جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "محیط شهری" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

Problem Statement:

 How does place, beyond being a physical space, influence the formation of human identity, cognition, and experience? This article aims to explore this fundamental question by explaining the complex interaction between humans and the built environment.

To present a comprehensive model of the human sensory-motor experience and the creation of effective non-verbal communication with the environment, in order to facilitate the design of higher-quality and more humane spaces.

Relying on a descriptive-analytical approach and an in-depth review of the literature, this article seeks to explain the hidden patterns between space, experience, and meaning. Qualitative text analysis has been a key tool in achieving this goal.

Place is not merely a physical setting but a meaningful context in which individual and collective identities are formed. Spatial symbols and visual elements, as a common language, enable communication with the environment and the creation of meaning. The human mind is strongly influenced by spatial structures, and spaces can affect perception, emotions, and behaviors.

With a deep understanding of the relationship between humans and place, we can design spaces that not only meet the physical needs of humans but also improve the quality of life, strengthen a sense of belonging, and shape collective identity. Mind, body, and environment are inextricably linked, and understanding this complex relationship is essential for creating sustainable and dynamic human environments. The presented model can be used as a tool for designers and urban planners.

Urban areas have become grounds for many natural disasters and are highly vulnerable to them. Therefore, the urban managers’ and planners’ main task is to protect people from these natural disasters. Today, resilience is widely used in natural disaster management. Based on this concept, different societies examine ways to strengthen and improve their power against natural disasters. As a result, it is necessary to study various aspects of resilience in urban areas. The present study aims to evaluate the urban environment’s resilience against natural hazards, especially earthquakes, in Masjed Soleyman. This study employed a theoretical-applied research design based on the descriptive-analytical method. The data were collected via a combination of library techniques and field research (a researcher-made questionnaire). The criteria’ relative weights were calculated using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Buckley’s fuzzy weights of the selected criteria. As the results depicted, the variables affecting the urban environment’s resilience against natural hazards (especially earthquakes) in Masjed Soleyman City are building skeleton, type of materials, number of floors, age of the building, building quality, number of units, and width of passages. Most of the areas of Masjed Soleyman City are not resistant to earthquakes or have low resilience. Based on the seven studied indicators, the city does not have a favorable situation in terms of resilience to earthquakes and more than half of the city area (56.25%) has unfavorable resilience. The order of the effect of the urban environment resilience components of Masjed Soleyman against earthquakes, based on their weights, is the number of units, number of floors, the width of passages, age of the building, quality of the building, structure of the building, and type of materials.

Problem statement: 

Perception of space is obtained based on a mutual relationship between human being and the environment and following a gradual process. The perception of space is related to all sciences whose concern is “creating a good place to live” for human beings and is grounded in the specialized literature of environmental sciences. However, the concept of perception as an epistemological subject is the concern of other fields of knowledge such as philosophy, something that has not been considered enough by environmental science researchers. Awareness of the essence of perception and explaining its mechanism and role it plays in the knowledge of existence has been considered for a long time by philosophers. Referring and paying attention to the views of our country’s philosophers to clarify the concept and process of perception and its role in the knowledge of urban environment design is the main subject of this research. The effectiveness of philosophers’ views in clarifying the features of perception, its levels, and how the process of perceiving the urban space based on it is the subject of this article.

This study aims to recognize the concept of perception (Apperception) and its practical features in designing the environment using Iranian philosophers’ views.

  This research is descriptive-analytical, and its content is the result of bibliographic studies, analysis of texts, and exploration of the thoughts of selected philosophers using logical reasoning. This research studies the issue of perception from two dimensions, substantive (nature of perception) and procedural (its structure and process) in the field of philosophy and its effectiveness in the field of urban design knowledge.

The research results indicate that getting help from the Iranian philosophers’ thoughts can be useful in clarifying the nature of perception and its four characteristics, including the re-creative process, impressionability, activism, and dynamism, as well as explaining the process of the urban environment perception. Finally, this article uses the two theoretical bases of philosophy and urban design to formulate the conceptual model of the “human-city perceptual relationship” and identifies the function and output of each level of the perceptual process.

