جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « شهر کرمانشاه » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

The current study aims to analyze the Kermanshah metropolis's concerns with urban furniture. The lack of a scientific and artistic perspective on the quality of urban furniture among development workers and residents has resulted in a reduction in the quality of living in the urban arena. Taq-e Bostan Boulevard is one of the city's major thoroughfares and a popular tourist attraction. The study aims to evaluate the condition of urban furniture on Taq-e Bostan Boulevard in Kermanshah and its impact on residents' enjoyment. This study employed a descriptive-analytical method, utilizing documentary studies, field observations, and questionnaires, to analyze the one-million-person population of Kermanshah city, with 384 selected as the sample size. Inferential statistics, such as Pearson's correlation test and Multiple Linear Regression, were used to examine the data by first using descriptive statistics to characterize the frequency and proportion of the variables under study. According to the study's findings, there is a strong correlation between every indicator of urban furniture and residents' satisfaction. Of course, the degree of correlation of each index of urban furniture with the satisfaction of citizens is different. With correlation rates of 0.901, 0.773, and 0.753, respectively, the three variables of physical-environmental quality, fit and beauty, and safety and security have a stronger correlation with the level of satisfaction of the residents of Taq-e Bostan Boulevard in Kermanshah than other indicators. Therefore, they are more effective at promoting and satisfying it. The index of facilities and equipment, on the other hand, has a correlation rate of 0.566, which is lower compared to the other indices. Additionally, the findings of the regression test demonstrate a nearly high correlation of 0.692 between urban furniture and citizen pleasure. Moreover, according to the coefficient of determination, urban furniture accounts for 52.1 percent of changes in citizen satisfaction.

Forming institutions appropriate to the cultural, social, and economic situation is one of the strongest and most effective tools to accelerate the renewal process in worn-out tissues. One of the manifestations of attracting citizens' participation in the renovation of neighborhoods is the establishment of facilitation offices. With this process, people's political, social, and economic participation can achieve sustainable neighborhood development. Jafar Abad neighborhood is one of the marginal and poor neighborhoods in Kermanshah with a history of informal and dilapidated settlement. This study aims to evaluate the role of facilitation offices in neighborhood development with a participatory approach in the Jafarabad neighborhood. This research is an applied-developmental study in terms of purpose and has a descriptive-analytical nature according to the research method. The statistical population includes all residents of the neighborhood, which, according to the 2016 census, was equal to 32,608 people, and the sample size based on Cochran's formula was 319 people. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The results show that among the dimensions of urban development, the components of environmental and physical sustainability have the highest and lowest importance and impact on sustainable urban development in the Jafar Abad neighborhood, respectively. Facilitation also had a direct and significant relationship with all aspects of local development. The highest correlation and relationship was also found between facilitation and socio-cultural factors. Therefore, the better the facilitation process in the context, the higher and better the local development will be.

The worldwide outbreak of Covid-19 since the end of 2019 can be considered as one of the biggest challenges in recent decades, which has caused the issue of epidemic diseases to assume a prominent position in the atlas of natural and artificial hazards. The high rate of spread, high mortality rates, and severe damage to various economic and social sectors of societies indicates the importance of considering this key issue. According to the World Health Organization, the coronavirus epidemic is a global crisis that is unique in contemporary history in terms of spatial extent, onset rate, and complexity. Therefore, the present study has sought to answer the following question: which urban resilience variables are associated with higher priority in the struggle against epidemic diseases in the city of Kermanshah, Iran?

Theoretical Framework

A community’s resilience to potential contingencies is determined by the degree to which it can access the required resources and its capability of organizing itself both in advance and when needed. Accordingly, a resilient community is one that functions prudently in reduction of risk, preparation for the various effects of risk, and acceleration of recovery from hazardous events.Following the outbreak of Covid-19, it became clear that urban resilience extends beyond climate, landscape, ecology, and natural disasters. To raise the capability of an urban environment, therefore, such shocks need to be absorbed without significant changes in its structure or function. Hence, urban planners must seek to answer such questions as why urban planning has been inactive in control of the coronavirus epidemic crisis, and whether the concentration and distribution of population and activity has made city dwellers more vulnerable to diseases, terrorist attacks, and artificial and natural disasters. The answers to these questions are essential because there is ample evidence about the influence of urban form and design on the prevalence of epidemics.

The present applied research involved interpretive description. The required information was collected in two ways: through library studies and questionnaires. For collection of data and identification of the initial variables through a review of various study sources, nineteen variables were finally selected for evaluation. After the variables were compiled, the studied sample was analyzed by the elite.Since the Micmac software was used to analyze the data, the questionnaire involved a matrix of cross-adjustment effects, and was validated by experts. The data input to Micmac were obtained using the Delphi method and a questionnaire distributed among fifteen experts familiar with the conditions in Kermanshah (ten people with doctorate degrees and five with master’s degrees). In order to increase the validity of the data, prerequisites were considered such as explanation of the conceptual model based on the latest scientific research, the experts’ acquaintance with the case study, reception of the experts’ feedback about the final results, and independency of the experts.

