جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "فرایند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

Livability is one of the concepts that was raised at the same time as sustainability and is used together as a guiding principle for planning and urban planning policy. Paying attention to livability criteria in planning and designing cities and especially neighborhoods can create higher quality environments for citizens' lives. The purpose of this research is to investigate the livability level in two planned and unplanned contexts in Qazvin city. The current research has a descriptive-analytical quantitative approach. In this research, by studying the prevailing theoretical literature, seven main components were considered to measure the livability in residential areas, which are: social capital, economic justice, vitality, identity, compatible physical environment, access and context resilience. Then, using the available statistics, field survey and questionnaire, each of the parameters was measured in two contexts of the irregular (Ghiyasabad neighborhood) and pre-planned (Minoodar neighborhood). These two neighborhoods are at the same time in terms of their formation period, but different in terms of their formation method, and as a result, they have different physical, social, and cultural qualities, so they were selected for investigation. Then, for each of the 7 mentioned components, indicators and metrics were defined to make them measurable, and using the AHP technique, the components and indicators were weighted and the relative score of each of the target context was calculated. In the Analytical Hierarchy (AHP) method, after drawing the hierarchical tree, the weight of each of the criteria and indicators was calculated using a questionnaire that was provided to 21 experts and specialists in this field. The obtained weight was multiplied by the unscaled number of each index and finally the final weight of the options (in this research, Ghiyasabad and Minoodar neighborhoods) was obtained. The difference in the nature and quality of the physical, social and functional environment of these tissues has caused the difference in the livability of the neighborhoods. Based on the results, the livability of Ghiyasabad neighborhood as a contemporary unplanned fabric of Qazvin city is higher than Minoodar neighborhood with a planned fabric. It seems that One of the important reasons for the low level of livability in planned neighborhoods is the lack of attention to social-cultural issues in the design phase. In addition to the low level of social capital, the lack of collective spaces with local identity in the newly designed context of Minoodar neighborhood and the lack of functions and symbols of local indicators have caused a decrease in the sense of belonging among citizens. This review identifies planning priorities in these two contexts to achieve higher livability. Therefore, in the designed context, attention was paid to solutions for improving social capital, improving the vitality of the city environment and creating a unique identity. In the undesigned context, planning to improve the level of resilience and eliminate incompatible uses should be prioritized.

The unplanned growth and development of cities in most regions of the world has led to the destruction of agricultural and natural lands. Transfer of Development Right (TDR) is one of the land use approaches and policies that prevent the destruction of agricultural lands, valuable natural lands such as forests and historically valuable land uses in the countries of Western Europe and America. During the last decades TDR approach raised in the other countries of the world. This approach seeks to reduce or eliminate development in places that should be protected, and instead encourages the willingness to increase development to areas that demand growth. The concept of TDR is proposed in Iran since the 1980s and several researches and urban development plans carried out in this field but has never been used practically. In this research, the aim is to investigate implementation obstacles and the reasons for the failure of this approach in urban development plans in Iran. The methods used in this research are Delphi and Analysis Hierarchy (AHP). The results obtained from this research indicates that economic factors are the most important and effective factors and this criterion has a greater effect than other factors on the realization of TDR programs.

From the terminological aspect, the term "biophilia" means "loving life or living systems" and was first used by "Eric Fromm" to explain a psychological tendency regarding the "attractiveness of all living things". ", Was used. "Edward Wilson" used this term in a similar sense to describe and justify "mankind's unconscious desire to connect with other elements of life". On the other hand, one of the most important complications of living in today's cities is the "diminished connection with nature" and alienation from natural elements and processes, which has had a special reflection in international studies. , the principles of design based on biophilic architecture have been reviewed and analyzed in design performance to achieve sustainable development goals; For this purpose, first, the most important design issues are examined with this approach and its different patterns are identified, and then, using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), the identified approaches and patterns of this type of architecture are prioritized. Realization results show that in the three main design approaches based on biophilic architecture, it means (1) the presence of nature in location patterns, (2) the presence of natural analog elements and patterns in the environment, and (3) the fluidity of spatial patterns. Also, patterns of visual interaction with nature and tangible experience with it in architecture have more priority.

