جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "غنای حسی" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

Everyday urban experience is achieved through the process of perception and sense experience through sensory organs. Living in a multi-sensory environment is inevitable, and the experience of encountering sights, smells, and sounds makes it possible to know the environment. It seems that in different urban spaces of Iran, taking into account the native conditions of the environment and current traditions among the people, the role of sensory landscapes and its effect on the quality of the urban space requires more investigations. The main problem of the current research is the need to pay more attention to the issue of "sensory richness" and analyze its indicators and examples as one of the important qualities of the urban space, with an emphasis on the two senses of smell and taste. Based on this, the present article aims to explain the process of recognizing and analyzing an urban space with an emphasis on improving the quality of sensory richness in the two areas of smell and taste senses.

Theoretical Framework:

Regarding the sense of smell, the variety of smells, the presence of sources of smells in the environment, smells dependent and related to time, consistent smells, smells of passers-by, and smelling comfort are among the indicators that, according to sources, affect the richness of the space. There are also researches about the effect of the sense of smell in the urban space, in the context of racial, ethnic, native, historical and cultural contexts, and it shows the effect of different cultural contexts on the transmission of social meanings and values and the display of historical heritage through the sense of smell in an urban space.Regarding the sense of taste, while emphasizing the dependence and direct connection of this sense with the sense of smell, the presence of fruitful plants, local memories related to the experience of taste in space, and the presence of land uses that stimulate taste have an effect on the richness of the sense of taste.

In order to conduct this research, the "qualitative" strategy has been used to collect and analyze data. In the first step, the review of library resources was carried out with the aim of compiling the theoretical framework of the research and extracting effective indicators in the thematic area of sensory richness. After that, the indicators obtained from this part were analytically recognized and field studied in two steps in the studied sample; In the first step, the sensory perception of the environment was carried out by "sensory walking" with the help of field survey by one of the researchers as an urban studies expert. After that, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 space users. These numbers were selected as available samples and the interviews were continued until reaching a kind of "theoretical saturation" and repeated answers. The data obtained from the interviews were coded in "Atlas" software and subjected to content analysis.

The findings of the interviews revealed the deep dimensions of the smell experience along the way for users. In these interviews, special users with a keen sense of smell were mentioned many times along the way. In some of these comments, the use of smell to remember the length of the route and even addressability was clearly evident. This issue, while clarifying the process of tracking odor sources by space users, shows the effect of place and the inseparable dependence of sensory experiences with place.In a deeper layer, the analysis of the interviews shows that remembering and recalling smell experiences, especially in urban spaces with historical qualities, is very tied to nostalgia and memory and has an effect on deepening the sense of belonging to a place. This issue is very important from the analytical point of view of urban space. Context—which can be a set of antecedent conditions or facts about a place or a particular event in it—plays a decisive role in the quality of the smellscapes in a place.The findings show that in the sensory experience of Hafez Street, in particular, the presence of "orange trees" as an example of the "fruitful plants" index, in addition to the possibility of simultaneously deepening the senses of smell and taste, to the perception of the "sense of time" as well as the "memorability of space" and Also, "identifying the sensory experience of the path" has also been effective. In the experience of the sense of taste along this path, as expected, the findings indicate the effect of the use of taste stimuli on the deepening of the sensory experience of space and its perception.

Among the indicators of the quality of the senses of smell and taste, "smell comfort", "presence of fruitful plants" and "memorable uses with taste stimulation", have a greater role in the experience process of citizens' environmental perception. Also, in the analysis of the findings from the qualitative survey, it is possible to emphasize the two-way relationship between the deepening of the "sense of smell" and the memorability and identity of the place, as well as the reciprocal relationship of "perception of time" with the depth of the smell sensory experience.It seems that, especially in urban spaces with historical value, paying attention to the identity aspects of odors from natural resources or users with an identity smell or taste experience, both in the layer of future research and in the layer of executive plans, can have a multifaceted effect on improving the quality of the space and help deepen the sense of belonging to the place among the users.