The present study analyzed the influence of urban resilience against epidemics on the basis of nineteen variables. The findings demonstrated that the following variables had the greatest direct and indirect impacts on the other variables involved in resilience in Kermanshah in the face of Covid-19: the infrastructure for remote provision of professional, administrative, academic, and medical services, access to green and open spaces and recreation-and-sports land uses, access to services and neighborhood scale uses, capacity of urban facilities and equipment such as the electricity network and Internet, and unified, integrated management in crisis conditions. Moreover, the two variables capacity of neighborhoods for walking and cycling and enhancement of local communities’ public participation and social capital exhibited a two-dimensional nature in the issue of resilience in Kermanshah. This means that these variables are affected by others while greatly influencing them.

Based on the factors identified as drivers, suggestions should be made for their promotion. Therefore, four macro approaches were mentioned as priority plans through adaption of the driving factors to what had been proposed in previous studies, including integrated urban management, the digital city, orientation toward the neighborhood, and social capital. In fact, one can implicitly achieve urban resilience against epidemic diseases by placing such approaches at the forefront of the urban planning system.The four proposed approaches are important because the synergy of measures taken in the public and private sectors is expected to improve and prevent waste of time and financial and human resources, aided by integrated urban management. Enhancement of the role of the digital city is important not only for provision of tools for identification and control of carriers of disease but also for better reduction of physical contact through telecommuting capacity, e-learning, online shopping, etc. Orientation toward the neighborhood is also considered significant as it reduces  long inter-neighborhood commute by meeting citizens’ daily and weekly needs on a neighborhood scale. In addition, if urban neighborhoods are properly designed, achievements such as pedestrianization and access to green and open spaces will be realized, which will play a key role in residents’ mental and physical health during quarantine. The impact of social capital is also important because epidemics can be managed only through the people’s empathy and collective will. In fact, as the disease spreads among the people, their support and participation can undeniably help to control it.

Understanding the reality of a city and identifying vulnerable areas with very high accuracy, familiarity with the type of hazards at each point and proposing a unique solution for each urban problem is an important step in moving towards urban resilience. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of modeling the vulnerability of eight regions of Kermanshah to crisis. The type of research is applied and the method of work is descriptive – analytical, and data collection has been done through library and field studies. To achieve the purpose of the research, 13 indicators have been selected based on the availability of information and information layers have been formed for them in the GIS software. To calculate the weight of the indicators, the multi-criteria Best - Worst decision method was used and the results were analyzed in GAMS software. Finally, the weight obtained from the Best - Worst Method is multiplied by the standard 13 indicators and combined. The results of ranking the eight regions of Kermanshah based on the WASPAS model indicate that from the lowest to the highest vulnerability, including regions 1, 6, 7, 8, 4, 2, 5 and 3, respectively. The highest vulnerability is related to zone 3 and the lowest vulnerability is related to zone 1.

In routing the lines is considered different parameters for construction costs and environmental impact. Considering the extent of the factors involved in routing power lines can be multi-criteria decisionmaking methods and evolutionary algorithms considered as a useful tool. The research' method is descriptive - analytic. In this research use from IHWP model and PSO algorithm and paid to optimization power transmission line of Kerman power plant 400 kV to new ARG BAM in Kerman Regional Electric is length 251km.use With IHWP model in GIS for optimal routing, we use 12 indicators including the elevation, slope, distance from oil pipelines, land types and etc , has been used. The results show that the new route optimization 58.26% compare with the current status, and along of route 20 km decreased. The PSO algorithm processing in MATLAB software, the proposed route optimized 55.33% compare with the current status and along of route 18 km decreased. The results of both methods show a favorable situation than the current status and proposed route of IHWP, 2.93 % is more efficient of proposed route of PSO. the proposed route in IHWP method 4 km is less than of PSO method.

