جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "سکونتگاه روستایی" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

In this article, taking into account that every year in Iran, we are faced with the occurrence of natural hazards such as floods, earthquakes, landslides, subsidence, etc. Rural settlements and how to choose new sites based on the occurrence of possible natural hazards have been discussed. Investigations according to field observations of 9 new sites of relocated villages in different provinces of the country and natural and geotechnical hazards in new sites and shortcomings in locating, how to choose and build new sites, including the new site of the villages of Qazal Ataq, Agtageh, Khojaler, Kuruk, Chatal, Upper Qapan, Lower Qapan, Pashai, Arazali Sheikh and Qara Said of Kalaleh city, Qara Chai of Maneh city and Samalqan, Arab of Bojnord city, Aliabad and Ekojan of Qazvin city, Sharb Ma'a and Sulaimanabad of Faryab city and Khalj of Mahenshan city. Investigations according to field observations of 9 new sites of relocated villages in different provinces of the country and natural and geotechnical hazards in new sites and shortcomings in locating, how to choose and build new sites, including the new site of the villages of Qazal Ataq, Agtageh, Khojaler, Kuruk, Chatal, Upper Qapan, Lower Qapan, Pashai, Arazali Sheikh and Qara Said of Kalaleh city, Qara Chai of Maneh city and Samalqan, Arab of Bojnord city, Aliabad and Ekojan of Qazvin city, Sharb Ma'a and Sulaimanabad of Faryab city and Khalj of Mahenshan city. According to the investigations carried out in some new sites of relocated villages in the country, it was found that the hasty selection of the new site, incorrect location, not paying attention to the dangers of the selected site and not conducting geotechnical studies have caused damage to the newly built rural settlements. Therefore, conducting environmental surveys and identifying natural hazards threatening new sites and complying with technical requirements in order to reduce the vulnerability and effects of natural disasters and doing things such as not making hasty decisions, optimal location studies and choosing the right site, and general investigation of natural hazards, investigation of site threats Selected including earthquakes (distance from active faults), floods, landslides, creeping, mudslides, subsidence and sinkholes, quicksands, falling rocks according to the related checklists and the final summary of risks threatening the site and providing solutions to reduce vulnerability, geotechnical excavations and field tests and A laboratory that meets the needs of each site and in accordance with the geotechnical conditions of each site and stabilization and safety studies are necessary. These actions ultimately lead to the satisfaction of the residents of the new site and the successful relocation.

The role of Dehyar's as village managers in how rural construction and physical development is one of the most important issues that can be ignored, can cause irreparable damage to rural programs. With the amendment of the Law on Councils in 2003 and the addition of paragraph 10 to Article 69 of the Islamic Councils, the case for creating buildings, facilities and land segregation within the legal limits of the village was assigned to the district administration and issuing permits to the district. Therefore, paying attention to Dehyaries in the rural environment and their role in realizing rural physical goals has become very important, so in this research, it has been tried to play a role in creating rural development by spatial analysis of the factors affecting the supervision of Dehyar's on rural constructions. The research method is applied and the study method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the present study was the villages with 5th and 6th degree Dehyaries of Tuyserkan County, the number of which reached 16 villages. To assess the current situation, 220 questionnaires were completed by the villagers. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods and spatial analysis based on GIS and SPSS software were used to analyze the data. The findings of the research show that according to the value of the T statistic in all indicators equal to -13.480, it indicates that in the studied area, the supervision of villagers on rural constructions is not in a good condition. However, compliance with health principles and the licensing process are in a better condition than other indicators. So that according to the villagers, the health principles index with an average of 3.34 and the licensing process index with an average of 3.07 have the most importance, and the indicators of safety signs and warnings and cultural values with an average of 2.07 have the least importance. The analysis of structural equations also shows the high effect of social responsibility and compliance with environmental regulations and citizenship rights in the monitoring of villagers, and finally, the results of the spatial analysis of villages based on the amount of monitoring of constructions by villagers from the villagers' point of view also indicates that some villagers They have performed better than the studied villages.

