جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "index" در نشریات گروه "آبخیزداری، بیابان، محیط زیست، مرتع"

The human environment has experienced significant changes due to issues such as industrial development, technological advancement, population growth, and unsustainable extraction of non-renewable resources. Natural resource management includes the coordination of human interactions with the natural environment Desertification is a complex issue, which is caused by both natural processes and human actions. This includes land degradation due to various factors such as wind and water erosion, destruction of vegetation and reduction of water resources. The purpose of this research is to identify the criteria and indicators affecting the non-sustainable participation of rural communities in desertification projects, to prioritize these criteria and indicators based on the opinion of experts and to provide solutions to increase the participation of local stakeholders. 

Garmsar, which is located in the west of Semnan province, is one of its eight cities. The communities of this research, the villages of Ghiyath Abad, Shorkazi and Mohsen Abad are part of Garmsar city, which have desertification plans. Several factors are involved in the non-participation of people in desertification projects, which can be classified in the form of relevant criteria and indicators. These factors are identified and classified based on library studies, questions from regional experts. In order to prioritize the criteria and indicators effective in the non-participation of people in desertification projects, respectively, questionnaires related to the process of hierarchical analysis (AHP) and a questionnaire with a Likert scale were used as measurement tools. Also, before prioritizing the criteria of the relevant indicators, the validity of the questionnaire was approved by the experts. In this research, there will be a survey of experts from the departments of forestry, watershed management, pasture and desert, land assessment, etc., of the general natural resources department of the province and Garmsar city, with an experience of more than 15 years. After completing the hierarchical analysis questionnaires by 30 expert experts, the hierarchical analysis process was used to prioritize the effective criteria on people's non-participation in desertification projects. Finally, Friedman's test was used to prioritize the indicators and determine their relative importance on people's non-participation in the combating desertification projects. 

According to the results, the educational criterion is the most important criterion of people's non-participation in desertification projects from the point of view of experts (0.48), and the planning (0.29), economic (0.13) and social (0.07) criteria are in the next stages. are priority. From the point of view of experts, the index of "non-use of local promoter groups", with an average rank of 11.72, has the highest relative priority, and the index of "lack of trust in the results of projects" with an average rank of 6.15, has a lowest relative priority in the non-participation of people in the desertification projects of the region. Regarding the findings related to barriers to participation in Ghiyathabad village, the index of "non-use of local promoter groups" was identified as the first priority with a rank of 10.73. In the case of Mohsen Abad village, the index of "weak role of local media in promoting desertification projects and encouraging community participation" has been assigned the highest priority with a rating of 10.50. Also, the findings of Shur Ghazi village show that the index of "low level of literacy in the local community" with a rank of 9.88 is a major concern. 

In general, the successful implementation of desertification projects relies heavily on achieving maximum participation of local residents during the implementation and maintenance phases. This research was carried out with the aim of identifying factors affecting the non-participation of villagers in desertification projects. As a result, experts emphasize the importance of education and increasing public awareness to increase participation. Related educational videos, as well as visiting successful projects in other regions, accompanied by elders and members of the village council, and sharing their field experiences and observations with the villagers will increase their knowledge and awareness about the employment capacities in this project. It will be In addition, such initiatives will help reduce the adverse effects of floods, dust storms and droughts, thereby improving the overall well-being of residents.

Desertification is one of the most significant process of land degradation in all the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification report (1994), Desertification is land degradation in dry-lands, resulting from various factors, including both climatic variations and human activities. This process is always associated with soil degradation, pollution and reduction of water resources, vegetation and other biological resources in natural and ecological conditions. Therefore, determining the main factors of this process can be very effective in proper land management. This research was conducted with the aim of zoning sensitivity areas to the desertification intensity based on ESAs model and providing management strategies based on scenario planning in Razavi Khorasan province.

In this research, five criteria such as climatic quality, soil, vegetation, erosion and management (human activities), and 20 indicators such as soil texture, soil depth, rock fragment, parent Material, vegetation density, fire risk, rainfall. drought, water and wind erosion, land use change, mining, livestock density in pasture, etc. were used. were used. Scoring and weighting of the indicators was done using a questionnaire and based on the expert opinions of specialists, executive managers and field experiments. The designed questionnaire included 21 questions, that classified in the form of 5 criteria of soil, climate, vegetation, erosion and management, which were distributed among the statistical population in two rounds. Management strategies and policies were also obtained in the Delphi method in the form of expert panels (brainstorming).

The results showed that the vegetation criteria with indicators such as the reduction of vegetation, the increase in the risk of fire in pastures and forests due to the continuous droughts of the past two decades and the increase in the intensity of wind and water erosion, with a value of 1.419, has had the greatest value and importance in expansion the intensity of desertification. After that, factors such as human activities (management), climate, erosion and soil respectively have had the greatest impact on the sensitivity areas to desertification in Khorasan Razavi province. In terms of the critical situation, the high percentage of the areas in the northwestern regions such as Quchan and Chenaran township due to the impacts of drought, severe changes in land use and water has become desertification. In the central, eastern and southern parts due to drought, land use changes, lack of optimal land management and wind erosion, main reason has been the expansion of desertification. Besides that, all the townships of Khorasan Razavi province have fragile conditions. This issue can be considered as an important and serious warning for the future management of Khorasan Razavi province. Therefore, in order to provide effective ways to deal with the intensity of desertification, based on the opinion of experts and specialists in the current research, by considering only the priority indicators of each of the criteria, the number of 10 cross matrix of the important indicators of each of the criteria, 20 scenarios, 6 strategies and more than 40 strategies were obtained. So that, by using the suggested strategies could be planned and managed according to regional and local conditions, to reduce the intensity of desertification.