The city, as a place of residence, work, leisure and communication, has a significant impact on the mental health and mental ill-health of citizens. Nowadays the growth and expansion of urban environment and urbanization, especially in developing countries, has created a wide range of factors threatening MH. Thus, mental disorders are prevalent diseases in cities, and depression is the most common of them. Nevertheless, most studies have focused on physical health and paid less attention to the psychological effects of urban environments. In addition, existing studies, with emphasis on quantitative aspects of environment, have rarely examined its qualitative characteristics. Therefore, the purpose of this study is, firstly, to analyze the relationship between urban environmental qualities and MH with emphasis on depression, and secondly, to develop a conceptual framework for promoting MH in urban design. The current study is a qualitative review. Data were collected through desk study of reliable scientific papers, and qualitative content analysis was use to identify environmental qualities and how they affect MH. The results indicate that the quality of the built environment is one of factors in the mid-scale that, along with other factors at the micro and macro levels, has a synergistic effect on MH of city-dwellers. In this connection, permeability, safety, security, richness, aesthetic, climate comfort, and sociability are the most important environmental qualities. These qualities directly and indirectly affect depression and MH, so that in indirect relationship, physical activity, social interactions, sleep quality, resilience to stress and mood, are mediating factors that causes possibility and sustainability of the impact of environmental qualities on MH. this evidence supports the necessity of improvement of environmental quality to prevent and treat depression of city-dwellers and confirm the role of urban design, as effective way to promote good MH of the general public exposed to the environment.

Energy simulation in an urban environment can be accomplished considering two major

first by analyzing the environmental thermal comfort and second by defining the impact of the environment on buildings energy consumption. Three factors affect the creation of pedestrian thermal comfort including climate (global radiation, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed), microclimate (sky view factor, direct and indirect radiation, mean radiant temperature, surface temperature, ground temperature, building and ground albedo) and pedestrian physical properties (metabolic activity and coatings; these factors are usually not considered in current software. In order to evaluate the thermal components of urban or regional climates, it is necessary to gather accurate data about the radiant conditions in the surrounding environment. This data can be measured experimentally or calculated using the appropriate radiation model. Thus, there are two general methods of using questionnaires and computational simulations to evaluate the effective factors. For applying energy simulation, selecting the proper tool is the first step, which would not be possible without a detailed understanding of how the tool works. On the other hand, it is difficult to choose the proper tool among the growing number of simulation software. Considering designers’ recent tendency in this field, it is essential to be aware of the modeling capabilities and limitations of each tool. Some studies have compared the capabilities of building energy software, but no similar studies have been done on the urban scale.

By identifying outdoor thermal indices, this study classifies different types of energy simulation at urban scale while introducing six software of Envimet, Rayman, UMI, Meteodyn, Solene and SOLWEIG for pedestrian thermal comfort evaluation. This study aims to define the capabilities, potential, weakness and efficiency of the mentioned software in urban environment. By applying comparative and logical analysis research method, the study is conducted in four steps. In the first step, outdoor thermal comfort indicators have been identified considering effective factors in creation of urban microclimate. The second step is dedicated to identification and classification of related software to be distinguished from urban energy analysis software. In the third step, software performance and the related features are examined and in the final step, selected software properties have been compared in different fields to define strengths, weaknesses and proper application. Capability of the above-mentioned software are compared in terms of climatic parameters, outdoor thermal comfort indicators, solving equations, defaults and neglected factors, extractable parameters, numerical and graphical output data, application simplicity, interaction with other software, graphical interface, accessibility and cost.

In order to perform a simulation with proper accuracy, it is necessary to consider three basic models of radiation, heat transfer and CFD airflow in combination with each other. However, in many energy simulation tools, some equations in the analysis process are overlooked for simplification. In Envimet and Solene software, the three equations are analyzed. The analysis in Rayman, SOLWEIG and UMI models is based on the radiation and heat transfer models only ignoring the airflow model that is assumed to be constant. In Meteodyn, the radiation model in Urbasun and the airflow model in Urbawind tool are analyzed. In Envimet and Solone, four parameters of dry temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and radiant temperature are calculated. Apart from wind speed, Solone calculates three other parameters, while in Rayman, dry temperature and radiant temperature are considered regardless of relative humidity and wind speed. The only parameter examined in UMI and Meteodyn is wind speed.

