جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سوپراکسید دیسموتاز » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

Grasses are narrow-leaved plants that are used as cover plants in landscape. These plants are one of the basic and necessary components of the green cover of most gardens, parks and as the background color of landscape. In Iran, due to the high costs of planting and management of grass, high water requirements, climatic incompatibility and damage to water and soil salinity, it is recommended to remove from the green space in some cities, especially in areas with low water and water and soil saline. If it is possible to benefit from the role and influence of these plants by observing the technical points and choosing the best species for each area. Salinity stress is the second limiting factor for the growth of plants in the world after drought, which affects the efficiency and performance of plants. Increase in salinity causes a decrease in the water potential in the soil. In this condition, the plant spends most of its energy to maintain the water potential, cell mass, and water absorption to have minimal growth. The aim of this research is the effect of external application of glycine betaine on the accumulation of osmolality compounds and the antioxidant system of sports grass under salt stress.

This research was done in factorial form in completely randomized design with 3 replications on Rashid variety cucumber. The factors included 4 levels of temperature (25, 30, 35 and 40 degrees Celsius) and 3 levels of salicylic acid (0, 0.5 and 1 mM). When the seedlings reached the two-leaf stage, they were sprayed with different concentrations of salicylic acid two times with an interval of five days. One week after the application of salicylic acid, temperature treatment was gradually applied. After applying each heat treatment, the corresponding pots were transferred to the greenhouse with a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. Then, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, leaf surface, chlorophyll index, electrolyte leakage, proline, polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity were measured.

Results and Discussion  :

The results showed that salinity stress decreased all the study morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters including plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight, number of tiller, leaf area, chlorophyll content, protein and total antioxidant capacity in the studied plants. It also increased peroxidase enzyme, H2O2 and proline in plants, but glycine betaine application significantly improved the morpho-physiological characteristics of plants compared to the control under salt stress conditions. Thus, the highest height, shoot fresh and dry weight, leaf area, number of tiller, chlorophyll content, and protein and antioxidant capacity were observed in plants sprayed with glycine betaine. Also, the highest content of glycine betaine and activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes and the lowest content of glycine betaine and H2O2 were observed in in plants sprayed with glycine betaine and 10 mM glycine betaine was more effective than 5 mM. The occurrence of salinity in plants disrupts the absorption of ions and causes the reduction of nutrients and increases sodium ions. One of the effects of salinity in plants is the reduction of photosynthetic activity, which results in the reduction of chlorophyll, carbon dioxide absorption, photosynthetic capacity, plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight, number of tiller and leaf area. One of the most strategies to deal with stress is accumulation of osmolyte and increasing the antioxidant activity, which makes plants resistant to environmental stresses. Salinity, through the toxic effect of Na+ and Cl- ions, affects the growth and performance of the plant by reducing the soil water potential, disrupting water absorption and imbalance of nutrients in the plant. The results obtained from comparing the average results of glycine betaine show that glycine betaine increased plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight, number of tiller, leaf area, chlorophyll content, total protein and antioxidant capacity, but on the other hand, it increased proline and H2O2 decreased, which is due to the accumulation of glycine betaine as a protector in plants under salt stress conditions. In stress conditions, glycine betaine can protect photosynthetic activities including photosynthetic enzymes, proteins and lipids in thylakoid membranes in the combination of photosystem II, and also the task of protecting cell membranes against osmotic stresses in the plant.

The results obtained from this research showed that salinity stress reduced all the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics in the sport grass plants, but glycine betaine application played a positive role in reducing salinity damage and maintaining plant quality. Glycine betaine is known as one of the effective molecules in stress signaling, so it can protect the plant cells against stress by reducing the destruction of the membrane and by increasing the salt tolerance mechanisms. Also, glycine betaine 10 mM is introduced as the best treatment to reduce salinity damage in sport grass during present study.

The deterioration of the seed is a natural phenomenon, and seeds tend to lose quality and viability even under optimal storage conditions. The ability of hydropriming to ameliorate seed deterioration damage was studied in kochia. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four replications. Kochia seeds were subjected to accelerated ageing for 48 hours at 40 °C and then hydroprimed at 20 °C for 1.5, 3 and 4.5 hours. Regardless of duration, hydropriming significantly improved final germination percentage, germination rate, seedling length, vigour index, antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase and superoxide dismutase), soluble sugars and proteins of aged seeds. Mean germination time and malondialdehyde content of primed seeds decreased compared to non-primed seeds. Hydropriming for 1.5, 3 and 4.5 hours increased final germination to 15, 23 and 37 %, germination rate by 45.4, 72.7 and 109 % and superoxide dismutase activityby 8.6, 14 and 27 % compared to non-primed seed, respectively. Thus, hydropriming for 4.5 hours is the most suitable priming period to recover loss of kochia seed quality and to improve germination characteristics of deteriorated seeds.