As one of the prominent elements in urban structures, urban public spaces include squares, streets, plazas, parks, etc. These spaces have been always important for urban design and their quality of publicness has been discussed. The recent inclination towards semi-public spaces has led to the decline of these spaces’ publicness and function and has dragged them down from their previous position which has resulted in the emergence of spaces with unfavorable publicness quality. The present study seeks to explore the concept of publicness and models used to evaluate it, present a conceptual framework, and eventually propose a model for the evaluation of urban spaces’ publicness.To compile the conceptual framework, evaluation models proposed by domestic and international scholars were studied and the proposed model for evaluating the publicness of urban spaces was thus developed consisting of four components, seven sub-components, and 30 indicators. 12 urban experts and professionals were asked for their opinions using the hierarchical analysis method to assess the validity and assign weights to the model. Then the scores were normalized for better and more accurate comparison and the mean scores of the expert group were calculated for each component, sub-component, and indicators in a range between 0 to 1.Results of experts' weighting and determination of the final coefficients of each indicator led to the compilation of the final model for urban space publicness evaluation with four components, seven sub-components, and 26 indicators. Two components of “physical configuration” and “urban life” are related to the substantial dimension of urban design but the other two components of “ownership” and “management” are related to the procedural dimension of urban design. Three indicators of the “physical configuration” component consisting of “furniture flexibility”, “green-blue elements”, “bicycle facilities”, and CCTV indicator of “management” component were excluded. Hence, the four components of physical configuration (0.33), urban life (0.31), management (0.2), and ownership (0.16) make up the publicness of urban spaces. This model can be used as a tool alongside other conventional methods to evaluate the publicness of urban spaces from the perspective of designers and users' lived experiences.

After the Industrial Revolution, human beings, fascinated by technological achievements, became more and more exploited by natural resources. Prior to that, the rate of human exploitation was much lower than the rate of land production and absorption, so there were few environmental problems. Gradually, however, with the increasing exploitation of human beings, the conditions of nature declined, and warnings about the unsustainability of human processes led to the definition of the concept of sustainable development. Iran is also a country that is exposed to many environmental crises due to misuse of natural resources. Therefore, after introducing the four approaches of the concept of "sustainability ladder", the present article identifies the biggest and most vital environmental crises in Iran today and using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the opinions of 20 experts in the field of environment and urban development, quantifies the threat of each crisis. Finally, the threat priority of crises and the weight of each of them were obtained as follows: 1) Drought (0.425), 2) Destruction of forests, pastures and agricultural lands (0.222), 3) Air pollution (0.147), 4) Evacuation of villages (0.139) and 5) biodiversity loss (0.067). By identifying these priorities, the necessary approaches, among the four approaches, for each of the crises were proposed. To face the drought crisis, the approach of "ideal sustainable development", to face the destruction of forests, pastures and agricultural lands, the approach of "strong sustainable development", to face "air pollution" and "evacuation of villages and migration to cities", the approach of "weak sustainable de velopment" and to address biodiversity loss, either weak sustainable development or pollution control is suggested

Rural tourism aims to expand the facilities and improve the vulnerability situation of current and future generations in rural areas. Ecotourism as the most sustainable type of tourism, with its capacities, is a fundamental solution in development of rural tourism. Ardabil province with unique natural attractions will have the potential to develop rural ecotourism. The research method in the present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature is descriptive-analytical and using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) by considering seven factors including slope, hydrology, land use, natural and man-made beauties and vegetation and animals, in order to determine and location potential zones for ecotourism development. These factors, which have been evaluated, based on a checklist prepared through interviews with tourism experts, and finally, using Expert Choice software, the final weight of each of the criteria has been determined. Based on the results, natural beauties with a weight of 0.26 have the highest priority and the shape of the earth with a final weight of 0.07 has the lowest priority in determining susceptible areas. Then, using the knowledge and analysis of the study area by GIS software, it was found that areas with high value of ecotourism development, dedicated 35% of the total area, however areas with appropriate relative value of 28% and generally in the northern, western and northwestern parts of the region and low value zones account for 22% and non-value zones dedicated 16% from the total area.