By computing radiant fluxes, Rayman calculates six thermal comfort indicators. Envimet and Solone calculate four indicators including PMV, PET, UTCI, and MRT and in SOLWEIG model, three indicators including PET, UTCI, and MRT are calculated, while none of the common indicators for thermal comfort is listed as the output data in UMI and Meteodyn.  Envimet, Solene and Rayman provide more outdoor thermal comfort indicators as output results. In UMI and Meteodyn data is estimated as the average radiation and wind speed while in other the tools it could be extracted precisely at any desired time. While UMI is a simple free tool, using Envimet and Solene is not free and requires training. However, currently no single tool considers the best combination of all factors and includes all physical processes. The results of this research can help architects, urban designers and software users to choose the proper software in each design stage considering project goals.

oday, the rapid expansion of cities and urban lifestyles has led to increasing problems such as urbanites' undermined mental health. Although reviewing studies on the "restorative environment" approach indicates a wide variety of studies on how natural environments influence human mental health, how urban built environments affect urbanites' mental health has been investigated only in recent decades and without a specific framework. This is while even in Iran, only a few studies have been carried out on this issue in natural and therapeutic environment frameworks. The present study aims to identify and introduce the methodological framework used in the studies on restorative urban environments to provide a suitable ground for domestic research by reviewing their results. To this end, using a meta-method approach, out of 136 English articles published in the period 1999-2019, 30 articles are selected. Next, they are coded and analyzed separately based on Saunders's research onion using content analysis. The results show that like natural environments, urban environments can have restorative quality if they observe certain conditions. The main course of methodology is based on quantitative Multiple -method studies relying on experimental and survey strategies. These studies are carried out using various types of environmental and individual self-response questionnaires and comparative and relational parametric statistical analyzes

Apprehension of the fundamental and noble notions of art, can lead to a better understanding of practical arts such as architecture, the- atre and cinema and their similarities. Architecture, theater and cin- ema, apart from their practical aspect, which creates the environ - ment, in the process of comprehending the space, all three share the same three principals which are interwoven together by architects and directors. This research, with a descriptive-analytical approach is studying the generality of this similitude and the ability to use this similarity in practical arts. Using the virtues of wisdom and experience are two important factors in this research, which can simultaneously use both divisions alongside each other. Architec- ture, cinema and theatre can be mediums to present ideas, and these ideas can be common between different Medias and different fields. Indeed architecture, theatre and cinema are composed of the same main elements such as stage, space, light, movement, and perspec- tive. Architects, directors of theatre and movies are continuous - ly trying to communicate associative concepts in order to narrate ideas and complex concepts in a symbolic environment. Indeed the art of architecture in theatre and cinema represents itself as the factor creating balance and harmony in the shape of images and composition of stage in which special and temporal properties of the space, color, lights, shadows and shades have different effects on spectators. Visual perspectives in the background of a movie have an important role in creating the ideas of the director and the producer of the movie. Actually, directors create the environment and temper of the space and characters by using architecture by the mean of concepts and visual perspective. Identification of these interactions and their effect can be of great help to the artists in cre- ating their artistic product and create an appropriate understanding .of environment and space required for each category

The importance of an organization is as much as the people trust it, and this important thing can not be achieved unless it satisfies the citizens and the clients and provides appropriate services to the citizens. Gaining people's trust and increasing it is one of the basic principles of social capital, and in general, the amount of social capital in each group or society indicates the amount of people's trust in each other. In this way, governments can strengthen the foundations of public trust and strengthen their popular support by strengthening social capital through transparent and responsible accountability to the people as clients. On the other hand, the structure of the country's administrative system indicates the fact that the issue of citizens' satisfaction has been less considered in the planning of organizations and general administrations. In many cases, there is no defined feedback on the services provided in the executive apparatus, and the collection and classification, analysis of views, suggestions and criticisms of clients, and finally its use as a monitoring tool in the process of activities, in order to optimize Things did not have a proper place. The pathology of the executive management system of the country shows that the bureaucratic system suffers from the effects of lack of participatory spirit, participatory seeking, lack of accountability to the people, uncriticism, centralism, inflexibility, prioritization of personal interests in public institutions over public interests. Work is the overcoming of indifference to the result of work and the dominance of the demanding spirit in dealing with the client as citizens.

