جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "فرآیند ادراک" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

Problem statement: 

Perception of space is obtained based on a mutual relationship between human being and the environment and following a gradual process. The perception of space is related to all sciences whose concern is “creating a good place to live” for human beings and is grounded in the specialized literature of environmental sciences. However, the concept of perception as an epistemological subject is the concern of other fields of knowledge such as philosophy, something that has not been considered enough by environmental science researchers. Awareness of the essence of perception and explaining its mechanism and role it plays in the knowledge of existence has been considered for a long time by philosophers. Referring and paying attention to the views of our country’s philosophers to clarify the concept and process of perception and its role in the knowledge of urban environment design is the main subject of this research. The effectiveness of philosophers’ views in clarifying the features of perception, its levels, and how the process of perceiving the urban space based on it is the subject of this article.

This study aims to recognize the concept of perception (Apperception) and its practical features in designing the environment using Iranian philosophers’ views.

  This research is descriptive-analytical, and its content is the result of bibliographic studies, analysis of texts, and exploration of the thoughts of selected philosophers using logical reasoning. This research studies the issue of perception from two dimensions, substantive (nature of perception) and procedural (its structure and process) in the field of philosophy and its effectiveness in the field of urban design knowledge.

The research results indicate that getting help from the Iranian philosophers’ thoughts can be useful in clarifying the nature of perception and its four characteristics, including the re-creative process, impressionability, activism, and dynamism, as well as explaining the process of the urban environment perception. Finally, this article uses the two theoretical bases of philosophy and urban design to formulate the conceptual model of the “human-city perceptual relationship” and identifies the function and output of each level of the perceptual process.

Congenitally blind people always need to find a solution and resort to compatible factors in the environment in order to understand their surroundings, gain physical and social independence. In order to understand the environment, in addition to the external senses, they resort to the esoteric senses, memory, imagination and mental imagery. Perception, therefore, for these people is a kind of knowledge about the outside world that arises from the combination of sensory information and the mechanism of thinking and can be different from objective reality.The objectives of this study is answering the question of what process the perception of the environment by congenitally blind people is based on? The results show that there are quantitative and qualitative differences in the mental imagery of the blind and visually impaired. Blind people are able to perceive objects directly in space due to their ability to combine emotions. Having a clear picture of the environment enables them to move in it. The blind are not much different from the sighted in visualizing the movement that takes place in relation to physical perception. Blind people also use tactile information to perceive information in nearby spaces, and use auditory imaging to capture distant situations with the help of sound reflections and enhance auditory focus. Therefore, in order to understand the environment for all people, especially blind people who have no visual experience, it is necessary to use physical, auditory, olfactory, thermal, tactile and the like changes in designing and planning the physical environment to increase the quality of understanding the environment. This enables the active presence of blind people in public spaces in order to create equal opportunities and unhindered, independent, comfortable and safe access to the physical environment.

According to definitions, Landscape is a phenomenon that is perceived by man. First, Human beings have physiologically communicated with the environment through senses and stimuli, which leads to strengthening mental memory and sensory perception. In the following, in Intellectual Perception, sensory experiences will meaningful and cognition is obtained. Consequently, the lack of attention to all senses reduces sensory experiences. Since there has not been a comprehensive research on the landscape perception process, the present study seeks to answer the main question, what is the process of landscape perception? In order to answer this question, it is first necessary to answer these sub-questions. Based on which senses do human sensory perception form? What are human intellectual perception and its influencing factors?

This research aimed at increasing the sensory experiences and higher responsiveness of the landscape by identifying and considering the process of perception and its effective factors on the perception of the landscape.

The present study is qualitative and in terms of purpose is the applied research. The methodology of this research was qualitative content analysis and the method of data collection was the bibliographic method. The data were collected by the bibliographic method through studying the texts, documents, and others’ reviews. The induction method was used to analyze the data and investigated the process of landscape perception in two areas of sensory perception and Intellectual perception.

These results demonstrate that considering only five human senses in the landscape perception, regardless other 51 senses, intellectual perceptions and its factors (physical landscape, cultural factors, individual factors) can lead to an “objective and technical” description of the landscape. Besides, it can cause the record of a superficial layer of experiences, decreasing sensory experiences, weakening the relationship between the user and the physical environment and affecting humans’ behavior. So that, failure to meet humans’ expectations of the environment may result in one resentment and even leaving it.

