consisted of 280 area stakeholders, out of which 40 were selected by using the of the Cochran٫s relationship. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software, determining the Spearman٫s correlation coefficient, and calculating the significance of correlation coefficient of the linear regression. The results indicated that there existed a significant relationship between the levels of indigenous knowledge of the graziers and their participation in the study with the correlation coefficient of 0. 686 and the confidence level at the 99%. This further indicated that the stakeholder٫s participation in the rangeland restoration was more effective than their influence in its protection and sustainable utilization. The take home message is: Application of the indigenous knowledge is essential for the sustainable management of the rangeland.

Natural resources are considered as a national wealth, having an essential role in the independence and life sustainability of each country. The role of human and how to deal with natural resources is one of the factors threatening these valuable and god-given resources. Therefore, the knowledge of the human needs, problems and socio economic issues could be useful in recognizing the reasons of non-peaceful behavior with the surrounding nature. In the present study, it was attempted to study the socio economic issues, problems, and the needs of Hamoon residents in order to identify effective human factors on degradation of the natural resources of the study area. For this purpose, after carrying out necessary studies, interview and questionnaires, uncontrolled harvesting of firewood and forage was identified as destructive factors, leading to desertification. In order to identify human factors affecting the aforementioned destructive factors, the questionnaires were completed by experts and exploiters and the obtained data were analyzed by linear regression test in SPSS software. Our results showed that the age of exploiters, the history of exploitation and the size of family had direct effects on the amount of firewood and forage harvesting while an inverse effect was found for the surface area of agricultural lands. In addition, the number of animal unit had an inverse effect on the amount of harvested firewood while it affected the amount of harvested forage directly. It can be concluded that a few of socio economic factors have a close relationship with land degradation and desertification of the study area. A high correlation was found between the studied factors and the amount of harvested firewood and forage.