This paper investigates the activity of Kushk fault through field observations of landslides related to the activity of the Kushk fault and other evidence of its activity, and the location of rural settlements in the study area of the Kushk fault has been analyzed. The study area is located in Qazvin province and the Alborz structural zone along the Kushk fault between the coordinates of longitude 50.25 to 50.50. In the selected sections to study the fault activity, evidence of crushing rocks, numerous springs and many old and new landslides were observed, which describe the fault activity. According to field studies and observations, the fault zone of Kushk in the studied sections was measured at 260 m on both sides of the fault. There are a number of villages in the area of the Kushk fault, among which the whole physical fabric of Aliabad village is located on the fault zone and part of Kushk, Zarabad, Garmarud Bala, Simiardasht and Hassanabad villages are located on the fault rupture zone. To save human lives and prevent death due to surface rupture during an earthquake or landslide as a result of fault activity, it is necessary to move the villages to another point or modify the future development of the villages outside the rupture of the Kushk fault. For this purpose, in preparing or reviewing the guide plans of these villages, the shear zone designated for the Kushk fault can be considered as a criterion for the future development of villages and in determining their future development. New construction should be prohibited in the Kushk fault shear zone and it must be included in the rural guide plan.

The village is a long-standing form of human settlement that embodies the vernacular pattern of human habitation and innovative ways of adapting to the environment. Village dwellers are the creators of unique cultural landscapes which are looked upon as the heritage for future generations. Therefore recognizing the dominant patterns in rural landscapes has always been of interest to researchers. The spatial organization has considered that human habitats are the direct result of social, economic, political, and institutional processes. By studying and comparing two villages located in southwestern of Iran, the study’s aim is to investigate the spatial pattern and configuration of the rural form and examine the effect of villagerschr('39') lifestyle and livelihood on the formation of those patterns. One of the village case studies is Shalheh-ye Emam Hasan located in Abadan city along the Arvand tidal river which enable the villagers to develop their gardens of palms as far as the tidewater is available. The other one is Hadbeh Khanafreh village in Shadegan city at the edge of Shadegan wetland in which the village dwellers’ livelihood is dominantly based on small livestock farms, keeping water buffaloes within their houses and hunting wetland fauna such as birds and fish. Both villages have similar cultural backgrounds and are inhabited by indigenous Arab tribes but the villages are different in terms of the type of the livelihood and settlement organization.The research method is case modeling and case study benefitting from Geographic Information System (GIS). By applying landscape metrics, the blocking, mass and space system, grain size, spatial distribution and arrangement, physical density, shape of texture patches, and texture connectivity, the spatial patterns of villages were quantitatively studied and analyzed geometrically in two scales of landscape and texture. The comparison of the results demonstrates that despite the similar cultural environment and social context, there are differences in the spatial pattern and configuration of two villages’ textures and landscapes. The dispersed pattern of the houses located in Shalheh is due to the vast area of the village and the rows of the palm grounds which are included in each house and this fact gives rise to the probability of houses accumulation in each block. Meanwhile, the amount of residential texture of Hadbeh is 32% of the village area due to its confinement with the wetland. Similarly, the numbers of building blocks in Shalheh village are twice that of Hadbeh. The building blocks of both villages have relatively similar dimensions. However, in Hadbeh, the building blocks are applied in the larger number of houses. Particularly, in spite of the similar social and cultural environment, residential units in Shalheh village are, on average, larger and owing to the land limitation in Hadbeh, the dwelling houses are smaller. Besides, the results of nearest neighbor distance and the connectivity demonstrate the compact arrangement of the houses in Hadbeh and the scattering distribution of the houses in Shalheh despite their linear form, moreover the studied area in Shahleh village is by far larger than Hadbah while just 1.8% of which is included by village blocks. This study found that rural economy is closely related to the geographical context and settlement order of the village and totally the combination of these factors play an effective role on the formation of the spatial pattern of the rural settlement’s texture. This research shows that although social and cultural factors are very influential on a housing scale, what can further determine the spatial structure and pattern of rural housing is the capacity to exploit the geographical context in favor of livelihood. Due to the economic roots result in formation of the unique structure in both villages, any variations in economy or natural resources involved in the economy of the villages can lead to changes in the structure and pattern of the studied landscapes and have subsequent consequences including social disorders or migration. This highlights the need to understand the spatial pattern of the settlement before any decision making and planning at rural or large scale on the geographical basis. The use of landscape metrics in this study has made it possible to compare those metrics and trace the root causes result in formation of vernacular patterns.