The place is not a “neutral space”; its character is shaped by the way we feel, perceive, think, experience, and imagine it. The sense of belonging has been a necessary infrastructure for planning in human spaces; Physical environment and its effects on daily life of people is an issue which has been the focus of many expert's interests over recent years. Housing is a need that has different meanings in different natural and manmade environments, and each community has tailored its needs, talents, abilities, and limitations to its particular form. Housing areas to provide social development involved the environment around in addition to residential units, In other words, housing is not just a structure but an institution created to meet a complex set of goals, while neglecting the functionalism of modernist views of development, alienating the human, the city and architecture from a sense of alienation and mass production. Space-less and meaningless spaces have left the man in a state of inertia. The city of Kermanshah has not been ignorant of these conditions either. Overall, according to studies, 2015, only 3.48% of Kermanshah residential units were suitable conditions based on the overlap of all qualitative and quantitative layers in GIS. Therefore, this research seeks to identify the effective factors in residential design, to enhance the sense of place and answer the question What values and beliefs are important in forming ideas of belonging today?  That it should be noted that descriptive-analytic methodology, techniques of literature and sources review in the context of library studies, and field studies of representation were utilized to provide theoretical frameworks for strengthening the sense of belonging to the place. Initially, the study of the original houses of Kermanshah was studied. Iranian traditional houses have a kind of internal space structure based on religious and traditional ideas of Iranian families. These houses have manifested native-traditional models of the history of Iran which have originated from individual and collective cultures of the people, who have been formed, have grown, have been manifested and have reached perfection. Then, based on factors affecting sense of belonging, proportional to the subject, and based on a five-point Likert range, one was designed for teachers and designers in the field with 15 individuals and the other for Kermanshah citizens with 384 and distributed in summer 98. Eventually, statistical methods of structural equation modeling, confirmatory factor analysis, and multiple linear regression model were used to determine the nature of the relationship between sense of belonging and place ranking factors by Amos software. The results show that Kermanshah citizens think that the most important factor in forming a sense of belonging in the residential space is " comfort and enjoyment with space " and then " cultural signs " and " vitality and visual quality ", but in designers' “ Space and how to access it " has the most impact on the sense of place. This analysis illustrates the gap between designers and users, which can be further consolidated through studies of this kind.

The per capita energy consumption in Iran is higher than that of many of the countries. In between, the government’s policies have become aligned with getting the energy cost closer to the reality and this has increasingly drawn the attentions to the efficient energy solutions in the building sector. One of the effective solutions in reducing the energy consumption is the climate-based designing of the buildings in general and the determination of the optimal orientation of the building in specific. This way, the first and the most important duty of an architect is aligning the building to a direction that receives the highest and the lowest amounts of sunlight during winter and summer, respectively. Besides influencing the reduction in the thermal need of the building, the enjoyment of the sunlight optimizes the quality of the interior environment thereby causing more healthiness and productivity of the residents and the resultant creation of abundant economic interests for the country. Considering the intensity of the sun’s irradiation on the orthogonal surfaces in various geographical directions as well as the various hours and seasons, Olgyay obtained the most appropriate directions for four climatic regions in the US and it can be also applied for the other regions with the identical conditions and latitudes, including Iran. The present study aimed at the investigation of the authenticity and accuracy of the optimal orientation defined for the buildings in the cold climate of Iran (Kermanshah). Since the simulation knowledge enables the study of the complex behavior of the building according to climate and assists the designers in adopting proper climate-based method, Design Builder was the software chosen in the present study for the determination of the building’s optimal orientation. To do so, a type of administrative building repeatedly constructed in this city was simulated in the aforesaid software with features close to reality and the initial energy required by the building was subsequently computed in various directions. The results obtained from the present study indicated that western-eastern stretch was the best orientation for the administrative buildings in Kermanshah considering the energy consumption rate.

Housing, as the environment in which the family has formed and developed, plays an important role in many aspects of human life. However, millions of people live in cities without the security of enjoying the proper ownership of housing and related services. With regard to this, governments should increase their efforts to promote, preserve and ensure the full realization of the right to adequate housing for those social strata. In this way, as the first measure expected of the governments, housing is provided for a decent life of the citizens. Depending on their views, governments apply policies and interventions. The problem of housing in Iran, as in most other societies in the world, is of particular importance. The government was obliged to meet this requirement in the form of a five-year development program. However, housing policies, as tools for proper development in accordance with Islamic principles, have not been able to meet the housing needs. Therefore, considering the housing problems in the city of Kermanshah and the continuation of these problems, this research is carried out to identify the factors affecting housing policies in the city and to present the necessary strategies in this area.

Based on the strategic plan of housing policies in Kermanshah, the existence of a series of macroeconomic factors hinders the full realization of housing programs and policies. The contradictions, discrepancies and heterogeneity in the physical structure of the city were considered as the biggest obstacle on the macro level, which needs serious attention. It is necessary to pay attention to external macro factors such as managers’ ‘taste’ in looking at housing policies, lack of public sector facilities, housing market downturn due to lack of investment by the private sector with moderate importance, lack of adequate oversight on the implementation of national building regulations in designing and implementation of all urban and urban development projects, feeling of insecurity for public and private investments with little significance, inadequacy of government’s housing policy for the entire social strata of the community, non-establishment of factories in the industrial and agricultural sectors, and expensive materials and building materials. On the other hand, there is a range of effective factors on housing policies in Kermanshah. Using these factors, one can deal with some of these problems. Considering these factors, offering housing loans in accordance with the up-to-date requirements has the highest strategic appropriateness. Therefore, one should pay particular attention to these factors.