One of the reasons for the lack of sense of place and identity in urban environments is the lack of original ideas and human-oriented concepts of Islamic thoughts in the cities. Therefore, paying attention to the sense of place in the traditional environments and its extension to the today's neighborhoods is one of the most important requirements in designing residential environments.
The main objective of this research is first to investigate and identify the components of attachment to the Islamic city and then promote attachment to the residential environments based on the guidelines of Islamic texts as well as identifies factors influencing the attachment at different space scales.
This research using the qualitative approach and based on content analysis and logical reasoning compares the concepts of sense of belonging at different scales of residential environments. The method used in this research is analysis-logical. Moreover, its characteristics and approaches in terms of physical, functional and meaning components have been studied. The results of findings show that to create the sense of belonging in the scale of the house, the neighborhood and the city requires that the three physical, mental and spiritual needs of human should be satisfied in interaction of functional or behavioral, emotional and cognitive with residential environments.
The results of investigation of Islamic texts and Hadiths show that physical factors in the scale of house and social factors in the scale of neighborhood and the city are important. For example, the most indicated instruction by the Prophet is about taking care about the neighborhoods and communication with them and paying attention to ethics in the city and civil relationships in residential environments. Therefore, in the process of formation of the Islamic concept of urban space we should be more concerned with the social aspects of the city.

Women as a human property of each society have effective role in improving prominence and purpose of society. This issue except with security feeling of them in urban areas and their habitat will not be possible. In the present research, the influence of effective factors on the sense of women’s security in district 11 of Tehran was investigated in terms of three physical, social, and social dimensions. The present research is an applied and its method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the survey is women aged 14-64 in the 11th district of Tehran, and the sample size was calculated based on the Cochran formula for 388 people which was selected with random-cluster sampling method. For analyzing the information and data collected with the questionnaire, SPSS software and Spearman correlation coefficient and Regression test were used in step-by-step method. The result of research show that spatial, structural and behavioral factors are so effective on the sense of women’s security in district 11 of Tehran. Also, the results of the regression coefficient test showed that the above three variables could predict 70.1 percent of the variance of the sensitivity variable. In the analyzing with step method, outcome demonstrated that the physical components with 64.72%, behavioral components and social components with 23.30% and 40.42% respectively can separately predict the variance of the sense of security variable. Based on the results of this study, it was suggested to identify and eliminate spaces of impasse and modify urban deserted spaces such as parks and urban spaces by introducing alternative social and economic active users in order to promote women’s sense of security in the district.

Human beings have always suffered from discrimination and injustice and the elimination of these injustices is considered one of the most important tasks of law. Citizenship is realized when all people have a community of all civil and political rights and easy access to opportunities in life in terms of economic and social. Groups of vulnerable groups of society, like the disabled and sacrifices, have always been deprived of full access to due to its conditions and status and lack of access to many places as well as the lack of adaptations for living environment. In this regard, there has been a strong internal and international level of law which has specifically emphasized and supported the rights of this group of individuals. It is evident that the purpose of this document is not to give special and special privileges to these individuals, but adopting a suitable approach to support the disabled for achieving equal and equal rights. In the meantime, what is important is the legal encounter with this issue, not a clash of pity, compassion and charity. In the context of an important discussion of the life environment of the disabled and veterans, it must be acknowledged that access to the residential and urban environment without hindrance to the disabled is an elusive dream, and despite the fact that in some cities and places some positive actions have been made to fulfill the above agenda, but still architects and do not look at the disabled in society. This is tangible and tangible in all sectors of service provider. Therefore, the important issue we have discussed in this paper is how to compensate the sacrifices of veterans and the disabled, due to the lack of adaptations in the urban environment, which shows the environmental significance of the environment in the lives of the disabled and the veterans and the civil liability caused by it. in this study, we found that according to jurisprudence and law, these people have the right to receive three categories of damages that are physical, spiritual and physical, and in addition to the use of normal means to compensate for damages to the condition before the loss of damages and the loss of blood, it can be used as a loss of loss to the loss of blood.