Organizing and redistributing public services at the level of rural settlements of Shahinshahr and Meimeh counties, in accordance with the norms and standards of rural public services and considering the criteria of sustainable development, especially achieving justice is an important place. The present study is applied. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population is all the villages of Shahinshahr and Mimeh and The sample size was the total number of inhabited villages in rural settlements of Shahinshahr and Mimeh counties. The collected data were analyzed using Guttman and SPSS and factor analysis model. The results showed that the spatial distribution system of public services in Shahin Shahr and Maymeh counties was disproportionate and it is not evenly distributed in the villages and in some villages there are not the least services. This is due to the fact that the villages of Seh and Morche Khort are in the best condition in terms of public services and the villages of Robat Aghakmal, Chaghad, Maravand and Bagh Miran are in the worst condition. In the Pearson test section, it is observed that there is a positive and significant relationship between different spatial-locational indicators with public services in the villages of Shahinshahr and Meimeh counties, only between population and distance to the city center. This indicates that each village with a larger population has more services, and villages that are less far from the city center have more services. Accordingly, in the T-test section, among the various indicators of public services, only the status of the communication and trade-service index is somewhat favorable, and the educational, cultural and religious, politicaladministrative and health-treatment indicators are disproportionate.

In the recent years, the strategic planning based on sustainability approach at the level of rural settlements has attracted particular attention. Accordingly, considering the disaster-prone characteristic of Iran and on the other hand, the adoption of the relocation policy in many of the rural settlements reconstruction after disasters, attention to the concept of life quality and the economic, social and cultural situation of villagers have been acted a very important role in the upcoming reconstructions planning. The low quality of life in rural areas and as a result, the migration of villagers to major cities, has pursued the numerous problems both in rural areas and in cities. The villagers' dissatisfaction of the life quality in rural settlements has been many social, economic, physical and environmental consequences in these areas. Intervention in rural settlements without identifying and considering components affecting the life quality of villagers caused the loss of the sense of belonging and the historic identity, the tribe dispersion, the destruction of the village physical integrity, and also the social and economic networks detachment, and in some cases desolating the constructed units without inhabitants or migration of villagers to cities and/or the surrounding villages. On the other hand, improving the life quality in villages can provide regional development opportunities. Therefore, attention to the life quality issue in rural development concepts is of great importance. The life quality possess the aspects of different issues together that can be defined in terms of objective and subjective dimensions. The life quality criteria are affected by the existence of unique natural, social, economic, and physical-spatial characteristics in the villages. In this study, based on the conducted investigations, the constructive dimensions of the life quality of villagers are defined as the qualities of education, health, infrastructures, security, residential environment, access to information, social welfare, location, employment and income, and solidarity and Social participation. According to the conceptual framework of studies about the rural’s living quality, it is possible to present a complete picture of the living quality by utilizing its parameters, which consists of the mentioned dimensions; these dimensions were studied in the Darbastaneh and Baba-pashman villages of Lorestan province as the reviewed and studied villages of this study after ten years of their formation. The present study is descriptive, analytical and survey. The statistical population consisted of inhabited households in two villages of Baba-pashman and Darbastaneh which their population respectively were been 500 and 860. Sampling was done according to classification and the number of samples was distributed according to the population's share of each village and their inquiry was selected randomly. According to Morgan table, sample rate for two villages with 95% confidence level respectively was selected 100 and 120, and data were analyzed through SPSS software. After identifying the effective components on improving the living quality of the villagers, the regression equation was defined to assess the living quality. Based on this, the living quality in the Baba-Pashman village were accrued 81% and 64% in the Darbastaneh village. Also the variance analysis indicated the difference between the specified components. Based on Bonferron's test, the differences between the levels of the specified components were determined. The results of this study indicate that both villages have a good quality of life.