Neighborhood, as an important behavioral setting, in addition to numerous social, cultural and physical aspects, has a very important role in neighborhood selection and creating a tendency among citizens to take up permanent residence. This is one of the main issues in the social life of historical contexts because by increasing the extent and depth of understanding of neighborhood selection criteria, housing will also be more durable. The present study aims to achieve effective factors in choosing the neighborhood in Isfahan city and to identify the criteria for neighborhood selection in the historical texture of Isfahan City. To this end, two main questions are raised: 1. What are the criteria for neighborhood selection in the historical texture of Isfahan? 2. Do the neighborhood selection criteria change with the spatial displacement? The present study is qualitative, descriptive and analytical research. To investigate the topic research, three Darb-e-Emam, Aligholi Agha and Jolfa neighborhoods in the historical texture of Isfahan City are selected using Goeller Scorecard and the four main neighborhood selection criteria, including security, neighborhood compatibility, access to shopping center and access to public transport network, are investigated. To investigate the aforementioned criteria in the selected neighborhoods, a sample of 90 persons are surveyed through a Likert scale questionnaire. Then, the data obtained from the questionnaires are analyzed using the AHP method and for each neighborhood, the importance coefficients of all criteria are calculated. The results of analysis show that according to the residents, among the neighborhood selection criteria, the security has the highest rating, followed by the neighborhood compatibility, access to shopping center and access to public transport network, respectively. Considering these criteria, the Aligholi Agha neighborhood obtains the highest ratings.

Today, cultural alienation and the influx of one-dimensional and purely human-centered materialistic ideology of the West have challenged Muslim communitie's beliefs, values and religious and spiritual thinking. Indeed propaganda, invasion and the spread of ideas of wealth accumulation, materialism, promiscuity, etc., are undermining the foundations of culture, faith and religious in these communities and in the long run, will cause the loss of cultural and social, religious and political identity. In these times and situations one is reminded again of what Martin Heidegger, the German intellectual, once said: Now only divinity can save us. Therefore, to fight back against the massive invasion targeted at the cultural foundations of the of pure Islamic spiritual beliefs, the use of rational thinking and reasoning to respond to and promote Islamic and divine beliefs, thoughts, wisdom and values seem imperative. This issue is within the domain of Islamic philosophy and since it guides the man towards the source of all life through wisdom and rational thinking and strives to eradicate doubt and uncertainty about the sacredness of religion, it is deemed a divine philosophy. But the divine-Islamic ideology and philosophy should not be provided only in limited fields and trends and through complicated means of presentation. The use of various methods, tools and techniques compatible with the spirit and human nature, on the basis of rational reasoning can advance the field of noble goals of Islamic philosophy, which is to create a unity between revelation and reason. It seems that art and architecture, as one of its branches, has always had a prominent place in promoting the spiritual and Islamic beliefs, on the basis of reasoning and in a manner consistent with human nature. Sacred and exalted art is the result of revelation of artist who tries to show modality of universe ultra with using symbolic expression and main resource of Islamic philosophy (manifested of God). It is clear that, sacred architecture is the best effect of sacred art that releases human spirits from mortal world and guides them to eternal world. It should be mention that, non- identity of current human is caused by the lack of understanding and esoteric intuition and creating mortal works that dispossess human from reaching God. Therefore, this research believes that revitalization of sacred principles and use of Islamic philosophy resource cause restoration of human identity. So, this manuscript used analytic- descriptive method and comparative method and reviewing literature and resource technique, reviewing visual documentation technique, interview technique and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique to explain ideas, rules and principles that form and determine impacts of Islamic philosophy in Formation of Exalted Art and Architecture in Urban Environment. Also in this research, to explain the relation between Islamic philosophy spirit and spirit of sacred art and architecture, transcendental ideas of Mosque designing such as Goharshd Mosque and Jame Mosque of Isfahan have been reviewed. Results of this research indicate that climbing; balance; centralist; respect to environment; unity; simplicity; rhythm and repetition; sense of discovery; order; variety (colors, forms, functions, patterns and characters); and innovation are principles that provide the best field for symbolic expression of sacred elements in the physical forms.