Physalis (Physalis peruviana L.) is a popular fruit, which has received great attention due to its nutritional and medicinal properties. This valuable fruit has a short shelf life and so far, very little research has been done on postharvest physiology of shelf life. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor was the different levels of γ- aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations (0, 5, 10 and 15 mM), the second factor was the storage time in three levels (7, 14 and 21 days) and the third factor was the harvesting stage (based on the appearance color of the fruit into two levels: yellowish green and orange). The obtained results showed that the weight loss in fruit treated with GABA at the end of the storage period was lower than untreated fruit, and the most weight loss (12.62%) was found in fruit harvested in the orange stage without any treatment. At the end of the storage period, the fruit firmness in fruit treated with GABA showed a lower decrease compared to the untreated fruit, so that the maximum decrease was observed in the orange stage after 21 days of storage in the untreated fruits. The application of GABA significantly reduced the fruit decay. The highest fruit decay (43.83%) was observed in the fruit harvested at the orange stage without GABA at the end of storage. The results showed that the application of GABA increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes during the storage period compared to untreated fruit. The highest activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes was observed in fruit treated with 15 mM GABA compared to untreated fruit. Overall, application of GABA after harvesting at a concentration of 15 mM is recommended to maintain the quality of physalis fruit.

To investigate the expression pattern of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes under water deficit stress in spring bread wheat, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in 2020. In this study, agronomic traits, enzyme-related traits, antioxidant activity as well as the amount of gene expression affected by irrigation and salicylic acid were measured. In this study, there was a significant difference between irrigation levels and salicylic acid in terms of the effect on all traits. There was a significant difference between interaction treatments in terms of the effect on all traits except spike length and 1000-kernel weight. Mean comparison of interaction treatments showed that foliar spraying of 1 mM salicylic acid under 100% plant water requirement treatment had the highest plant height (64.76 cm), number of tillers per plant (3.71), number of seeds per spike (21.2) Dry matter yield (15.14 g / plant) grain yield (10.68 g / plant), chlorophyll an (8.66 mg / g fresh weight), chlorophyll b (2.66 mg / g fresh weight), Carotenoids (4.13 mg / g wet weight). While the highest content of leaf proline (0.53 mg / g fresh weight), leaf phenol (Galic acid / 82 DW9 / 82), catalase activity (97.09 mMolH2O2 / min mg protein), ascorbate peroxidase (mMolH2O2) / min mg protein 03/120), superoxide dismutase (mMolH2O2 / min mg protein 89/330) was allocated to foliar application of 1 mg salicylic acid under 50% plant water requirement. In this study, water deficit stress and salicylic acid foliar application had a synergistic effect on increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The highest expression of superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase genes was observed by foliar application of 1 and 2 mM salicylic acid, and the highest expression of ascorbate peroxidase gene was observed by 1 mM foliar application of salicylic acid under 50% plant water requirement treatment. Application of salicylic acid under irrigation 50 and 75% of plant water requirement increased the expression of antioxidant genes in comparison with salicylic acid control treatment in each plant water require treatments and under 100% plant water requirement.

 The importance of wheat as a strategic product among other crops is that it has the largest cultivated area in the world and Iran. On the other hand, seed deterioration is a natural phenomenon in which seeds lose their viability and quality even under optimal storage conditions. In some crops, damage due to deterioration has been reported to be up to 50%. Part of this damage is related to the decrease in the speed and percentage of seed germination, which leads to a decrease in the plant density and the failure to achieve the desired density, especially in unfavorable conditions, resulting in crop yield decreases. In this experiment, the subject of the study was the ability of seed hydropriming to improve damage caused by the deterioration of wheat seeds (var. Alvand).

This experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, as a factorial in a completely randomized design with four replications. The seed used for the experiment was the Alvand variety. Wheat seeds deteriorated by accelerated aging method for 48 hours at 40 °C. Then, the deteriorated seeds were primed with distilled water at 20 °C for 4, 8 and 12 hours. The examined traits include germination percentage, mean germination time, germination rate, seedling length, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde content, soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes. 

The results showed that seed hydropriming in all three time periods used significantly improved the characteristics of germination percentage, germination rate, seedling length, antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase), the soluble sugars and proteins of the seeds were found to deteriorate. Among the examined traits, the mean germination time, electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content of primed seeds decreased compared to non-primed seeds. Hydropriming for 4, 8, and 12 hours increased final germination to 15.9, 32.3, and 58.3 %, with germination rates of 7.7, 53.8, and 84.6 % compared to non-primed seeds, respectively. Regarding the activity of antioxidant enzymes, seed hydropriming at 4, 8, and 12 hours increased catalase activity by 12.4, 27.2, and 39.2%, superoxide dismutase activity by 15.9, 31.9, 35.4% and increased ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity by 38.3, 40.4, and 44.9%, respectively, compared to non-primed.

Based on the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that the application of distilled water for 12 hours as the best priming time is recommended to recover the lost quality of deteriorated wheat seeds and improve the germination characteristics of the Alvand variety

In order to study the effect of deficit irrigation on antioxidant enzymes content, soluble carbohydrates, chlorophyll concentration and yield of two sweet corn cultivars a field experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) arranged in factorial with three replications was conducted at the Education-Research Farm (With geographical position: 37°33' north, 59°11' east), Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran, during in cropping season 2018-2019. The experimental factors were included at three levels (0 (Full irrigation), 20 and 40% less than the irrigation requirement) and two sweet corn cultivars (Amylapop and Merit). The results showed that with increasing of deficit irrigation (increasing stress) content of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase enzymes and soluble carbohydrates increased. However, concentration of chlorophyll a, b and total, husked cob yield, dehusked cob yield and conservable grain yield decreased. The content of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, husked cob yield, dehusked cob yield and conservable grain yield were higher in Amylapop cultivar than Merit. In general, the results of this research showed that the tested cultivars do not have the necessary stability under conditions. Therefore, applying the method of deficit irrigation in the studied cultivars it will be justified only if a 20 and 40 percent reduction in the amount of water used for this product is more beneficial than the reduction in yield.