The physical development of rural settlements as one of the most important indicators of sustainable rural development, due to the establishment of a suitable environment and considering several indicators, can provide comprehensive development of villages. In Boeing Miandasht as one of the high-potential cities in terms of villages, especially in the southern and northern Karchambu villages, which have focused on physical issues, especially in the field of indigenous architecture, the use of robust materials consistent with local conditions and so far has not been addressed. On this basis, this research is a descriptive-analytical type in terms of its purpose. The statistical population included all the villages of the Karchambu district, and the statistical area of the whole area covers the two districts of southern and northern Karchambu. The statistical population includes 4465 villagers in the census in 2011. The sample size was 354 according to the Cochran formula, and 354 people were distributed among villages in terms of population size. In the inferential part and the analysis of the data using the Topsis inferential statistics method, Geographic Information System (Arc GIS9.3) was used to prepare the maps. The results indicate that according to the analysis of TAPSIS, it was observed that the villages of Beltaq, Hindukush, Takhmaqlu and Karach were ranked first to fourth in the Khalat Poshan village. Also, according to the village classification and development rate in the physical indices of the villages of the Karchambu district of the Boeing Miandasht district, they are classified in three levels of developmed, less developed and very little developed in terms of physical development. As only the three Hindu Kush, Takhmaqlu and Beltaq villages are located in the developed area, the remaining villages are located as follow (8 villages are less developed and 7 villages are very developed).

The physical development of rural settlements as one of the most important indicators of sustainable rural development, due to the establishment of a suitable environment and considering several indicators, can provide comprehensive development of villages. In Boeing Miandasht as one of the high-potential cities in terms of villages, especially in the southern and northern Karchamboui villages, which have focused on physical issues, especially in the field of indigenous architecture, the use of robust materials consistent with local conditions and so far has not been addressed. On this basis, this research is purpose-oriented and is of a descriptive-analytical nature. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the villages in the county of Karchamboui and the statistical area of the whole region comprising the two districts of South and North Karchamboui. The statistical population includes 4465 villagers in the census in 2011. The sample size was 354 according to the Cochran formula, and 354 people were distributed among villages in terms of population size. In the inferential part and the analysis of the data using the Topsis inferential statistics method, Geographic Information System (Arc GIS9.3) was used to prepare the maps. The results indicate that according to the analysis of Tapis, it was observed that the villages of Beltaq, Hindukush, Takmaqlu and Karach were ranked first to fourth and Khalat and Poshan villages were racked last. Also, according to the village classification and development rate in the physical indices of the villages of the Karchamboui district of the Boeing Miandasht district, they are classified in three levels of developed, less developed and very little developed in terms of physical development. As only three Hindu Kush villages are located in the developed villages, the remaining villages are located (8 villages are less developed and 7 villages are very developed).

In rural development programs, the protection of existing values and development represent two conflicting goals. On the one hand the authenticity and local values need to be protected and on the other, there is a need to ensure the economic prosperity of rural settlements. The regeneration of valuable fabric of rural settlements will lead to environmental, physical, economic and social consequences. Existing literature shows that the regeneration of valuable rural areas and their preservation without any intervention in rural landscape or spaces for tourist interests alongside preserving local identity and values can prepare the ground for physical-spatial development of rural settlements. This literature places emphasis on integrative regeneration approaches that protect the authenticity, local values and economic growth and considers a developmental approach to preservation as suitable. Although the identification and protection of valuable rural fabric with the aim of preserving rural cultural and historical heritage is important, the methods of preservation and maintenance of these rural areas seem to be more critical. The purpose of this paper is to examine social, economic, physical and environmental changes following the implementation of regeneration programs in valuable rural areas.
This applied research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, using survey as its main method of data collection. The statistical population of this study is consisted of residents of three villages of Naiband, khoor and the Forg in South Khorasan province, where the rural regeneration program has been implemented in their historically valuable rural fabric. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample of 310 subjects were determined. The questionnaire used ordinal and Likert-scale. To analyze the data, the Wilcoxon test (nonparametric variables) and T dependent samples (parametric variables) were used.
Social dimension: To assess the social implications of the program, the status of these variables before and after the implementation have been compared. Results indicate a significant social changes after the implementation of the program in three villages.
Physical dimension: Survey responses about the physical aspects of the program show a significant (significance level of less than 0.05) change (improvement) compared to the pre-implementation condition.
Environmental aspects: Storm water runoff management, waste disposal management as well as the cleanliness of the villages are indicative of environmental improvement after the implementation of the program in valuable rural fabric. In particular, this difference is significant in Khor village.
Economic dimension: Survey respondent's views on the economic changes resulted from the program indicate a significant improvement in all villages except for Naibad village.
This study shows that the regeneration program in valuable rural fabric has resulted in positive social, physical, environmental and economic changes, given that the program took into consideration the context of each village and avoid non-local methods and excessive physical intervention in these villages. However, factors such as unfavorable natural conditions such as natural hazards and poor location of villages have resulted in a lower quality planning in terms of economic and environmental aspects. In order to improve this program, the paper presents a number of suggestions under five categories of restoration of rural fabric, service providision, tourism, security and community development. All these five categories are interdependent and indispensable in order to achieve the desired development goals.