The ESAs model uses four criteria of management, vegetation, soil quality and climate mainly to evaluate areas sensitive to desertification. So that, in this research, due to the importance of the erosion (water and wind erosion), for zoning map of sensitivity areas to desertification were used. In order to provide management plans (strategies and policy), to reduce and combat desertification in Khorasan Razavi province, management strategies such as; -sustainable management of vegetation, - water resources management and watershed management, - soil management, - livestock management and reduction of environmental hazards caused by human activities, -education, promotion and culture and sustainable management. Therefore, in this research, only the important strategies and policy that can provide a comprehensive vision of land management in Khorasan Razavi province, were suggested.

Social and economic studies are important in investigating rangeland destruction. Investigating the role of social and economic issues in rangeland destruction can reduce destruction in this ecosystem. For this reason, this research has been done to identify the most important socioeconomic factors affecting rangeland destruction in the Niyuk region and prioritize the mentioned criteria using an Analytical Hierarchical process to provide complete information about the causes of rangeland destruction in the region. Considering that no research has been done in this area so far, it increases the necessity of conducting the present research.

Niuk area is located in Yazd province according to country divisions. In this research, first, by studying the sources and consulting with the relevant experts, the most important socioeconomic criteria involved in the destruction of rangelands in the area were determined, and a questionnaire was designed to score and calculate the weight and priority of these criteria. Enough experts completed it. The region's socioeconomic indicators, criteria, and sub-criteria were identified using experts' opinions and research records, and a hierarchical structure was formed. The main criteria include economic and social indicators. Economic indicators are divided into three sub-criteria: livestock and animal husbandry, cutting and harvesting, and change of land use and plans.The sub-criteria considered for the standard of livestock and livestock farming includes a large number of livestock, indiscriminate grazing of rangelands, type of livestock, change of livestock farming method from traditional to industrial, non-observance of livestock entry and exit time, improper distribution of livestock in the rangelands and improper grazing system. Three main sub-criteria of population, poverty, and institutional factors were identified for social indicators. Three main criteria and 14 sub-criteria were identified for social indicators.

A paired comparison between economic and social indicators showed that economic indicators weighing 0.667 have the priority in destroying rangelands. Social indicators with a weight of 0.333 have second priority. Among the main criteria examined by economic indicators, the sub-criterion of change of use and plans with a weight of 0.683 has been allocated the most. It is below the livestock and animal husbandry standard with a 0.200 weight. It was ranked third for cut and harvest with a 0.177 weight.Among the main criteria of social indicators, the criterion of institutional factors with a weight of 0.637 is the priority, and the factors of poverty and population are in the next ranks with weights of 0.258 and 0.105. The results showed that the sub-criteria of converting rangelands into mines, building access roads to mines, and political interference in natural resources were ranked first to third with weights of 0.176, 0.083, and 0.082. The first two sub-criteria of economic indicators and the third criterion of social indicators are the destruction of rangelands in the Newek region. The sub-criteria of literacy status and age composition of the population with weights of 0.004 and 0.003 were placed in the last priority. These sub-criteria were related to social indicators.

It can be concluded that the most important factors of the region's destruction are the change of land use and conversion of rangelands to mines, construction of access roads to mines, institutional factors and interference with natural resources, and lack of integrated management of natural resources. To prevent the destruction of rangelands in the region, it is necessary to minimize the construction of any mines and communication ways related to mines, and it is suggested that considering the activity of mines, the customary rights of pastoralists should be considered and the participation of ranchers in decision-making should be expanded to maximize the possibility of the success of projects with the support of stakeholders.

One of the most important natural disasters is drought phenomenon. If it lasts longer than a season or a long period, it will have economic, social and environmental effects. Drought has no absolute definition and has a specific definition in each region. Each drought varies in severity, duration and extent. Moreover, Drought can be considered as the equivalent of a dry and unusual period or climate that lasts long enough to create a serious imbalance in the hydrological state of a region. Drought can also be regarded as an inevitable phenomenon, including disasters that cannot be prevented but can be managed and organized. Drought indices are an important tool for monitoring and evaluating drought and establish an accurate relationship between many climatic parameters. The information obtained from the indices can be useful for planners, designers and managers of water resources, which is also confirmed by comparative studies of indices.

This study focuses on studies of drought indices and how they function on different time and place scales. In order to conduct this research, the required materials were collected from domestic and foreign sources. In this study, 19 drought indices used in Iran and the world are evaluated, the results of different researchers are investigated, andlogical conclusions are made from different researches.