Tolerance to deficit irrigation and related mechanisms are very important characteristics of seedling and clonal pear rootstocks for successful commercialization. In this study, seedling rootstocks, Dargazi and Pyrus betulifolia Bunge, and clonal Pyrodwarf, OH×F69 and OH×F87 rootstocks for tolerance to deficit irrigation as well as enzymatic anti-oxidative mechanisms in response to the stress was evaluated under greenhouse conditions at temperate fruits research center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Karaj, Iran, in 2018. The deficit irrigation stress applied at three levels: control, mild and severe by irrigation at 100, 75 and 50 percent of field capacity (FC), in greenhouse during 60 days. Rootstock heights, generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), electrolyte leakage and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (POX) were assessed at 30 and 60 days following the application of deficit irrigation stress. The results showed that Pyrodwarf rootstock had greater tolerance to deficit irrigation stress, even at 50% FC. The generation of H2O2 was between 23.7 μM g-1 of fresh weight in OH×F87 and 32.5 in P. betulifolia Bunge. However, as the deficit irrigation stress severity and duration increased, the H2O2 level enhanced to its maximum of 81.3 μM g-1 of fresh weight, and was highly correlated (r = 0.734**) with electrolyte leakage. In addition, the calculated correlation coefficients confirmed the order of increase in the activity of SOD and then CAT in response to the increase in the intensity of deficit irrigation stress. Based on the results of this study, tolerance mechanisms to deficit irrigation stress in pear rootstocks is partly attained by converting superoxide into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), followed by preventing its accumulation.

Studying the changes in concentrations of antioxidant enzymes, hormones and vitamins can be provided valuable guidance in better understanding of pathophysiological processes, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the vitamin E/selenium and AD3E administrations before insemination on serum concentrations of progesterone, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and, also pregnancy rate after laparoscopic insemination in ewes. In this study, sixty-three 3±0.5 years old ewes and weight of 48±3 kg were selected. The ewes were divided into three groups (n=21). At the time of sponging, ewes were received 5 ml normal saline (control), vitamin E/selenium (treatment 1) and vitamin AD3E (treatment 2). Sheep were synchronized by the long-term protocol using the vaginal sponge of progesterone and equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG). Artificial insemination was done by laparoscopic method 50 to 58 hours after sponge removal and eCG injection. Blood samples were collected nine days after insemination. There were no significant differences between control, vitamin E/selenium and AD3E groups in serum concentrations of progesterone, superoxide dismutase and, glutathione peroxidase. Pregnancy rates of control, vitamin E/selenium and AD3E groups were 33.3 and 28.6 and 38.1, respectively that have not significant differences. It seems that the administration of vitamin E/selenium and AD3E compounds should be done according to regional needs and season to obtain optimal results and prevent additional costs and unnecessary stresses.

Microplastics (MPs) have been reported as emerging contaminants. There was little information about their effect and behavior on soil properties. This study aimed to investigate the changes in exchangeable concentrations (extracted with 1 M ammonium acetate) and water-soluble (ratio of 1 to 2.5 soil to water) of sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) elements under the presence of Low-Density Polyethylene MPs particles in the soil. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors included the amount of MPs particles (zero, 1, 2, and 4% w/w) and incubation time (3, 17, 31, 45, 90, and 180 days). The results showed that MPs particles affected exchangeable and water-soluble elements. MPs particles reduced the exchangeable amounts of Na, K, and Ca. The largest decrease was related to the level of 4% MPs. Briefly. In the level of 4%, the amount of exchangeable Na, K, and Ca decreased by 7.2, 5.7 and 2.6 %, respectively, in comparison with control soil (without MPs). On the other hand, water-soluble K and Ca under the influence of MPs particles (4% MPs level) decreased by 6.97 and 8.4 % respectively, as compared with control. MPs particles reduced water-soluble Na in the first (3 days) to fourth (45 days) incubation periods. Also, MPs particles reduced the amount of exchangeable and water-soluble Mg, but it was not significant. In summary, the presence of MPs particles in the soil, especially in higher amounts (ex: 4%), can affect the availability of cationic elements such as Na, K, Ca, and Mg.

 Meloidogyne incognita is the most well-known root knot nematode, with more than 2000 host species. Integrated nematode management (INM) is recommended to manage the destructive plant parasitic nematode. Integrated management is generally performed by using the maximum available management methods (at least two methods) and the minimum use of chemical nematicides to bring the pathogen population below the economic threshold. The use of resistant cultivars is of particular importance in integrated management, due to environmental compatibility, economic efficiency, and sometimes the impossibility of implementing other methods, especially in developing countries. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the resistance of the important barley plant (Hordeum vulgare) to prevent damage and also to investigate nematode interactions with it.

 In the current study, the resistance of different barley cultivars (i.e., Nik, Nimrouz, and Zarjow) was evaluated based on plant growth factors (length, fresh, and dry weight of aerial part and roots) and nematode gall index at 60 days post inoculation. Then the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes were measured on days 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 days post inoculation.