In most post-disaster reconstruction programs, the policy of relocation of some parts or the whole settlement area is technically considered as a suitable solution for the risk reduction and safety against some phenomena such as earthquake, flood, landslide, etc. Studying different experiences reveals that due to the lack of rules and guidelines on how to intervene in rural settlements and also lack of a comprehensive definition of the concepts of in-situ reconstruction and relocation in intervention policies, ambiguity in the application of these approaches and lack of participation of the rural people in new village reconstruction process is such that the relocated survivors are generally not satisfied with relocation and it has often led to the loss of rural people's self-reliance and their loss of place attachment and in some cases, the constructed units in the new village are left unsettled. The theoretical literature study shows that the experts define the concept of participation somehow differently. Overall, the definition of participation in the present paper is based on collective wisdom and indigenous knowledge and it is a conscious and voluntary activity which is accomplished by participation of the beneficiaries in all aspects of decision-making, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation with the aim of empowering them by higher efficiency. This research seeks to illustrate the concept of rural people's participation in the process of relocation and reconstruction of rural settlements. Since the total study population was 16 villages relocated in south of Kerman province with 538 constructed units and all of which were not possible to be studied due to the study limitation, it was attempted to select a sample out of the population using exact statistical technology to over generalize the obtained results to the whole population with a logical reliability. Accordingly, using the random sampling, 4 out of 16 relocated villages in Kerman Province were selected and by using Cochran relation, 150 constructed units were surveyed via simple random sampling. The findings suggest that there is a direct relationship between participation of the rural people and their settlement in the new village in decision-makings on relocation, location selection, design, construction and monitoring the construction of the new village. Meanwhile, there is a direct relationship between the distance of the new village from the old one with vacant units. Further, there is a reverse relationship between the provided services in the new village and the number of vacant units in the new village.