The issue of facade is a fundamental and important topic, not only for urban designers, architects and professionals but also for the administrative institutions related to the urban problems. This is really an important issue because of the fact that the facades are the symbol of visual identity and are like the urban window which is seen by the observers in their first contact with the city. Despite this, the trend of urban facades’ construction and their design ignore these considerations and as the results the codifying and implications are not proper. So not only the environmental perception, but also receiving visual information have encountered with problems and due to these the level of arousal and pleasure decreased and visual equilibrium could not be creates. In this regard, a glance on the urban window of Tehran as the capital presents the dissonance, chaos, inconsistent visual identity. This paper aims to define the process of environmental perception and also to explore the influence of emotional aspect on the interpretation aspect and semantic implications. Then, based on the models of environmental preferences, the implications of the different facades are determined. For revealing the semantic implications of facades in Shariati Street (as the case study) experts and observers viewpoints have been considered. Research methodology in the first step and in data gathering phase is based on picture survey. In this step, according to theoretical framework, the data was analyzed via qualitative method and four types of facades were defined including exciting, relaxing, boring and stressful. This step is considered as the base for other phases of this study, and also for avoiding of interpretation by the researcher, this typology was checked by experts at the first step. In the next step, for specifying the semantic implications, qualitative method and Delphi technique was used in two rounds (using 20 designers). The data analyzing method is qualitative-quantitative in this step. Considering the fact that meaning has cultural and the semantic implications and is influenced by socio-cultural context, the viewpoints of 160 observers were also analyzed. For this quantitative method (closed questionnaire) and statistical analysis were used. The results show that the sematic implications of facades are adaptable to the emotional response, and revealed the factors which should be avoided in order to prevent from formation of boring facades. For example the results determined that the repetition of forms, lack of diversity in color and material, uniformity, lack of harmony and coordination, too much simplicity and lack of pattern may form a boring facade in the spaces. This is due to the fact that lack of innovation, amazing and complexity in a standard level, may decrease the level of arousal in the facades and thus the sense of pleasure may decrease. As a conclusion in the first step, it is important to find the position of a space or a façade based on its identity and function in the emotional network and then to find the characteristics of facades’ elements which lead to environmental arousal and pleasure. Doing this, the codifying the facades might be appropriate and logical.
components of the structure. The landscape principles reflect the cultural signs of both the immigrant and habitants communities while displaying specific visions and meaningful perspectives on the spatial structure and urban landscape.

Understanding the human perception levels and their process, and his interaction with the existence is an important topic in the field of architecture. In the contemporary era, the architecture pundits have shown more interest in the degrees of human perception and its role in the quality of creation of architectural works process and have criticized the modern perspective of sensory perception level and focusing on the sense of sight, and raised the necessity of considering all the human perception levels.
Nowadays, the human perception of the universe and its impact on architecture and urban development in the form of a category such as «human and environment relationship» is studied from the perspective of psychology and by environmental psychologists. But they have not a distinct philosophical perspective and clear theoretical basis to define the mankind, his perceptual levels and its dimensions and environment and how it has an impact on humans; and the absence of this attitude has damaged the field of environmental design, like architecture and urban development. Therefore, to achieve accurate results we must set up comprehensive principles as a basis.
Therefore, the approach of the present study is different from the common research in this area and based on the principles of Transcendental Wisdom as its theoretical foundation, we explain the relationship between the human perception levels of the universe and the quality of creating architecture works and its impacts.
The reason for the choice of Transcendental Wisdom as the theoretical research foundation wisdom is that the theoretical basis of the author for research has always been the “maximum religion” theory and among famous philosophical schools, the philosophical school of Mulla Sadra a.k.a. Transcendental Wisdom is close to “maximum religion” theory. Because, as in this theory to gain knowledge we use three tools of Holy Quran, tradition, and reason and instincts in a longitudinal relationship, in Transcendental Wisdom we gain knowledge based on illumination or intellectual intuition, (revelation, fascination or illumination) intellectual argument or reasoning (wisdom or reasoning) and religion or oracle (religious or oracle).
Therefore, we set up our theoretical foundation based on Transcendental Wisdomand to do this research in the first stage, we use the descriptive-analytical method to define mankind, his perception levels and perceptual powers, and the process of realization of any of the levels based on the principles of transcendental philosophy; and next, we use logical reasoning and deduction to express the correspondences between human perception levels and the universe and with the help of models we use the degrees and levels of human perception regarding the universe, and accordingly we explain the impact of human perception levels and the level of his interaction with the existence on the formation of the quality of architectural works.
Based on the research and its results, it can be said that humans have four levels of perception (sensory, mental, imaginary, and intuitional) corresponding to the realms of existence. The apparent powers (sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch) and inward powers (common sense, imagination, illusion, memory, MOTESAREFEH) help him to realize his perception. studies show that the human perception creates a treasury of meaning and form in the human ego and this treasury is the most important source of shaping ideas for the artist human. Because the architect human by using his MOTESAREFEH power and referring to the meaning and form treasury in his ego proceeds to create and thus, the content quality of this treasury influences the quality of creation of architectural works.
It should be noted that on the basis of past studies, the human perception levels and his ability to interact with the levels of existence is affected by the level of existence of the artist human. In fact, it is his interact level with the existence that forms his form and meaning treasury and sets the stage for the quality of art and architecture works. Also, based on the perspective of transcendental philosophy, other factors that affect the quality of architectural works consist of intrinsic talents and acquired skills in humans.