 Regarding the mean number of galls, the Nik cultivar showed a significant difference compared to Nimroz and Zarjow cultivars (P ≤ 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between Nimroz and Zarjow cultivars. Based on plant growth factors, M. incognita nematode was found to have a negative effect on the aerial part length and weight and a positive effect on root weight. Evaluation of the gall index showed Nik is moderately susceptible, and Nimrouz and Zarjow are moderately resistant cultivars. SOD enzyme in Nik, Nimrouz, and Zarjow showed maximum activity in 2.72, 1.91, and 2.15 U mg-1 protein on the 4, 4, and 3 days post inoculation, respectively. The enzyme in Nik was determined to be 1.42 and 1.25 times higher than Nimrouz and Zarjow. There was a significant difference between 0, 1, and 2 with the 3 and 4 days of the infected samples in Nik (P ≤ 0.05). In the other cultivars, enzyme activity increased with a slight slope. CAT enzyme peaked in Nik, Nimrouz, and Zarjow at 0.204, 0.09, and 0.11 μmol min-1 mg-1 protein on the fourth-day post inoculation. In the Nik cultivar, unlike the other two cultivars, the enzyme increased more and had a steep slope from the second to the fourth day. In infected plants of Nimrouz, despite the gradual increase of enzyme, no significant difference was found between any of the days. APX enzyme peaked at 0.26, 0.27, and 0.24 μmol min-1 mg-1 protein in Nik, Nimrouz, and Zarjow on the fourth day, respectively. The activity of the above enzyme had an increasing trend in three cultivars. The maximum activity of this enzyme was at Nimrouz, which was determined to be 1.03 and 1.1 times higher than Nik and Zarjow, respectively. In this cultivar, the upward trend was rapid, although there was a significant difference between all-time points at the level of 0.05. In the current research, it was found that the invasion of the root knot nematode M. incognita reduces the growth of length, fresh and dry weight in the aerial part, reduces the length of the root but increases the fresh weight of it.

The hallmark of inducing pathogenicity in the sedentary root knot nematodes is the formation of special feeding cells named giant cells, which require controlling the expression of host genes and manipulation of plant hormones like auxin and cytokinin hormones. It is obvious that during the invasion of root knot nematodes and the formation of giant cells in host roots, the plant is weakened due to impaired transport of water and nutrients, and the host growth factors, especially in the aerial part, are reduced. However, due to hormonal disorders and the formation of galls, the weight of the roots increases. The higher expression of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase in Nik possibly has occurred due to the compatible interaction, as a result of lack of necrosis and programmed cell death and to tolerate stress (nematode invasion). Less expression of SOD, CAT, and APX enzymes in Nimrouz and Zarjow cultivars possibly have occurred due to their moderate resistance to M. incognita invasion.

 Strawberry is one of the most economically valuable horticultural species. Strawberry production and consumption has increased due to the fruit's appealing color, flavor, and abundance of essential bioactive compounds, such as vitamin C, sugars, organic acids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity. Today, consideration is given to environmentally friendly and sustainable production. Due to the depletion of nutrient element accessibility or the improvement of soil organic elements in agricultural soils, as well as replant diseases, bioproducts and beneficial microorganisms must be applied (mycorrhizal fungi, and filamentous fungi). These may increase soil biodiversity, promote plant growth, and have antagonistic effects on microorganisms that reduce plant yield. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are among the most widely distributed endotrophic mycorrhizal fungi species. It is considered an eco-friendly biofertilizer because it enhances plant growth, performance, and quality. Furthermore, Trichoderma is a fungus genus commonly recognized as an agricultural biocontrol agent. Plant growth is enhanced by Trichoderma stimulation. It promoted the host's health by inducing systemic resistance and enhancing plant growth, development, and photosynthetic efficiency. In contrast, selenium (Se) is not regarded as an essential element for higher plants, but at low concentrations, it is regarded as beneficial. Se biofortification can enhance plant mineral content, growth, yield, and quality by inducing antioxidative defenses. This study evaluated the effects of AMF, Trichoderma, and Se on the crop yield and antioxidant enzyme activity of the strawberry cultivars Gaviota and Camarosa. This experiment was conducted in the research greenhouse of Shahed University, College of Agriculture in 2017. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments included: fungi (Mycorrhiza and Trichoderma), selenium (Se, 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg-1 kg soil) and cultivar (Gaviota and Camarosa). Fruit yield was determined at harvest. The fruits were harvested at the same ripening stage (>75% red surface color) and then transported to the laboratory immediately. Within each replication, only identical-sized, -colored, -shaped, and physically unblemished and disease-free fruits were chosen. Physicochemical characteristics of fruit were determined during harvest. 30 strawberries from each replication were used for this purpose. For fruit sampling, tissue samples consisting of both achenes and receptacles were taken from the central portion of the fruit. The samples were quickly sliced, pooled, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80°C until their total phenolic content and catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase activities were determined. The data were analyzed as a two-factor linear model using the PROC MIXED procedure by the SAS software. The Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at P ≤ 0.05 was calculated to compare the differences between means following a significant ANOVA effect.  The results demonstrated that mycorrhiza and Trichoderma fungus significantly boosted plant performance. Compared to the control, Trichoderma and mycorrhizal fungi treatments increased yield by 39.6% and 27.1%, respectively. Additionally, the application of Se increased yield in comparison to the control. Phenolic compounds, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities were affected by fungi and Se treatments, with ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities found to be 4 mg-1 kg soil when Se was applied. The activity of antioxidant enzymes varied between cultivars, with Gaviota exhibiting greater antioxidant enzyme activity than Camarosa. Trichoderma, mycorrhizae, and Se were utilized to maximize catalase activity (4 mg-1 kg soil). Mycorrhizal fungi and Trichoderma appear to increase enzyme yield and activity by facilitating enhanced element absorption. Based on the results of this study, the use of fungi and Se at concentrations of 4 mg-1 kg soil is recommended to increase the quantity and quality of strawberries.