In the last decades, pedestrianization as one of the most powerful and effective strategies for redesigning street has been employed to reduce the negative consequences of car dependency. Moreover, this strategy has been widely recognized as an effective policy to economic prosperity and revitalization of social life in the downtowns. Global experiences on pedestrianization revealed that this strategy could reduce environmental impacts of car-driven policies and might lead to socio-economic and physical regeneration of cities. However, in most developing countries like Iran, the over-emphasis on the priority of car mobility has led to reducing quality of urban life, especially in city centers. In this context, the Qom city as one of the Iran’s metropolises experienced similar problems over the last few decades. Like most urban centers, the downtown of this metropolis faces many problems such as economic decline and social and environmental deterioration. In the past few years, exacerbation of these issues has caused politicians and urban managers to put the pedestrian projects on their agenda. However, the main challenging issue for the planner is prioritizing the pedestrianization of routs due to financial limitations and walkability. Accordingly, this paper prioritizes the adjacent routs of Masoumeh holly shrine, Qom city, for implementing pedestrianization projects. The research method is combined and we used Delphi technique to criteria selection. Based on Delphi method 13 criteria were chosen to prioritize and choose the most appropriate street. Moreover, we have conducted a survey for exploring people and pilgrim's perspectives about quantities and qualities features of routs. Finally, AHP technique was used for weighing the criteria and ArcGIS platform was employed to overlay the criteria to make a composite map, which shows the appropriate route for the pedestrian project. The people and pilgrims’ perspectives about quantities and qualities features of routs showed that Eram St. was more appropriate than others routs for implementing pedestrian project. However, Moallem St. is the most unsuitable routs. Nonetheless, analyzing secondary data indicated that although Eram St. has appropriate width, length, parking facilities, and slope, many historical buildings lay in Azar Street. Finally, based on AHP and expert's opinions, 13 criteria were chosen to prioritize the streets. Social and economic indicators gained the highest scores. By using GIS, all these scores were entered to the base maps database. Thus, by the reclassification of layers, Eram was selected as the most appropriate street for pedestrianization. Generally, integrating the people and pilgrims’ perspectives, secondary analysis and expert’s views showed that Eram Street, because of enjoying mixed land uses and diverse activities, crowded pedestrian network, and the existence of parking facilities, is the most suitable route for beginning pedestrianization. Azar and Taleghani Streets were in the next priority.

Historical and ancient zones of cities are a part of historic and cultural heritage of settlements. These zones are occasionally affected by physical degradation and deterioration over timedue to lack of proper maintenance and performance. Thus، rehabilitation and proper maintenance، even renovation in some cases are essential for the survival of their physical structure and functional role. These challenges in rural areas are as strong as urban zones. The assessment of physical deterioration in these zones in order to select the best intervention pattern is one of the most important challenges facing the urban planners and managers…Therefore، it is necessary to develop strategies for proper prioritization and efficient intervention in the degrading zones. The first purpose of this study is recognizing the indicators of physical degradation in urban and rural zones، and the second is designing the suitable pattern for assessing vulnerability and physical degradation. Also، with the use of spatial analysis based on fuzzy logic instead of Boolean combinations، the study was able to process the ambiguous data and integrate it with TOPSIS. This process helped in detefinition of a model fot the assessment of the rate of physical degradation in different zones. To test this model in field practice، MaravehTappe City was selected as pilot research sample. Results show that the entire urban zone is divided into four areas base on the degree of degradation، including appropriate urban zones، zones of intense physical degradation (first priority for interventions)، the relatively degraded areas (second priority) and areas in need of rehabilitation (third priority).