The variety in sensory perceptions creates a quality for the urban space that is known as sensory richness. In other words, sensory richness causes different sensory experiences to take shape and the space to be more responsive ultimately (McGlynn, 2013). The study demonstrates that the sense of eyesight and perception based thereon has received greater attention than the other senses with the emergence of the modern age. Meanwhile, the other senses provide a deeper understanding of space (Khoury, 2006). Therefore, it can be stated that the missing link between urban space and sensory richness involves sufficient attention to all the five human senses. On the other hand, the larger the number of sensory organs involved in the perception of space, the greater its impact and the more complete and more profound the understanding thereof. This will also increase the possibility of the attractiveness, role-playing, and evocativeness of the space and the presence of all members of the society therein. Therefore, it seems that the perceptions caused by sensory stimuli have received less attention from urban designers and scape architects so far in spite of their important role in the specification of the quality of urban space and the creation of a space of memory.
Theoretical Framework
Throughout history, many philosophers have emphasized the need to pay attention to sensory experiences and have challenged the excessive superiority of the sense of eyesight over the others and addressed its pathology. In his book entitled Responsive Environments, Ian Bentley introduced the importance of senses in the specification of the quality of sensory richness in urban spaces and emphasized the need to address non-visual senses. Considering all the senses except eyesight has been an important principle of visual research such as that conducted by Maurice Merleau-Ponty (Bently et al., 2003). Juhani Uolevi Pallasmaa believes that the sense of eyesight separates us from the world, while the others connect and unite us therewith (Pallasmaa, 2012). Mónica Degen uses the term sensory scape in regard to the interdependence of human senses and the simultaneous presence of different sensory experiences in the urban space. This term is derived from the term olfactory scape, which was first mentioned by Porthos (Degen, 2008). Paul Rodaway, who is an expert in the science of human geography, has expressed the concept of sensory geography to regard the structure of the human body as a general positioning system that relies on four sensory groups: eyesight, hearing, smell, and touch (Rodaway, 2002). In the research conducted in the field of scape, various theorists have mentioned three additional senses to the five included in the classical classification, initially made by Aristotle. These include the senses of direction, familiarity, and time. For example, Kevin Andrew Lynch has emphasized the sense of spatial orientation in his book entitled Image of the City. Thinkers such as Wunderlich and Podvin have assumed urban space to involve four dimensions, the fourth being time. They believe that spaces turn over time into places where life flows. These spaces are given more meaning by time-dependent parameters.

The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical. In order to collect information and meet the required criteria and metrics, the methods of sensory richness and library information collection were used along with the available books and articles. To carry out field experimentations, the methods of observation and interview were used along with extensive oral questions about the quality of sensory richness, photography, and compilation. The sense-walking and sensory notation methods were used as data collection tools. At first, the library information collection method was used in order to achieve different quality dimensions of sensory richness. The two case studies considered in this research involve Tehran Grand Bazaar and Bamland Shopping Center in Tehran, Iran.

The sense of eyesight won the first place in both study areas, although it could be said to be more affected in Bamland Shopping Center than in Tehran Grand Bazaar, with a difference of 3 points. The remarkable point about Tehran Grand Bazaar is that the senses of eyesight and hearing have been given equal points there. This means that the two senses are equally involved in this area, while the second priority in Bamland Shopping Center concerns the sense of touch. The sense of smell, with 18 points, is the second priority in the study area of Tehran Grand Bazaar. The third priority in Bamland Shopping Center pertains to the sense of hearing. The senses of taste and touch are ranked third in Tehran Grand Bazaar, with a score of 14, while the senses of smell and taste are ranked fourth and fifth in Bamland Shopping Center, respectively.

As stimulating elements, the five senses affect human perception and behavior in the urban space as well as its quality so that the use of different senses leads to a deeper relationship between man and space. As a result, a better perception of the environment is obtained. The qualitative levels of the components of sensory richness were examined and compared to answer the main question of the research, i.e. what changes have been made to urban designers and planners’ concern for the qualitative components of sensory richness in the design of commercial spaces in Tehran. It can be stated that better sensory richness with greater variety has been provided in Tehran Grand Bazaar, but the concern for sensory richness has not continued in all dimensions in a modern complex such as Bamland Shopping Center. In both cases, the sense of sight is ranked first, and most environmental stimuli pertain to this sense. There is greater variety in sensory stimuli in the study area of Tehran Grand Bazaar, and more attention than to the other senses is paid to sight and hearing, which are ranked almost equally. In the study area of Bamland Shopping Center, however, the second most involved sense after sight is the sense of touch, and fewer senses are involved overall. It is also noteworthy that the sense of sight has received a higher score in Bamland Shopping Center than in Tehran Grand Bazaar. This problem can be interpreted in terms of the idea that the visual dimension of the environment has received greater attention in today’s designs, and the other senses have been neglected to some extent by architects, landscape architects, and urban designers.

