جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "بوم" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

Vernacular architecture is among the most valuable phenomena, which has manifested cultural, historical, social, religious values and so on by itself. The values inherent to vernacular architecture of each city reflect the thinking of the people from that city. Therefore, the peace and quality of people's life can depend on preserving the same architectural values. Preserving and integrating of vernacular architecture values express the secret of human’s integration with their physical environment, which leads to sustainability in every language and culture. Iranian houses are also considered a direct reflection of traditional culture and spiritual values of life and an institution with a multidimensional function, more than a physical structure, that is influenced by society and social relations, culture, religious belief, economy, life style and environmental conditions. Given that vernacular architecture is the symbol of identity, culture and civilization of any region, it seems that the contemporary building designs should be proportional to the vernacular architecture and cultural characteristics of that region. This architecture has met their requirements and desires by reflecting knowledge, careful consideration of the environment, respect for nature, application of time-based technology and spatial capabilities of people. Vernacular architecture is in harmony with nature and environment, the achievements of which are to maintain the comfort of the inhabitants, and it includes maintaining construction cycle, returning to the environment and reusing sustainable resources and the environment. With the environmental and climatic varieties in Iran, different types of vernacular architectures, with identity features, have been formed in this land, and understanding them can be helpful in accurate design and construction of spaces without any defects as is useful in identifying Iranian architecture. On the other hand, new constructions have brought changes in the previous trend of villages, which has created uninhabited, disharmonious and unorganized villages. In this regard, it is important to recognize the factors influencing the formation of rural housing shape and structure. The research questions are, (a) What are the factor(s) influencing vernacular architecture of villages? (b) Which factor(s) has the greatest influence on space in the vernacular architecture of Nosmeh village in the Shamshir rural district? In order to answer the research questions, in the theoretical phase, a framework was presented with the qualitative approach, desk research and using the analytical-descriptive design. In the practical phase, using field studies, preparing a questionnaire and interviewing with local people, the theoretical framework was evaluated using statistical tests in relation to vernacular housing of western Iran. Finally, the findings were analyzed and surveyed using logical reasoning in relation to the theoretical framework proposed in this research and it would be specified that which factor(s) have the greatest impact on space formation. The results of the research indicated that the index of physical construction principles with the maximum average (4.27) was ranked first and geographic location with the minimum average (3.67) was ranked last. In general, four main factors, in other words, physical construction principles, i.e. welfare, beliefs, opinions and geographic location had favorable conditions in the order of priority in terms of effecting the construction.

Ecology، as the platform of a city، has gotten special attention amongst varied disciplines associated with urbanization since the issue of global climate change has been arisen. The approach of Ecocity is derived from ignoring the ecosystem and natural context of cities during the modern era urban planning and the environmental and human crisis caused by it. Current environmental concerns are derived from rapid growth of the cities and urban life style. Therefore the solution should be found within the cities. Ecocity is rebuilding cities in harmony with nature and natural life-cycle of ecosystem. Correspondingly، the simultaneous survival of human being and biosphere could be achieved through reintegration of built and natural environment. Comparable to other divisions of sustainability، theoretical framework of Ecocity is an interdisciplinary issue. According to the comprehensive scope of the matter، there are plenty of ambiguities for policy makers، planners and urban designers in the field of implementation. This fact would decrease practicability of Ecocity or else the approach would not be applied according to its main principles. Considering the fact that saving the biosphere could not be achieved entirely by having a couple of Ecocities، Ecocity principles should be applicable in various ecological and natural basis of each and every city. This paper seeks to answer the following questions: Do specific criteria exist to define Ecocity morphology? How would unique characteristics of ecological context influence on those macro-criteria? The research method is descriptive-analytical based on literature review of existing documents and comparative analyses amongst various theories in the field. The findings represent convergence within Ecocity’s morphological criteria in different approaches. The results indicates that the adaption of built environment with the climatic، natural and ecological basis of the city، considerable capitation of green areas within the city، disavowal of urban sprawl، mixed use zoning، pedestrian، bicycle and public transport priority، vast usage of renewable energy، evidences of biodiversity within the city and employing specific ecological، historical and cultural symbols to have an improved sense of belonging are the main morphological indicators of Ecocity. However، these indicators are used as an upstream urban plan and each of them could be redefined in detail according to ecological characteristics of a particular city. Accordingly، Major criteria are redefined as follows: compliance with natural environment and climate will coordinate a city with bioregion and as a result emphasize on its specifications. Improving urban green space per capita will lead to widespread use of native plants and spreads of habitat for divert species. Preventing urban sprawl would conserve natural heritage and would highlight ecological landscape of the city. Mixed use reduces inner-city travel and strengthens the presence of pedestrians with their particular culture and behavior. Not being car-oriented، it helps the city to preserve its geographical and natural platform. The type of renewable energy will differ based on its climatic features. Promoting the sense of belonging of citizens’ point of view in Ecocity is achieved through indigenous traditions and customs and the city''s culture، history and symbols as well as its architecture and urban design. Therefore، it varies from one city to another. Consequently، this paper defined criteria for Ecocity morphology which are applicable to ecological context of cities. Thus، the research hypothesis is proved. According to the existing economic oriented approach through urban issues، Ecocity implementation needs changing attitude through common economic foundation، and promoting collective consciousness amongst climatic hazards and responsibility for the next generation.