Drought stress is a major environmental stress that effects on plants Therefore, it is necessary to know the mechanism that plant shows in encounter of stress.

In order to evaluate the effect of drought stress on physiological and biochemical traits of castor plant, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 1397-8. The first factor was 22 castor ecotypes and the second factor was drought stress with 5 levels, full irrigation, four levels (irrigation was cuted at the primary of spike growth) (11, 22, 33, 44 days after Irrigation cut off). In this study, traits including superoxide dismutase (SOD), chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, phenol, flavonoids and protein content, as well as morphological traits such as plant height and leaf area index were measured.

The results showed that activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the amount of protein, phenol and flavonoids increased significantly with increasing the intensity of stress while the amount of photosynthetic pigments and carotenoids as well as plant height and leaf area index showed a significant decrease with increasing level of stress. According to the results of cluster analysis under drought stress, castor ecotypes were divided into three clusters. Differences between ecotypes in the resistant group compared to sensitive ecotypes under drought stress in superoxide dismutase (SOD), chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, phenol, flavonoids, protein content, plant height and index Leaf area were 83.41, 83.33, 85.57, 84.21, 82.08, 88.7, 86.44, 86.81, 78 and 80.9%, respectively. According to the results, ecotypes 2, 3, 5, 8 and 19 were introduced as resistant ecotypes for future breeding. Programs.

In general, it seems that resistant ecotypes due to the severity of damage less in terms of growth indices and further increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and accumulation of proteins, phenols and flavonoids, more resistance in Showed against drought stress.

In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and bio fertilizers on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of chickpea cultivars in the dry conditions of Kermanshah province, an experiment was conducted in the form of split factorial design based on randomized complete blocks in three replications in 2018 in the farm of Homil Agricultural Jihad Center in Islam city. Abad-e gharb was implemented. The experimental treatments include three levels (without use, half mill molar and one mill molar) of salicylic acid foliar spraying before flowering and the application of biological fertilizer as a seed in four levels (control, fertile phosphate 2, Petabaror 2 and Petabaror 2 and fertile phosphate 2) and four chickpea varieties. (Adel, Mansour, Azkan and Gokso) and factorially placed in sub-plots. The results of the variance analysis of the data showed that all traits of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, proline, soluble protein, catalase, superoxide dismutase were affected by salicylic acid and bio fertilizers at the level of 1%, and these traits except the superoxide dismutase trait were also affected by the number. The interaction between salicylic acid and biofertilizers had a significant effect on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, proline and catalase. The highest percentage of proline and soluble proteins was obtained in the simultaneous combination of salicylic acid and biofertilizers for Adel variety. With the use of 1 millimolar salicylic acid, the amount of proline increased by 21.6% compared to its non-use. So that the highest amount of proline was 0.0884 mg/g fresh weight of the leaf related to the treatment of 1 millimolar salicylic acid. Also, the highest amount of catalase enzyme was in the treatment of not using biofertilizers (0.2937 enzyme units per milligram of protein) and the lowest value was related to the combined use of Fertilizer + Petaferyl phosphate (0.2290 enzyme units per milliliter of protein). So that the amount of catalase enzyme was 22% lower in the treatments using biofertilizers compared to the treatments using fertilizers. Therefore, it can be stated that the simultaneous use of salicylic acid and biofertilizers increase the mentioned physiological activities. What is evident from the results is that the combined use of salicylic acid and biofertilizers had the highest performance compared to the separate use of applied treatments.