Place experiences can enhance a sense of place attachment in viewers by evoking positive feelings and engaging their senses. In doing so, such experiences can contribute to the stability of commercial centers. Therefore, the experience of loyal customers is critical to the sustainability of marketplaces and commercial centers. The primary goal of this study is to compare the effects of sensory experiences (visual, tactile, auditory, gustatory and olfactory) on the development of pleasant feelings and a sense of place attachment in traditional Bazaars and modern shopping malls. For this purpose, this study aims at examining different aspects of sensory richness in the literature. It also scrutinizes the influence of sensory richness on place attachment. The research conceptual model was developed. Then, using the sensory technique, the index points in the samples were then selected using the sensory walking technique, and the degree of involvement of the five senses in each point was examined using sensory notations. Finally, the links between sensory richness, perceptual indicators, and place attachment were scrutinized using a questionnaire. The results demonstrated a significant relationship between the positive sensory components and the perception component in samples. Among the perceptual indicators, contentment and memorability were effective in both traditional Bazaars and modern shopping malls attachments. The findings of this study demonstrate the importance of the identity index in traditional Bazaars, but this index has been overlooked in modern shopping malls. Furthermore, the security index has received much attention in modern shopping malls. However, this index was overlooked in traditional Bazaars. Finally, given that the sense of place attachment at Tajrish Bazaar is higher than that at Palladium shopping mall, it can be stated that the indicators of memorability, identity and satisfaction influence the development and promotion of attachment to commercial centers.

Art and culture interact with each other. Iranian artists Influenced by Islamic spiritual dimensions and using techniques and arrays, have been able to reflect their religious beliefs in the form of architecture. By receiving the symbolic concepts in the elements used in the architectural works of the past, it is possible to know the thoughts and ideas and as a result, the culture and worldview of the architects of that period. The concept of monotheism as a basic principle in Islam is one of the concepts used in the works of Islamic-Iranian architects, which has been manifested by using various elements such as dome, altar, light, etc.Research Question: The present study seeks to answer the following two main questions: how much attention has been paid to the use of sensory richness, In the architecture of Iranian mosques? What is the role of sensory richness in the emergence and crystallization of monotheism in the architecture of selected mosques?Objectives of the research: This study was conducted to Measuring the rate of utilization of sensory richness In order to understand the concept of monotheism in six major mosques in the central region of Iran as an example.

The present research method is descriptive-survey and first by using library resources, the components of monotheism and sensory richness are extracted from the sources and important and index components (in the field of sensory richness and its relationship with the components of monotheism) by Delphi method was refined. The second step is a survey research, So by using detailed field observations in selected mosques, the presence or absence of each of the components of sensory richness and monotheism and the related subcomponents of the two variables, which were fixed by Delphi method in the form of a table, were analyzed and Based on this, the amount of use of the studied components in these mosques was obtained.

Based on the results obtained, Imam Mosques of Isfahan and Aghabzorg Kashan have the highest number of components of sensory richness, Imam Mosques of Isfahan and Yazd Grand Mosque have the highest number of components of monotheism and Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque has the lowest components of monotheism and sensory richness among the six mosques surveyed. Based on the amount of sensory richness components and monotheism in the mosques of Imam Isfahan and Sheikh Lotfollah, it can be concluded that using more components of sensory richness in these buildings can be one of the effective factors in increasing the association of the concept of monotheism in them. This issue shows the direct connection between the sensory richness and the association of the concept of monotheism in these mosques. Also, because of the mismatch of the position of Yazd Grand Mosque in the amount of monotheism and sensory richness components (Relatively among the selected mosques, the high level of components of monotheism and the low level of sensory richness components in this mosque), in addition to sensory richness, can be understood other factors in the crystallization of the concept of monotheism

City and urban spaces play an essential role in shaping social life and community identity. The perception of these spaces is the result of human sensory experience of the environment; which perceived through multiple sensory channels such as vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch. The vast and profound sensory experience of all senses is referred to as sensory richness.The dynamics and acceptance of any urban space can be seen in the extent to which people use it. As places look more like each other, today's urban spaces are in senses isolation. Paying attention senses richness in designing, has the potential to provide a distinct place experience for individuals. Azadi Park is one of the active gardens in the city of Shiraz which in addition to having positive spatial elements, accommodates a wide range of negative spatial elements which affects the decline of sensory richness. The first effective action is recognition and recording of various sensory stimuli that can be remedied with a comprehensive view of the deficiencies in order to solve this problem This study aimed to reveal the importance of sensory richness in urban spaces, its determinants and sensory richness analysis in Shiraz Azadi Park. The method used in this study was descriptive-analytical. The modified version of sensory notation technique and sensory richness sensory analysis in Shiraz Azadi Garden were analyzed and evaluated to achieve the desired result after studying the theoretical foundations and introducing the criteria of sensory richness evaluation. The findings of this study indicate that the effect of sensory components in the garden is moderate, and no attention has been paid to the stimulus elements of all senses in its design and it has a negative impact on people's experience and perception. Therefore, focusing on the components of all senses is a desirable way to improve the sensory richness of this garden.