Today human is engaged with a great crisis as a result of his unbalancing the life, neglecting indigenous and environmental factors, and hegemonic behavior toward nature. This has ended to creation of an approach called sustainable development whose main aims are to meet the essential needs, improvement of life quality, and better management of ecosystems. Obviously it is meaningless to discuss sustainability and sustainable development in the absence of cities and urban life. Cities are counted for as the main reasons for unsustainability the world over, however urban sustainability and global sustainability are the same concepts. Therefore, knowing key elements to reach this station is necessary, whereas recognition and prioritization of effective key elements in sustainable development is strategic and entails economic, social, and health-related results in the sequence of time. The current study is descriptive-analytic in which attempts have been made to estimate the importance of main indices of sustainable development based on the opinions of elites using a fuzzy hierarchical analysis process technic. Analysis of the data shows that from among main indices, urban health, desirable governmental system, and sustainable environment are respectively of the highest importance.

Today human is engaged with a great crisis as a result of his unbalancing the life, neglecting indigenous and environmental factors, and hegemonic behavior toward nature. This has ended to creation of an approach called sustainable development whose main aims are to meet the essential needs, improvement of life quality, and better management of ecosystems. Obviously it is meaningless to discuss sustainability and sustainable development in the absence of cities and urban life. Cities are counted for as the main reasons for unsustainability the world over, however urban sustainability and global sustainability are the same concepts. Therefore, knowing key elements to reach this station is necessary, whereas recognition and prioritization of effective key elements in sustainable development is strategic and entails economic, social, and health-related results in the sequence of time. The current study is descriptive-analytic in which attempts have been made to estimate the importance of main indices of sustainable development based on the opinions of elites using a fuzzy hierarchical analysis process technic. Analysis of the data shows that from among main indices, urban health, desirable governmental system, and sustainable environment are respectively of the highest importance.

The overlap between neo-traditional neighborhoods and the provision of transit services became an incentive for Peter Calthorpe to codify the concept of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) in the late 1980’s. As a new approach, it has been developed in direction of sustainable urban development in recent decades. It aims to integrate land use and transportation planning system through the construction or extension of a rapid transit system along with the creation of compact, and walk-able neighborhoods (mixeduse communities) around transit stations will encourage people to live near transit station areas and use it to reduce the use of individual car and creates more safe, dynamic and friendly communities. This means that “TOD” developed as a new approach based on sustainable development principles. Since transit systems promote more efficient resource usage, cities are increasingly applying transit-based strategies to solve urban sprawl and urban planning dilemma. Considering this background and the existing challenges of Iranian cities including car-dependency, traffic congestion and hence the traffic-related pollution problems, and particularly the pattern of urban sprawl which is extending due to the wave of urban and rural migration, it is necessary to use such new approaches to reduce such challenges and create a driving force for sustainability of urban areas. In this regard, Sanandaj has been selected as case study of the research to pursue some aspects of TOD regarding its mixed-use corridor type for Pasdaran Boulevard. Sanandaj is situated in west of Iran and according to the 2011 Iranian census; the total population of Sanandaj is 375280. As the capital of Kurdistan province, it contains a wide range of industrial and institutional services. The same as other Iranian cities, Sanandaj also experienced the pattern of sprawl development mainly due to the topographic features of the city’s natural context, the wave of migration from rural areas and inadequate and unaffordable housing provision within the city. Residents of sprawl areas are commuting cross- suburbs to city and vice versa each day to reach urban services and homes. This daily movement which\ increases the number of trips by private cars is also worsening the Sanandaj’s urban challenges. Within this context, the study location is a 6.4 km corridor on Pasdaran Blvd which formed the main north-south corridor in Sanandaj. This corridor begins in downtown Sanandaj at Azadi sq., and runs across the Blvd through Deedgah Park to Jahad Sq. at the gateway to Kermanshah. This corridor serves as the primary gateway to Kermanshah and between the city and Baharan district and as an important principal corridor to move traffic north-south across the whole city of Sanandaj. Considering the above points, the study has been adopted a kind of Descriptive-Analytical method regarding the results of records and field survey conducted in spring 2012 to cover the following 1. Creating a comprehensive development approaches for the Pasdaran corridor that Takes advantage of its location and public transportation resources. 2. Creating an interconnected system of opportunities for transit station areas within the corridor 3. Intensifying development in proximity to the transit stations along Pasdaran corridor Regarding to the questions such as: the capabilities and limitations of land use, density of urban texture, characteristics of public transport such as traffic problems, accessibility and mobility, pedestrian and bicycle issues, bus services and parking facilities has been studied along the Pasdaran corridor. For more details, the Pasdaran corridor has been divided into two sections based on common physical, functional and traffic characteristics. For strategies and prioritizing them, a multi-criteria decision-making method including AHP has been used regarding to the certain aims including increasing sustainability and creation of people-friendly and dynamic environment, accessibility and providing sustainable transport options and reducing environmental challenges. The following strategies have got highest priority regarding each section to maximize TOD potential and benefits to the boulevard: Section one: Reducing car dependency, Pedestrianization along with development of public transport, Beautification of the public buildings sustainable architecture and paying more attention to the quality of public places Section two: increasing access to public transport, connectivity of main roads, improving pedestrian movement and access and more mixed-uses and transferring Incompatible functions Due to the proximity of first section to the city centre, its strategies are mainly in relation to the identity and sense of place preservation along with pedestrian-oriented development approach. On the contrary, the strategies of second section focus on the accessibility to public transport and car-dependency reduction. To achieve such strategies, it is necessary to create a legal framework for city’s spatial planning. Also, it is essential to integrate various sectors including private, public and government to pave the way for implementation of such strategies.