 Portulaca oleraceae is used in many countries for a variety of purposes, including human nutrition and the conversion and pharmaceutical industries. The edible parts of Portulaca oleracea are the young organs, especially the brittle leaves and stems. Over time, this medicinal herb has been forgotten. Drought, on the other hand, is a factor in the decline of crops and horticulture around the world. Given the vastness of arid and semi-arid regions in Iran and also the reduction of access to water resources, appropriate arrangements should be made for the optimal use of water in the agricultural sector. Changing the planting pattern and using useful and resistant alternative species such as drought-tolerant medicinal plants can enable the optimal use of limited water resources. GABA is an important non-protein amino acid that plays a positive role in increasing plant resistance to stress.
 This experiment was carried out in 2020 as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the vegetable research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Experimental treatments included different levels of GABA (0, 20, and 40 mM). Treatment with different concentrations of GABA was done in two stages of 6 and 12 leaves of portulaca oleracea and foliar application and application of dehydration stress in three levels of control, medium and severe at irrigation intervals of 7, 14, and 21 days from 6 leaf stage of plants to the end.
 According to the analysis of variance, the effect of GABA at different concentrations and dehydration stress on plant height was significant at the level of 5% probability. Based on the mean comparison test, the highest plant height was obtained in GABA treatment of 40 mM and irrigation intervals of 7 days (control), and the lowest of this trait was obtained in GABA zero treatment and irrigation intervals of 21 days (highest stress level). The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of GABA at different concentrations and dehydration stress on vegetative yield was significant, the interaction between irrigation intervals and GABA was significant at 5% level. Based on the mean comparison test, the highest vegetative yield was obtained in GABA treatment of 40 mM and irrigation intervals of 7 days and the lowest in control treatment and irrigation intervals of 21 days. According to the results of the analysis of variance table, the effect of GABA at different concentrations and dehydration stress on the amount of malondialdehyde was significant at the level of 1% probability. Based on the means comparison test, the highest amount of this trait was obtained in the control treatment. Comparison of the mean of the data showed that the effect of GABA at different concentrations and dehydration stress caused a significant difference in the probability level of 1% in the proline content of the data. Based on the mean comparison test, the highest amount of proline was observed in GABA treatment of 40 mM and irrigation intervals of 21 days and the lowest amount was observed in control treatment and irrigation intervals of 7 days. As can be seen in the comparison table of means, the highest activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme was obtained in GABA treatment at 40 mM and irrigation intervals of 14 days and the lowest in control treatment and irrigation intervals was 7 days (Table 2). The results of this study showed that the effect of GABA at different concentrations and dehydration stress on the activity of catalase was significant at the level of 1% probability. As can be seen in the comparison table of means, the highest level of catalase activity was 40 mM in GABA treatment and 21 days irrigation intervals and the lowest in GABA treatment was 40 mM and irrigation intervals were 7 days.
 The results of this study indicate that GABA is able to greatly alleviate the oxidative stress caused by dehydration in Portulaca oleracea. This effect is quite evident in oxidative parameters, especially the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The concentration of 40 mM GABA was the most effective treatment in mitigating the effects of irrigation. The results show that the use of GABA makes Portulaca oleracea tolerant to dehydration stress.

 Aromatic geranium is an ornamental perennial plant which its essential oil is used in perfumery, cosmetics, food and pharmaceutical industries. Water scarcity is one of the most important environmental stresses limiting plants’ growth and yield, which greatly impacts the morphophysiological, biochemical and enzymatic properties of plants and limits their development and survival. Using organic osmolytes such as proline and glycine-betaine increase the capacity and speed of photosynthesis, absorb ions such as magnesium and potassium, prevent the degradation of pigment-protein compounds, maintain plant pigments, strengthen the antioxidant system, and impact in inhibiting the adverse effects of water scarcity in plants. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the best substance and effective concentration improving the quality and aromatic geraniums flowering under water scarcity stress.

Aromatic geranium cuttings were kept in commercial greenhouses with a temperature of about 17 to 20 Cᵒ, 60 to 70% relative humidity and light intensity of about 50 to 60 µm/m2S in Karaj city. Feeding with Hoagland solution was done once a week and in order to measure the soil moisture, the potting system was used, and irrigation was carried out based on the soil weight change according to the determined field capacity (FC). Foliar spraying with proline and glycine betaine (0, 50 and, 100 mg/l) was applied for a month after two weeks of placing the cuttings in pots and  24 hours of being at different levels of low scarcity stress (25, 50, 75 and, 100% field capacity), sequently. After completing the treatments, sampling and evaluating of traits such as fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, petals anthocyanin, total leaf chlorophyll, proline and activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes were performed. The experiment was performed in 2019 as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized statistical design with two factors of applying water scarcity stress and spraying with proline and glycine-betaine and their interaction. Then, data were analyzed using SPSS, the means were compared with Duncan's multiple domain and graphs were drawn in Excel.

Data means comparison showed that the highest fresh and dry weight of shoots with 67.25 and 8.53 g and the highest fresh and dry weight of roots with 15.62 and 3.45 g were observed in 100% FC (control) and the lowest shoot fresh and dry weight with 44.76 and 4.45 g and the lowest fresh and dry weight of roots with 10.57 and 1.17 g, were in 25% FC treatment (without foliar application). Also, the highest and lowest petals anthocyanin with 2.8925 and 1.5775 mg/g FW and total leaf chlorophyll with 15.3735 and 11.1632 mg/g FW were in 100% FC (control) and 25% FC treatment (without foliar application). The highest and lowest proline levels were 3.84 and 1.67 mg/g of FW in 25% FC treatment (without foliar application) and 75% FC treatment + 100 mg/l of proline. The highest activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes with 2.97 and 16.52 UE/g of FW in 75% FC + glycine-betaine 100 mg/l treatment and the lowest with 1.12 and 12.93 UE/g FW in 25% FC treatment (without foliar application), was obtained.

The results demonstrate that the fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots decreased with increasing water scarcity stress, which this reduction was in 25% or more of field capacity and foliar application of plants with glycine betaine and proline inhibited the negative effects of stress at a concentration of 100 mg/l, both combinations were more visible. Petal anthocyanin and total leaf chlorophyll dropped with rising water scarcity stress and, treatment of plants with glycine betaine and proline had an effective role in ameliorating plant pigments. In addition, proline levels are increased by water scarcity stress. The highest enzyme activity was in 75% FC and with increasing water scarcity stress, enzyme activity reduced. Foliar application of plants with glycine betaine and 100 mg/l proline reduced the negative effect of water stress in 50 and 75% FC compared to 25% FC. Hence, according to the research results, the use of organic osmolytes such as glycine betaine and proline can be recommended to decrease the negative effects of water scarcity stress in ornamental plants.