In the past, cities have had character and unique identity; whatever that infer is the city now the disintegration of structures in the city's identity; now the considered question how to residents of a city whose identity is defined. The answer to the question of urban identity has what factors? What is the connection between Identity and urban landscape? What is the impact of urban identity and citizenship through life? It seems necessary. The fact cities is shaped by the general society of people and its residents result animus. Process of Formation in according with the general thinking, Cultures and beliefs that are valuable for its residents. This thinking is the result of social interaction and civil life in the city and called the city's identity. Identity can be one of the most emotional attachment points between the city and the citizens considered. Safety of citizens in the context of the city and the urban environment is research. This article, based on documents and library studies and descriptive study tries to answer the above questions.

With regard to urban expansion, security is one of the most important components of a sustainable society. In this regard, the safety of women, children and the elderly is considered as vulnerable groups. The sense of security can be verified on both the mental and objective dimensions. The subjective dimension of security is the sense of citizen safety that comes from measuring their mentality. Given the fact that women make up half the city's inhabitants and are more vulnerable to men, it is important to measure their sense of security. The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety of women in Shahinshahr. The method of this research is from the point of view of applied purpose and in terms of descriptive-survey method. Dimensions and indices of women's sense of safety (social, behavioral, physical, economic, access, environment) were selected using library studies and previous research. Then, using a questionnaire, they compiled comments. The statistical population of this study was Shahinshahr women with a population of 87321 people. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was 384 in this research. The analysis method is using second-order confirmatory factor analysis in Lisrel software. The results show that physical and behavioral index with 0.97 have the most impact on women's safety and then social indicators with path coefficient of 0.92, economic with path coefficient 0.91, environmental index with path coefficient 0.83 and the last rank of access index with path coefficient of 0.51 is in the last rank.

Privacy is conceived of as an interpersonal boundary process by which a person or group regulates interaction with others. The desire for privacy is a public deed, but it is related to variables such as culture, age, gender, personality, and physical environment. It appears that some cultures have a stronger preference for privacy and have more privacy needs than others. The differences in desire for privacy are not limited only to cultures, they actually exists in sub-cultures too. Iran has many sub-cultures which respond to privacy differently, but there have not been any research on the effect of culture on privacy. The present paper focuses on how Iranian women in different sub-cultures look at surveillance in their privacy. The primary purpose of this study is to examine whether women in Iranian sub-cultures (Gilaki, Kurdish, Turkish and Yazdi women) differ in their desired and achieved levels of privacy in parks. Another purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the desired and achieved levels of privacy and the experience of crowding in parks. The final purpose is to describe the cultural differences in the experience of crowding between Gilaki, Kurdish, Turkish and Yazdi women. This research uses a designed questionnaire to collect data. A number of 1173 women were randomly selected in Shahr (Rasht), Mellat (Sanandaj), Baghmisheh (Tabriz), and Azadegan (Yazd) parks. Chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficient, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) tests were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that women in Iranian sub-cultures significantly differ in their desired privacy levels. Yazdi and Turkish women have higher needs for privacy (desired privacy) in the public spaces than other women. However, Gilaki women’s achieved privacy level is higher than that in other sub-cultures. On the other hand, the results indicate that Yazdi women perceive urban parks as more crowded than others. The crowded women (for all groups) have a higher mean of crowding score than the isolated and the optimum women. Regardless of culture, women’s desired and achieved privacy levels are related to the level of perceived crowding in public spaces. According to Hall, contact cultures are often found in tropical countries (Arabic countries, Mediterranean area, Middle-East countries, and Eastern Europe) while non-contact cultures are usually found in cold weather countries (north of Europe, north of America). Accordingly, Iran is regarded as having a contact culture. The results of this study, however, indicate that in different Iranian sub-cultures there are also differences in people’s tendency for privacy and social interaction in public places. There is no correlation between the results of this study and Hall’s taxonomy. Yazdi (dry and warm) and Turkish (cold, mountainous) people have contact cultures while Gilaki (Caspian mild) and Kurdish (very cold mountainous) people live in non-contact cultures. The main reason for this difference stems from the investigation of perceived crowdedness and tendency for privacy in public sphere. The behavior of Iranian women and their social interactions with others in public places are strongly affected by tradition and religion.