One of the most significant issues discussed in human habitats, which is of special and particularimportance is the outlook toward the habitat and vernacular issues. Ignoring various social, cultural, political, economic and vernacular issues of each habitat will cause planning in that habitat to encounter unsolvable challenges. Therefore it seems that we should start somewhere for every shortterm or long - term strategic planning for various habitats. The biological specifications as well as the potential and actual social and natural capabilities of each region are among the priorities in studying each habitat. A primary introduction with tradition and habitat as well as distinctions, semantic and functional sharing of them can make a well - strengthened back ground in this regard. Applying the scientific techniques while at the same time, considering the feasibility ofthe field being studied can create a special sample of the norms which is in accordance with its basic function. In the case of architecture, by considering the land (habitat) while balancing the requirements of the users including culture and temperament and on the contrary, considering the fact that it constantly induces the past tradition while it’s emphasizing the fact that today is the past of tomorrow and it will become a pattern in the habitat, will eventually create an integration called an architecture with identity. As a result we can say that habitat is born from tradition and tradition is born from habitat. Whenever they act beside each other, only one of them emerges faster than the other and that is why the architecture is called vernacular and traditional. The present research made by the help of library studies and fundamental analysis, tries to point out the development of architecture from tradition to habitat and from habitat to tradition. This will eventually show that the habitat is the outcome of the tradition and tradition is born by habitat and the two together by considering the time, name the traditional and vernacular architecture. It is hoped that this study could be successful in taking a step in introducing the cognitive factors of vernacular and traditional architectures and removing any probable similarities and contradictions in this regard. We hope this study can be a help in creating the architecture with identity coordinated with the community.

Humble look to the profession of architecture has reduced the position and identity of Iranian architecture in recent years. Due to the blind and extensive imitation of the Western culture over the design in architecture, we are facing buildings with non-Iranian identities that have hurt urban and rural landscapes. The buildings that create no feeling of belonging due to the imitation of Western style architecture. The main point of this research is the use of site layers in designing process and ombining them with different understandings of completely Iranian identity. This is the story of how the final design isaffected by each layer and how the proposed model connects the past, the present and the future. In this way, by identifying the subjective - objective layers in the environment such as ecology and geography, we are looking for a plan to meet all the present parameters and give a proper identity simultaneously. The purpose is how to use quantitative - qualitative models in parametric design process under Meta system. Ecological-orientation has been selected as Meta system in this project. This means that all conscious and unconscious processes are filtered by ecological factors and thentake place in the design process. The principles of this research are parametric architecture exploiting in design process of ecological-regional models using quantitative-qualitative cognitive maps. The Maranjab Desert is selected as a sample and the studies have been performed. After recognizing the existing layers in the natural site, the layers of both appearance and semantic are analyzed and then converted to the comprehensible elements including point, line and surface of each layer using AutoCAD software. The extracted layers are then combined with the cognitive layers of the designer mind. Combining of extracted site layers is based on the influence of different layers on each other. In every combination, one layer is an indicator and effects on the final output. There are more choices in this method for a designer. Each layer indicator makes a different geometry than its previous plan. In part of the decision-making process, the "Accidence concept" has also been considered. The paradigms are resulted by the designer decision and conscious "Accidence concept" which is also controlled by the designer. The process is interactive and reciprocal. Due to its planningsubject and physical program, "scaling" process decides about the sub-space of the layers and influence on the combinations. This method is designed to explore the potential ecology and revival of traditional concepts. It is also used in the archetype in the parametric process to create a single consistent model with the aggregation of the mentioned items. The research methods are descriptive - analytical and quantitative - qualitative.

One of the important issues in any architectural work is its construction technique. Each architecture in accordance with their identity or character has a method, technique and special process. But today with technological progress and similarity of construction techniques, details and standardization of many of equipments have caused these differences to be diminishing and make the image of different regions alike. A considerable part of these problems is related to architectural education, in fact education of architects and experts in this field. Undoubtedly, part of this education and training is related to the Department of Education of Technology, because technology system has been defined in a way that has not much sensitivity in the cultural and local aspects. Consequently, with regard to the effect of technology on cultural system and here on architecture, definitely it needs more ponder, especially in the field of architectural education. This article is a search for adopting appropriate approach on the nature of technology and its problem in educational programs content of architectural field that have been implemented in Iran at the present time. To reach the objective, two parts have been considered: First section includes finding the existing problems, criticism and study the existing rubric based on the article's objective, and the second part to present a suitable solution in order to resolve the problem in three scopes: 1) Rubric content 2) Educational approach 3) Designing educational spaces.