Throughout human evolution history، beauty has always been one of the necessary integral components of human need. As Greer (2010) said، “one of the prehistoric human’s responses to the animal life around them was to etch and paint these animals on the walls of their caves. Turning them into art and rendering them beautiful was a natural response - a way to help make sense of a hostile and confusing world”. Likewise، people of old civilizations such as Babylon and Egypt used disciplined arrangements in their settlements structures. And they used concepts such as symmetry، order، harmony and etc. to express beauty in their living environment. This historical effort has been followed till today، which one of the main concerns of environmental design practitioners and theorists، especially in urban design، is creating and designing beautiful urban environments and places for people. In the storyline described، dispute about concept of beauty and its origin has been an ongoing discussion that dates back at least to 2. 500 years ago. This storyline also could be seen as a single movement from certainty to doubt which according to Powers (2010) “reflects the growing complexity of the world surrounds us”. Though this evolutionary path has a repetitive oscillation between two polarities of subjectivity and objectivity. So that، according to Reber et al. (2004) in the former one، which is a rather rational understanding of beauty، aesthetic theorists، dating back at least to Plato، saw beauty as a property of an object that produces a pleasurable experience in any suitable perceiver. This special point of view tries to boil down the essence into formulae and models for further application. While in the latter one، which is a romantic understanding of beauty، theorists، dating back at least to the Sophists، proposed that beauty is based on personal experience and insight. So it can be defined only ‘in the eye of the beholder’. In this point of view، anything could be beautiful if it only pleases human senses and therefore، beauty is not that much open to explanation or proof. Most modern philosophical analyses، however، reject the objective versus subjective distinction and define beauty as a sense which emerges from patterns in the way people and objects relate. Despite frequent use of the concept and different definitions it has، the entity of it، still seems ambiguous. And at least in Iran، there is not a clear understanding of aesthetic experience in knowledge of environmental design. Regarding the importance of beauty in human health and significant role of aesthetic experience on bringing structural changes in the brain، this article، seeks to define aesthetic experience of human. For better understanding of aesthetic experience and its role in the process of perception، we adopt three different perspectives، including biological، cognitive and psychological perspectives. Consequently، we propose that aesthetic experience is caused by a multitude of senses، and beauty is grounded in the processing experiences of the perceiver that emerge from the interaction of stimulus properties and perceivers'' cognitive and affective processes.

Human’s perception and cognition of city form based on his mutual interaction with the environment. The knowledge of urban design, which is aimed at creating a good environment for humans, tries to identify ways of deepening the relationship. It has mostly utilized the achievements of environmental psychology, but the notion of perception, as an epistemological issue, has its conceptual roots in other cognitive domains such as philosophy. Philosophy can be considered the origin of conceptualization of perception while this notion has suffered from the inattention of urban designers. The present research aimed to make maximum use of the viewpoints of Iranian philosophers on the notion of perception to identify productive achievements of philosophical opinions in this regard, including those that are applicable to urbanknowledge. It tried to attain this goal by drawing comparative analysis between philosophical achievements and those of environmental psychology.
In this study, the notion of perception was explored and investigated based on content (including issues based on the content of perception) and procedure (including issues based on its procedural structure and its design in urban design) in the following two cognitive fields: philosophy and environmental psychology. The effectiveness of the use of philosophers referred to in each section was assessed as well.
The present manuscript adopts an interpretive (non-positivistic) approach and uses the logical reasoning method to perform a comparative assessment of the viewpoints of two areas of knowledge. Research findings were tested using the Delphi method (theoretical saturation) and the principle of research. This study aimed to answer the following questions: How are the thoughts of Iranian philosophers effective for perception as compared to environmental psychology? How can the opinions of Iranian philosophers be used for explaining the nature of structure of the perception process and its application to urban design?
Among Iranian philosophers of Islamic eras, the theories of the following famous philosophers have had the most contribution to the growth of philosophical movements in Iran: Avicenna, Sohrevardi and Mullasadra.
Research findings revealed that application of the thoughts of Iranian philosophers is useful for clarification of the nature of perception and its contents as well as refinement of the structure of perception and its phases. The process of perception has the following levels with respect to philosophy: sensory perception, imaginary perception, illusive perception and rational perception. Each of these phases is differentiated from other levels using a constructive factor. Each phase also has a specific function and product. The most important issues derived from the opinions of philosophers are presented in the following table.

The research adopted an interpretive approach (instead of a positivist approach) to the analysis of contents of texts. It also studied the viewpoints of the aforementioned two cognitive Results of comparison and integration of the two theoretical areas showed that environmental perception is a “subjective and objective process [12]”, which results from the interactive (mutual) relationship between the human and environment. This process has a dynamic and progressive nature. It depends on human’s constant growth and his mental construct. During the perception process, the mental image resulting from the influence of the environment is re-created to demonstrate the true essence of the environment.
The perception process is composed of distinctive steps and various functions which are classified in the following three groups: reception and selection (emotional perception) organization and preservation (imaginary perception) and interpretation and signification (rational perception). In addition, numerous factors (human and environmental) influence the process and mechanism of perception in the form of stable dynamic factors.