The building sector is responsible for one-third of global final energy consumption and thus environmental damage، carbon dioxide production. Some reasons for ever increasing building energy consumption: climate change، increase in household electricity load، the growth of real estate، fast-growing household electrical appliances، changes in industrial structure، huge energy consumption of the existing buildings، and the lack of strict government supervision. The world''s total energy requirements are mostly used in sectors such as transportation، industry، residence، commerce، etc.. Although most of the energy consumption during the period 1973 to 2009 belonged to the industrial sector، it can be said that the proportion of residential buildings is very high and is increasing rapidly.. World Statistics published by the Department of Energy، United States of America in March 2010 shows that most houses widely use energy for heating and hot water and then cooling and lighting. Therefore، the revision of quality architectural design of buildings، based on the climatic principles، will be very effective in optimizing fuel consumption so that the energy consumption can be controlled wisely and optimally. On the other hand the use of renewable energy technologies can provide energy surplus of buildings and eliminate the problems associated with fossil energy in great extent. Adopting conservation measures on a large scale does allow reducing both electricity and total energy demand from present day levels while the building stock keeps growing. They simulate climate-dependent hourly building energy demands at user-defined scales، typically an individual state or utility zone. Due to the effective role of energy in economic development and its increasing consumption in parallel with the growth of human communities، considering resource constraints and preventing from facing with an energy crisis، the need for conservation through management application is necessary which demands new strategies and approaches in both environmental and architectural revisions for design and building. In particular، the high energy consumption especially in buildings is a major problem in developing countries which has economic and environmental impacts of prime importance while it is considered to be the most significant cornerstone of growth in different dimensions. Buildings، it is statistically shown، account for a third of total global energy consumption. Energy consumption in buildings is increasing due to several factors including climate change، increasing electrical energy consumption in households، real estate development، diversity of modern appliances، changes in industry structure، very high energy consumption in existing buildings and the lack of adequate supervision of the state.. Therefore، efforts must be focused on the control and management of energy consumption. The purpose of energy management is reducing energy consumption in a way that is logical and economical and can cause no negative effects on welfare and thermal comfort. So، a focus for building energy consumption efforts is of great importance. The occupant behavior and building manner can both increase the building energy consumption، especially residential ones. In the building quality part، there are many techniques affects on building energy consumption، which divide to passive and active. The passive ones are the techniques that related to the body and design of a building as material، utilization of solar radiation on the bodies، length and width of building، insulation، window، and so on without electrical or other energy portfolio، but the effect of these parameters was not equal. Therefore، this study presents an approach to determine the effect of main parameters of some of the building techniques on energy consumption. In this study، these parameters were identified and evaluated and finally were Prioritized. Not all of the parameters has equal role on energy consumption، which the mentioned weights indicated. The remainder of the paper organized as follows. Firstly، the parameters were identified by research and interview. The effective parameters recognized as the alternatives of the mentioned hierarchy3 step trees، which can be listed as follows: occupants; built area; Step No.; Proximity degree; Window to wall ratio; Length to width ratio; Side. Secondary، the questionnaire performed and completed by experts as architects، mechanical engineers and energy engineers. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and its applications in surveys related to buildings were presented. Up to now، the AHP method has been widely applied in the general policymaking in buildings. Next، the effective parameters on energy consumption evaluated، and in next section the AHP for the approach concernedexplained and resultsoffered. Finally، the last Section includes the concluding remarks. The weights and priorities of the effective parameter are illustrated. As a result، considering weight of factors in building designing process، the different parameters of BO can be classified and evaluated: First، the main effective parameter is window to wall ratio. Depends on the weight of this parameter (0. 36)، the window area and materials are important for building designers. Another main parameter is side no.، if a building has 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 side، its energy consumption differs fundamentally. Choosing the main direction، side and the side no. are all associated. One of the main results is about the building area depending on energy consumption، which considers having the main role، but in present survey concluded that the third effective parameter is area. The least effective parameter is occupant number، due to energy load of building space and quality، not building occupant. Urban designers and Architects considering Building Orientation (BO) and its parameters can design buildings that are energy efficient. If building orientation)BO (is considered، solar radiation absorbed by the surface structure of the building will become more favorable، and consequently the energy consumption will be reduced. However، if the building orientation (BO) is considered along with climatic factors، there will be direct effect of increased energy costs. In addition، urban designers must greatly pay attention to building sides while determining the building blocks as the transmitting surfaces are from outdoor to indoor in summer and vice versa in winter. Architects must also pay attention to different ratios of windows to create the proper ratio of heat transfer in the buildings. The materials used in the buildings are of great importance.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the present and desired rural tourism in selected Provinces in mazandaran with marketing mix. In the present study، the under-investigation components of marketing mix consist of seven components (7P) of place، planning and management، evidences and physical facilities، publicity، people and staffs، price، and products. In line with this، field study and descriptive-analytic research method have been used، and the data has been collected according to researcher-made 48-question questionnaire in which the related items have been chosen regarding the features of geographical tourism. The staffs of Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organizations and Municipality were the sample and all of them have been tested from among the experts at this issue (N=90). The data analysis has been carried out by SPSS Software، and Mean Tests، Chi-Square، Wilcoxon and Friedman. To measure the significant difference between marketing mix items in two present and desired conditions by Wilcoxon test is an indication of the difference between the two compared conditions. Friedman test has been used for ranking the amount of effectiveness of components in the development of rural tourism and the results show the high importance of propaganda، people، and product components regarding the testable in having influence on the development of rural tourism in Babol، babolsar، mahmoodabad، and Sari provinces. Finally، it was found that the combination made of mixing the seven mentioned components with the significant level of 0/00 and the level of allowable error of 0/05 has the following capabilities; firstly، it shows the present condition of rural tourism marketing in the region well. Secondly، it results in the promotion of the level of rural development through expanding rural tourism in the studied region.