Regarding the plans and policies implemented in Kermanshah, as one of the metropolitan cities of Iran, there has been some difficulty in furthering development goals despite the improvement in the quality of residential units. The root of these problems is mainly in the regulation of residential development policies with a purely economic viewpoint without regard to target groups. Therefore, one has to find suitable strategies and solutions in order to resolve the housing problems of this city. Therefore, in this research, after understanding the city’s problems and the opinions of experts in the field of housing, with the consensus of the experts, it was concluded that the most influential programs were the housing mass production policy and Mehr housing plan. Despite all the quantitative measures, the city of Kermanshah needs about 20,000 houses for its citizens in the 2010s. Providing housing facilities for different income groups, encouraging the private sector to build and provide housing through industrial practices, education and culture, enforcing national building regulations and optimal monitoring of these regulations are the most important strategies for this research.

During the Qajar era in the Kermanshah city, as an important city and the center of the government eldest son of Naseroddin shah, Mohammad Ali Mirza has made spectacular monuments including mosques with beautiful and special decorative features. In this study, an attempt was made, focusing on two mosques Dolatshah and Haj Shhbazkhan, the most important religious monuments of this period in Kermanshah, to study, describe, analyzed and compare their architectural decorations (Tiling, brickwork, stucco, carving, etc.). The study is to emphasize the native elements, in creating motifs and themes of architectural decoration of these mosques, as well. The main reason behind selecting these two mosques is that they have special advantage than the other Kermanshah Qajar mosque, and indicators architectural, as far as the nature of architectural decoration and decorative motifs are concerned and decorative elements in Kermanshah Qajar period can be clearly seen in them. The most important criteria to be examined in this study, consist of decorative indicators related to the architecture of these mosques in terms of color, function, content and way of implementation. Also a comparison is made between decorating these two mosques together and with Sepahsalar mosque; as one of the Index mosques Qajar era in Tehran city to understand differences and similarities decorative style local mosques with mosques in the Qajar capital. Research findings show that the architectural decoration in Qajar mosques of the Kermanshah city, includes geometric designs, flora, fauna, landscape and inscription decorated; that show a close relationship with other decorating contemporary in terms of style and content. The present study has been done based on field surveys and library studies, and then using descriptive and analytically methods.

Mosques always during the Islamic period have been as a particular species Manifestation of taste and skill of real artists, and like a large canvas have displayed the Set of popular arts in any period. In the meantime, stone , despite the difficulty in extracting and cutting, not abandoned ,and at  beginning of the Qajar dynasty, trimmer of  this period  following the order and recommend of main sponsors of architecture, in dependent  decoration to architectural  of this period , have had  a clear tendency to use of the topics and decorative elements (carved pillars). Numerous examples of carved stone pillars are seen in the Qajar mosques; Haji Shahbaz Khan and DolatShah in Kermanshah. Study and compare of each of them with indicator examples in Shiraz, Isfahan and Sanandaj in Qajar and Zand eras can be led to recognition of cultural identity. In studying and recogintion of the columns stonemasonry of Kermanshah Qajarid mosque and other samples, we achieve to these in making and decoration of mosques stone column have been used that they have ancient Iran origin and special Achaemenid period. These drcorations have many similarities with samples of the ancient Iran art and also have been formed affected from special decorative methods of the Qajar period and we can find art spirit of  the Qajar period. In fact, stonemason almost has operated in using of structural and decorative designs of the Qajarid moseques columns according to current decorative traditions of Zandiye. And at the same time has been seen to the decorative formats of ancient era like of pleasnet patterns of columns stonemasonry orderers that time. Whatever columns stonemasonry of the Qajarid mosques of Kermanshah and other Qajarid samples distinguish further cases associated to architecture from nature and performance style point of view,is impressment of designers and builder of these remnant from patterns of ancient era. In comparsion between stonemasonry of the Qajarid, Zandiye and Achaemenid columns, become distinct, artistic similarity in the Qajarid columns and in regard to decorative structure have the most resemblance with the Zandiye period, and there were in regard to thematic and symbolic basic differences with the Achaemenid columns. These contents  in the Qajar period composed with art of Islamic – Persian and have been generated motifs of fine and bonny in the stonemasonry of mosques columns. It is important to mention that until now any study or report is not published about carings on qajar mosques pillars in kermanshah city. Accordingly, this study due to the partial vacuum in the field, based on field surveys and library studies and then using descriptive methods - analytical and comparative studies deals with on the relationship between columns carved decoration of mosques in Qajar era. The findings of this research show that carved pillars of the Intended mosques have a close relationship with samples of Shiraz and Isfahan in terms of style and content. And the main root of these decorative species are in ancient art especially in carvings columns of Achaemenid period.