The results showed that each index can be used in different regions according to its nature and water resources indicators, plant-related indicators and risk indicators of agricultural, economic and social indices. All indicators in turn and in areas compatible with the nature of these indicators can have a good prediction of drought, and these indicators all should not be compared because the results of this comparison will not be appropriate, but they should be selected appropriately according to the study area. Meanwhile, time scale is very important in each of the indicators and should be considered in order to achieve a more reliable result. Another point that was obtained from the results of this study is that most of the indices used in Iran and the world have paid more attention to the severity of drought andless to the duration, extent and frequency of drought, which is one of the weaknesses of existing drought indices in Iran and the world. An index of drought can persist in the world to pay for the severity, duration, frequency and extent of drought simultaneously and accordingly, it can definitely have appropriate predictions.

The results showed that the indices of DI, SPI, PDSI, SPEI, BMDI index are the most widely used drought indices. The results also showed that the weakest drought index is the PNPI index and the strongest indeices of drought are SPEI and BMDI indices. In general, in order to use drought indices, the time and place scale related to those indices should be considered in their use. Since each index of drought has been created under certain conditions,  it is suggested that they should not be used in Iran or be used with caution. The overall results of this study suggest that it is better to conduct native statistical models of linear and nonlinear regression according to specific climates of Iran in relation to drought indices according to Iranian meteorological and hydrological data and be introduced multivariate Iranian drought index which definitely has more valuable results.

Engaging people to conserve natural resources is the most rational way. This by reducing the running costs will guarantee the success and implementation of the projects more effectively. For this purpose, the present study was conducted to identify and prioritize the effective indices and sub-indices on the lack of sustainable participation of rural communities in aquifer management projects from the beneficiarychr('39')s viewpoint in Bishezard watershed of Fars province. In this research, 83 stakeholders and residents of the watershed was chosen as statistical population using Cochran formula. To collect data, a questionnaire consisting of four indices and twelve sub-indices with Likert scale was used. The significance of indices and sub-indices was determined by SPSS software (version 23) using t-test and the Friedman nonparametric test was used to prioritize the effective indices and sub-indices. The results showed that in the prioritization of indices from the beneficiarychr('39')s point of view "educational-promotion", "design-executive", "social" and "economic" indices were ranked with an average of 9.75, 9.49, 6.98 and 5.93 as effective indicators, respectively and in sub-indices, "Lack of attention to local force in project implementation (employment)" and "Late-yielding projects" with an average of 11.40 and 5.74 had the highest and lowest priority in non-participation in aquifer management projects, respectively. This finding indicates that if employment is resolved in this watershed, people are willing to take the time accomplish projects. It is recommended that managers of natural resources plan and implement practical training and promotion activities related to natural resources and aquifer management issues.

Due to the limitations of field measurements of vegetation, the application of plant indexes to estimate rangeland biomass using satellite data can be very useful in rangeland studies. For this purpose, it is necessary to identify appropriate vegetation indices. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of estimating rangeland biomass using plant indices obtained from digital data of Landsat 8 satellite and determining the most appropriate ones in semi-arid regions of the northeast of the country. For this purpose, the average values of plant indices NDVI, TDVI, SAVI, ARVI, EVI, OSAVI, IPVI, GRVI, and GNDVI within each unit of one hectare of the studied basin network were calculated. Then, the correlation of these values with the average measured field values of these units was examined by linear regression, and the regression model of each index was determined to estimate biomass. Finally, the results were validated and a field biomass map was prepared for each index. The results showed that all indexes had a high and acceptable correlation with real biomass data. Based on the validation results, the SAVI plant index with a coefficient 0.79 and root-mean-square error of 14.73% was the most suitable plant index for estimating biomass in the region. By using the wavelengths located in the blue band, these indicators modify the effect of dust in the calculations, which reduces the atmospheric effect and improves the results of calculating the NDVI index, and it can be called the modified NDVI index. According to the results, plant indices obtained from the ratio of near and visible infrared bands are highly correlated with biomass. In general, the shorter the wavelengths used by plant indices, the lower the accuracy of estimates in arid and semi-arid regions.

The Derakhte Senged area is located in south of Neishaboor town at Khorasan Razavi province. In this research، desertification intensity of Derakht senged area was evaluated using IMDPA، one of the newest method to Assess desertification potential in arid and semi arid regions of Iran. To evaluate desertification intensity، based on the primary research in this area، 4 criteria were selected including vegetation cover، soil، climate، geology and geomorphology. Each criterion was assessed based on the selected indices which result in qualitative mapping of each criterion cased on geometric mean of the indices. Then، sensitive map of region was extracted using geometric mean of all criteria. By laminate of thematic databases layers and using geometric mean of main criteria intensity map was obtained. The results showed that 0. 37 % of study area categorized in low class، 80% was medium and 19. 63% involved high class of desertification. Analysis of desertification criteria in this region showed that among study criteria، vegetation cover criteria is a major problem with a geometric average of 3. 05 which shows high class، while geology and geomorphology with a weighted average of 1. 8، has moderate effect in desertification. Also، climate and soil criteria with a geometric average of 2. 04 and 2. 21 show medium class desertification.