Rural areas should include various functions and uses in order to fulfill the needs of their population. To establish different activities in appropriate places and favorably organize their relations with one another, it is necessary to develop a plan to evaluate the success rate of the proposed organization, thus the Land-use Plan was launched. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors effective in the realization of proposed functions in Rural Guide Plans from the perspective of three groups (the experts of The Housing Foundation of the Islamic Republic of Iran, academic scholars, and consultant engineers responsible for Rural Guide Plans). With regard to the scope of the study, this is an applied research, but in nature it is a descriptive-analytical one. Analytical Hierarchy Process or AHP was used to make carful decisions in choosing the variables effective in realization of the applications in Rural Guide Plans, while taking the relevant priority of factors into consideration. Therefore, based on the relationship between the purposes, criteria, sub-criteria and indicators, a hierarchical structure was provided. Then, the index of importance of criterions, subcriteria, the weight of indicators, and the final scores of indexes and indicators were calculated and the logical compatibility of the expert's judgment was examined. The above-mentioned process was carried out by Expert Choice Software package. The reasons for realization were examined in five groups: economic, social, spatial-physical, ecological and organizational-managerial. According to the ideas of three groups, i.e., university professors, experts and consulting engineersfor the Housing Foundation of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the management index (weighing 0.405),economical index (weighing 0.3), social index (weighing 0.157), spatial-physical index (weighing 0.098) and ecological index (weighing 0.04) respectively received the 1st to 5th priority in realization of the proposed function. Field studies on rural areas of Iran confirm that managerial issues play an important role in realization or lack of realization of suggested land use for rural plans. It also shows that in rural communities, in addition to the role of village manager in communication between organizations for allocation of these function, there are other challenges like the lack offunds, the lack opportunities for public participation, and physical restrictions in some villages for locating specific land use, etc. Among the secondary indexes effective in the realization of suggested functions, the sub-indexes of proper allocation of proposed budget (weighing 0.19), integrated management (weighing 0.14) and proper management of budget (weighing 0.08) had the highest weight. On the other hands, factors such as proper underlying map (weighing 0.01), attention to climatic condition (weighing 0.01) and communication situation (weighing 0.01) had the lowest weight. Although this research, on a quantitative level, was conducted among three groups of the statistical population, it has tried to examine the factors effective in realization of proposed land use, the study results agree with the established facts of rural areas in Iran.

The new question which is raised nowadays is that how rural and urban developments affect one another. Until three decades ago، most of the people believed that urban and rural developments were separate and completed each other only for resources. However، a closer look reveals that this is far from the truth today. Rural and urban relationship and scope have many vast effects on shape، growth and rual settlement development. This effect is both internal and external. Considering these relationships in the process of evolution and development of rural and urban centers، it is necessary to identify the causes of relationship and recognize the effects and results of economics، social-cultural and spatial structure. Therefore it is important that the negative effects of this relation to be reduced. It helps preservation and sustainable development in rural-urban relationship. This paper aims primarily to discuss about urban-rural relationship and then identify the effective components in this field. This investigation also deals with the current spatial links in Homeh District of Harsin county (in central section). In this investigation، we took advantage of SPSS software for analysis (for example correlation and regression). This paper shows that the concept of urban-rural relationship does not necessarily cause relationship between these two and believes that the case study region has not benefitted from this relationship. This paper shows that traditional patterns of rural-urban housing have changed to new architectures. Land ownership has decreased too. It also shows that the agricultural production has decreased and there are variety of land use in the region. The cost of comodity and house has increased which has caused cultural changes. The lands have also been devided in the region. The Results show that rural-urban linkage make many changes in economic، cultural and skeletal pattern in Harsin. The cities effect on their surrounding areas as per following: Foodstuff and workforce are sent to the cities from villages. The cities are the consumer of foodstuff received from the villages and they send workforce to the villages in return. The exchange of goods، workforce and money are the most obvious signs of the relationship between urban and rural areas. Other influences are less tangible: standardized curricula and increased access to education; the growing reach of the mass media; commercial advertising and campaigns by service organizations; the influence of cultural and religious networks، and the spread of urban services to the rural areas all increase the strength and depth of the interactions between them.

Most of reconstruction programs after the happenings, the total or partial policy of relocation of habitation, as an appropriate solution, respect to technical aspect, is considered for decreasing the risk and providing security for earthquake, flood, ground drift, etc. However, investigating different experiences predicate that the relocation consequences are in forms that generally the remainders which were transited for reasons as the lack of any the reconciliation at renovation of architecture in the new village with the old village in the process of rehabilitation, that there were no satisfaction and often the relocation caused the villagers lose their self-sufficiency and feel dependent to a place at the new village. At this article the village is assumed as a text which consists of different layers and by investigating the semiotics approaches, based on Lotman Symbolic theory, the manner of how the transformation signs such as the sky-line, the neighborhood system, the pavement network model, and etc. at the new village of Babapashaman at Lorestan Province are considered. With regard to transformation of the sings and satisfaction villagers, design with stress on semi logy analysis and utilization of old rural sings that is acceptable by villagers that must be rehabilitation or relocation can be use for designing villages.