Urban vulnerability is a widespread and multidimensional phenomenon that covers all the factors of the city which is rapidly increasing due to the factors’ interdependencies. Therefore¡ urban earthquake vulnerability has been studied from different perspectives and this research has tried to examine all the factors affecting vulnerability. It also has been tried to provide a model based on spatial analysis to investigate the earthquake vulnerability level¡ using GIS spatial analysis functions that can be considered as a criterion to determine the earthquake vulnerability level in Sanandaj downtown. Earthquake danger width map is made in three steps. The main maps that are effective in the destruction resulting from earthquakes¡ are ranked and rated based on their importance in the first step. These maps¡ in the second step¡ are turned into Fuzzy ones using Fuzzy functions. In the third step¡ these Fuzzy maps are merged according to each map’s score based on hierarchy analysis method. It should be mentioned that maps related to the distance between users¡ open spaces and clinics are made using pathway axes and network analysis extensions. In this way¡ the real distance between any given places and neighboring usages can be calculated. Finally¡ main vulnerability factors and variables are analyzed statistically. According to the statistical analysis using SPSS software¡ it becomes evident that there is a meaningful correlation (R= 0.926¡ n= 1711) between the overall vulnerability of the being studied contexture and its physical vulnerability and also there is a direct and average relationship between overall vulnerability and access vulnerability. The relation between overall vulnerability and socio-economical vulnerability and the relation between physical vulnerability and access are direct and weak. The next table contains plural R values that measure the variability ratio of the dependent variable and also R square (determining coefficient) which is the value of dependent variable that is determined by the independent variables. For instance¡ according to the value of 0.861 for the determining coefficient physical vulnerability¡ this variable determines 86.1 percent of the changes of dependent variable (overall vulnerability). The results show that 90 percent of the contexture has average or over-average earthquake vulnerability¡ 42 percent of the pieces in the being studied district are high earthquake vulnerable and only 10 percent of the contexture of the being studied district are low earthquake vulnerable to. Parts with high earthquake vulnerable are not¡ generally¡ in a good condition from the viewpoint of all factors. In fact¡ high population density¡ high structure density¡ the pieced small narrow pathways and blind alleys¡ lack of access to open spaces and clinics¡ old buildings¡ low earthquake resistance structures¡ and high level of earthquake vulnerable for people are among some characteristics of these areas. Statistical analysis of the vulnerability maps and variables shows that the main factor of earthquake vulnerability of Sanandaj downtown is a physical factor. The main vulnerability factors including structures’ quality and skeleton¡ show the necessity of the paying more attention to the reforming of physical indexes of the Sanandaj contexture.