Caper (Capparis spinosa) is used as multipurpose and adaptable plant which provides a valuable opportunity to enhance greenery and prevent soil erosion in harsh climatic areas. This plant is tolerant of salinity and blooms along the coast. Due to the recent severe drought in Iran and most of the arid and semi-arid regions of the world, farmers have tried to grow drought and salinity tolerant plants (such as capper) instead of plants with high water requirements. Salinity is one of the most common non-Biotic stresses in arid and semi-arid regions, which causes a significant reduction in photosynthesis, which depends on photosynthetic tissue and photosynthetic pigments, so that the general growth traits in Plants are reduced. The present experiment was performed to determine changes in physiological and biochemical properties as well as the ratio of sodium ions to potassium under salinity stress to evaluate salinity resistance and determine the best planting date for capper plant. Also, by obtaining the results of this research, capability, position of development and promotion of this plant in erodible and saline lands that have become the center of fine dust to be determined.

In order to a experiment was arranged as split plot based on randomized design complete block with three replicatione in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 1397-98 crop year. Treatments include six planting dates as the main factor (7 October, 6 November, 6 December, 5 January, 4February and 6 March) and the sub-factor including four salinity levels (control (urban water), 15, 30 and 45 dS m-1). In this study, was used mechanical scraping method using sandpaper and then placing the seeds in gibberellic acid solution at a concentration of 1500 mg / l to remove the dormancy of the seeds. In the 8-leaf stage, salinity test was started. Sodium chloride salt was used to prepare salinity treatments. To prevent sudden shock to the plants, salinity treatments were applied gradually. Measurements for this experiment began ten days after the highest salinity stress level was applied.

Based on the results of this study, the planting dates of 7 October and 6 November were selected as the two best planting dates and the planting dates of 4 February and 6 March were Deleted due to low germination percentage and insufficient number of plant samples from the experiment. The results indicated that salinity had a significantly negative effect on chlorophyll content of caper seedlings while carotenoid content in caper seedlings was significantly increased. The amount of reduction in chlorophyll a content is greater than that of chlorophyll b. protein content decreased and malon dealdehyde increased under salinity stress. Salinity had a significant effect on net photosynthesis. Comparison of the mean effect of salinity on net photosynthesis showed that with increasing salinity level, the amount of net photosynthesis decreased. The highest rate of net photosynthesis was related to the control treatment and the lowest rate of net photosynthesis was related to salinity levels of 30 and 45 dS m-1, which did not show a significant difference with each other. Antioxidant enzyme activity; superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) also increased in response of salinity. The highest amount of reaction to salinity is related to superoxide dismutase enzyme and the other three enzymes showed less reaction to salinity so that for 30 and 45 dS m-1levels there was no significant difference with each other but their highest amount of activity is related to this Levels are 30 and 45 dS m-1 and the lowest level of activity is related to the control treatment. Our observations of ionic content in the aerial organ showed that the sodium content (Na+) increased with increasing salinity, and Athe potassium content (K+) decreased, but in each level of salinity the amount of sodium was lower than potassium. The results of physiological characteristics and Na+/K+ ratio showed that the caper plant is an almost salinity tolerant species (up to 15 dS m-1) which can be a suitable option for successful propagation in arid, semi-arid and saline environments and prevent soil erosion in these areas. Therefore, the use of this plant due to its flexibility to salinity and drought can be a valuable opportunity to increase the green area and prevent provide soil erosion and reduce the negative effects of the dust phenomenon, especially in the south and southwest regions.

This current study was performed to evaluation of the effects of flaxseed on performance and some blood parameters in broilers. One hundred ninety-two one day-old Ross 308 broilers in 16 experimental units (12 birds in each experimental unit) were used with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments include Treatment 1: Diet based on corn and soybean meal. 2) Diet with 2.5% flaxseed. 3) Diet with 5% flaxseed. 4) Diet with 7.5% flaxseed. Functional traits were measured periodically. Blood samples were taken at 21 and 42 days of age to measure some blood parameters. The results showed that the use of 7.5% flaxseed in the diet caused a significantly (P<0.05) decrease in daily weight gain (DWG). Inclusion of 5% flaxseed in diet significantly reduced glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes activities (P <0.05). Based on the results of this study, dietary inclusion of 5% flaxseed in broilers diets is recommended.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two mineral and organic forms of zinc on antioxidant activity and bone strength in the last phase of laying hens. 175 Leghorn laying hens (w36) with 80 week of age were divided into 7 treatments and 5 replications in a completely randomized design. The treatments were: control (without zinc supplementation) treatments containing zinc sulfate (15, 30 and 45 mg/kg). Organic zinc treatments (15, 30 and 45 mg/kg, respectively). The results showed that there was a significant increase in feed intake between the control treatment and 15 and 45 mg inorganic zinc and all organic zinc treatments (P<0.05). Egg weight in 45 mg inorganic zinc and all organic zinc treatments and egg mass in 15 and 30 mg organic zinc treatments showed a statistically significant increased. feed conversion ratio of organic zinc treatments was decreased significantly (P<0.05) . Regarding to egg quality traits, no significant difference was observed between experimental treats with control treatment (P>0.05). Both mineral and organic zinc supplements increased serum SOD activity as an antioxidant index at all levels (P<0.05). Tibial bone strength increased in laying hens of receiving 30 mg/kg organic zinc. According to the results, organic zinc can be improved feed intake and feed conversion ratio; Increased yield, antioxidant activity and bone strength in laying hens in the final stages of production.