Human cognition and experience of being in the landscape are achieved through diverse sensory perceptions such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and mind-dependent senses. The importance of these senses in the landscape creates a non-intuitive connection with space, understanding aesthetics, the concept of the environment and empowering the human’s mind about the environment. Senses affect human spatial behavior and the spirit of space, due to their stimulus features. The extent and depth of the experience can create quality for the landscape, known as »sensory richness«. It not only can increase human enjoyment but also make the environment more enjoyable. This increases the variety of sensory experiences for humans as space users. This study refers to coordinate the relationship between the physical environment of contemporary parks regarding the needs and behaviors of users. This also leads to increase its sensory richness by identifying and prioritizing diverse sensory perceptions in the landscape. The present study is related to the mixed nature and the comparative method. After identifying the senses affecting the landscape through the library method, data collection and analysis method in field study will be a combination of two procedures called »Sensewalking« and »Sensory notation«. By Sensewalking method, in each case study, a specific pathway consisting of primary and secondary pathways, including sensory index elements, was selected for the study. Furthermore, according to previous research, the Hamburg Sensewalking Project by Schultz in 2014, a team of researchers and seven participants, who were masters of architecture and urban planning, were formed. The group was already familiar to walk to identify six index sensory points. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants during the walk, and the sensory stimuli that triggered people’s senses everywhere were identified. After identifying six sensory index points, sensory notation was performed to analyze senses. This is followed by connecting the dots on each diagram, in which a gray surface was created. By comparing the area of the painted surfaces in these six points, the sensory richness levels of each spot are determined qualitatively and quantitatively. A comparative study of the sensory richness in the Persian Garden and Niavaran Park reveals that the sensory richness of the Iranian garden, which has an Iranian pattern was well supplied. However, Niavaran Park, which is one of the old gardens of Tehran, changed to the park during the garden transition. This leads to have less sensory richness. Although because of the features of the Iranian garden in Niavaran Park such as the water axis and the row of trees, the visual and auditory preference was the same, the other senses had different priorities. Consequently, modeling the sensory richness of the Iranian garden through identifying and prioritizing diverse sensory perceptions in the landscape can enhance the sensory richness of contemporary parks. This leads to tailor the relationship between the park's physical environment to user needs and behavior. For the sake of suggestion for future research, we can address the impact of senses on the environmental quality of landscapes and their extent.

This article tries to examine the relationship between the components of location creation in stationary rail transport spaces with sensory richness as the most important component of sensory architecture. The research method was descriptive-analytical, in the context of the survey and using library studies and obtaining the opinion of experts by questionnaire and interview, which according to Farid Man's test, legibility and orientation-orientation as the first priority of the components of place creation. It was selected in rail station spaces. Then, in order to achieve legibility and facilitate routing and orientation in these spaces, the effect of sensory richness on the mentioned components was measured. In this regard, Tajrish metro stations, Mehrabad airport and Valiasr square were selected as the sample and the initial data were completed using a picture questionnaire and interviews with users under special sensory conditions. In the data analysis stage, the analysis of variance structure or structural equation modeling (SEM) was used, then the research hypotheses, i.e. the relationship between sensory richness and increasing legibility and facilitating routing-orientation based on significant coefficients were examined and approved.

The capabilities and the quality of the environment is effective in perception of space and also in the strengthening of the dialectical relationship between humans & environment which can make the presence, exuberance, and consequently of the continuity and reinforcement in urban life. So the citizens, consciously and unconsciously, understand the background, context and meaning in the city with their mental image. The first part of this dialectical communication is the receiving of data and information in space by the audience senses. On the other hand the city such as a container always holds the memories, feelings and events in the place and it incorporated with the human imagination, so the quality of the sensory richness is effective in improving this relationship. And without the attention to this quality, our city life is not comprehensive, Pleasant and agreeable. Thus Various factors and components in the design, affects in different senses such as texture of surfaces to enrich the sense of touch, voice and environmental sounds on hearing and physical closeness, human scale, skyline, visual proportions and the green space and landscape in the richness of intuitive sense. Therefore this paper plans to evaluate the sensory richness quality and the impact of any indices and criteria on the studied area. On this purpose initially with the available theoretical basis identified the qualitative criteria of the sensory richness in spaces and then Then the quantitative indicators was extracted in order to measure each criterion. Each of these indicators was measured by using a variety of methods. in order to better understanding the purpose of research the Sichaan neighborhood which is located on the south side of the river in Isfahan was selected as a case and it was studied And the sensory richness was evaluated in that area, and Finally it was presented as an SWOT analysis in the integrated plan that it was included links in the form of Strengths and weaknesses. The results of the research is identifying measures of sensory richness and providing a way to indicate strengths and weaknesses. In the Case Study the way in the northern part has suitable sensory richness, while this factor has been declining in the southern part .and at the end of the research the evaluation of the ways are showed in the analysis table.