Human beings are rooted in nature, and when we travel in greenery areas, we become more aware of this connection. As we are more immersed in nature, we become more relaxed and comfortable and likely to make generous decisions. But rapidly growing urban population and changing patterns of work and live have increasingly removed our societies from the natural world and allowed ourselves to be encapsulated in an artificial environment. This created a widening gap between people and natural settings in modern era. For this reason, urban greenery areas, in addition to the aesthetic values, can make a significant contribution to well-being, health and also improve the quality of life by providing a setting for people gathering and social life interaction. Urban parks, as part of urban greenery areas and open public spaces, can generate tremendous values by providing open space and recreational opportunities. In this regard, it further contributes to larger urban policy objectives, such as job opportunities, youth development, public health, and community building. Apart from this, urban parks in developing countries are generally facing great problems due to the poor urban management, rapidly urban growth which is almost geared towards the automobile and resource crunch for the maintenance of existing parks/gardens and for the creation of new ones. Considering these, Deedgah recreational complex (Mellat Park) located along Pasdaran Boulevard, as the main north-south corridor in Sanandaj and gateway to Kermanshah, has been selected as case study of the research. Due to its location, function and long historical background, it gained a symbolic identity in the collective memory of the people. In recent years, its social life of the park is threatening due to some improper management practices concerning two underpass bridges have been built to ease traffic congestion. To reach the main aim defined as the title of research, a kind of descriptive-analytical method has been used regarding the results of literature review and field survey conducted in autumn 2011. For more information regarding the users’ view, the questionnaire and interview with experts has been used. To evaluate the existing conditions and for strategies and prioritizing them, SWOT and AHP as a decision-making methods has been used regarding certain spatial elements. The results show that Viability, Environmental health and Permeability respectively fall into the high-priority strategies for maximizing Deedgah recreational park function. This means that the proposed action plans should be more in line with the prioritized strategies.