In order to study the effect of deficit irrigation and plant density on antioxidant enzymes activity, compatible ‎Osmolytes, relative water content and yield of baby corn (Pashan cultivar) a field experiment based on ‎randomized complete block design (RCBD) arranged in split-plot with three replications was conducted at the ‎Education-Research Farm (With geographical position: 37°33' north, 59°11' east), Mashhad Branch, Islamic ‎Azad University, Mashhad, Iran, during in cropping season 2018-2019. Irrigation deficit at three levels (0 (Full ‎irrigation), 20 and 40% less than the irrigation requirement) was considered as the main plots and plant density ‎at three levels (100, 150 and 200 thousand plants/ha) were considered at the sub plots. Analysis of variance ‎showed that the effect of deficit irrigation on all variables, effect of plant density on relative water content, ‎husked cob yield, dehusked cob yield and dehusked standard cob yield and interaction between of two factors ‎on all variables (Expect: relative water content and superoxide dismutase activity) were significant. The results ‎showed that with increasing deficit irrigation (increasing stress) and increasing plant density, the relative water ‎content decreased. Also, with increasing deficit irrigation, superoxide dismutase activity increased. Mean ‎comparison of traits under influence of two factors showed that with increase of deficit irrigation and plant ‎density proline content, soluble carbohydrates and the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes increased ‎due to increased drought stress and intraspecific competition. Husked cob yield, dehusked cob yield and ‎dehusked standard cob yield decreased due to of deficit irrigation. But at all levels of deficit irrigation, cob yield ‎increased with increasing plant density. In general, the results showed that drought stress increased the content ‎of compatible osmolytes and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the tested cultivar, but this increase was ‎not sufficient to reduce the effects of stress on yield.‎

Water shortage is the most important non-biological limiting factor for achieving the potential of crop yield. The millet is one of the drought-tolerant species that the study of its specific traits can help to identify the effective mechanisms of drought coping. Humic acid contains abundant elements that improve soil fertility and increase the availability of nutrients to plants, thus affect their growth and yield, but in the millet, humic acid function on increasing tolerance to drought is unclear.

To evaluate the effect of humic acid foliar application on yield and yield components of millet under drought stress conditions, the experiment conducted in 2015 using a split-plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Irrigation regime considered as the main factor including two levels of normal irrigation and drought stress (irrigation cut off) at 50% flowering stage and sub-factors also included the foliar application of humic acid at five levels (1, 3, 5, 7% humic acid and pure water as control) in the Ramjeard region of Fars province.

The results of this study showed that drought stress caused a significant decrease in the most morphological and physiological traits such as leaves chlorophyll content, the number of grain per spikes, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and harvest index but also humic acid has greatly controlled the effects of drought stress, then, ultimately the performance of treatments with humic acid was more than the control treatment. The remarkable point in this study was the process of changes in biochemical traits, that by increasing the percentage of humic acid, biochemical traits such as proline, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzyme decreased, these changes showing a positive effect of humic acid in reducing the effects of drought stress. As a result, the use of humic acid foliar application increased the leaves chlorophyll content, the number of spikes m-2, 1000-grain weight as well as grain yield, so that changes in 7% humic acid treatment were higher compared to the other treatments. The highest proline content was related to foliar application with water (control) under drought stress conditions, while the lowest proline content observed in 7% humic acid foliar application under normal irrigation conditions. The amount of superoxide dismutase under normal irrigation conditions was significantly lower than all drought stress treatments. Under drought stress conditions the highest rate was observed in foliar application with water (control), which could be confirmed by reducing the amount of superoxide dismutase as a result of using humic acid under stress conditions. The highest amount of peroxidase enzyme was observed in foliar application with water (control) under drought stress conditions. Generally, peroxidase content was significantly higher in drought stress treatments than in normal irrigation conditions. Under drought stress conditions, the highest chlorophyll a content was observed in the foliar application of 7% humic acid, similarly, the highest amount of chlorophyll b was observed in the foliar application of 7% humic acid, while there was no significant difference with foliar application of 5%. In this experiment, the number of grain per spikes affected by humic acid application and the interaction of drought stress and humic acid. Humic acid compensated for the negative effect of drought stress on the number of grain per spikes. Among drought stress treatments, using 7% humic acid increased the number of grain per spikes by 12% compared to control treatment. The comparison of two irrigation regimes showed the highest and lowest yield observation under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions, respectively. The yield under drought stress decreased by 56% compared to normal irrigation. Generally, we can conclude that even though drought stress significantly decreased the number of grains per spikes, 1000-grain weight and yield, but the variation trend of biochemical traits in drought stress treatments was significantly decreased proline, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase with increasing of the humic acid percentage, while the amount of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b increased.

It seems that humic acid can improve the morphological and physiological characteristics of the conventional millet in drought stress conditions. It seems that humic acid can play a role in improving biochemical and physiological characteristics of conventional millet under drought stress conditions, so that by reducing the effects of drought stress increased chlorophyll and ultimately improved the photosynthesis rate. Therefore, the yield and yield components of humic acid treatments were higher than foliar application with water (control).