Designers and planners have paid more attention toward quality of spaces and built environments with the development of human societies and life style changes. Many studies have concentrated on the visual perception but the role of other senses such as smelling and hearing are overlooked in urban spaces. Moreover, theoretical literature has often discussed about the negative consequences of noise and odder pollutants but has less spoken about the positive impacts of hearing and smell in improvement of mental and social wellbeing or community sense, motivation and reminding memories. But their views are usually limited to the phenomenology of sound and smell. Nevertheless, there have been attempts to study the details of such issue in unique characteristics of non-virtual perception on the personal perception of people in the recent decades. Therefore, need to discuss about this subject with a practical and systematic method is felt. The present study examines the role of perceptional expectations of people in urban environment on the base of two components: sound and smell. In the experience of understanding space, hearing due to its extent and definition of its separate vocal space has different capabilities. Phonetic space has fewer limitations and forms the space. Among the important characteristics of auditory sense, sound is affected by the environment. Sound measures the dimensions of space and makes its scale understandable. Nevertheless this character due to lack of control of urban space is seen in the current cities. In Islamic cities, the sound of prayer call gives us time and sense of place and lead to enforcement of community sense. The olfactory sense unlike the vision motivates emotions, involves directly man’s imaginations and perceptions. A smell cans remind the location of an element or image which is important for mental expectations. The methodology of this research is based on analytical and descriptive methods and the required data was collected by conducting a field work to complete the given questionnaires in different parts of the city. This study used the method of Schafer which was applied for global phonetic project by recording the phonetic symbols. The respondents (50 out of 54 persons) were interviewed in four different spaces of Babol on the base of their spatial location, subjective function and mental history. The three first spaces belonged to the early core and its immediate areas which have an organic texture while the forth space is located in the northern section of the city and is a new expanded segment of Babol. The findings of the research in four selected spaces showed different expectations regarding to the olfactory and auditory perceptions. In Sharbani intersection due to its high traffic function 60 percent of the people believed that their expectation corresponded with the olfactory and auditory environments and some (10%) respondents were stated that the noise and general buzz of people were quite pleasant. In the second space as residential area for the middle class of people, they complained about the sudden sound of construction activities which were different from their expectations as they liked to hear the voice of children playing in the close by avenues. Some people were unhappy about smell of swage and waste while others noticed the familiar smell of kitchens and old neighborhoods as adorable memory of the past. The third space as in the heart of the city, demonstrated the most vibrant part which people stated that all olfactory and auditory characteristics were corresponded with their expectations. Finally in the fourth space i.e. Noshirvani Park showed a mix expectations regarding to the different location of the park. In the margins where the main arterials join the park, the noise of cars was bothering people while in the inner part of the park the expected perceptions stratified the park users. By analyzing the results of the research, it is clear that expectations of people from scents and sounds have heavily impacted their perception and experiences from different urban environments; sometimes the complexity of understanding the space with align sensory information contradicts people’s experiences. Not only understanding the different environs is under influence of olfactory and auditory expectations but also expectations of smell and sound itself (in order to recognize and mental process) is influenced from environmental context. With respect to the discussions, the influence of sensory components particularly smell and sound and the mutual interaction between man and urban environments can be observed in these spaces. Based such realities, planners and designers should consider the role of invisible space to promote the quality of life in the cities. However the present study is one of the few new researches in the Iran and we need other researches to reveal the different and unexplored aspects of invisible spaces of cities in the country.

Cities landscapes are exposed to observer judgments. However, the important thing point the public perception and reading of urban landscapes by urban space users. Since there is a variety of comments and opinions regarding city issues and the urban landscape and its priorities, and decision making should converge in order to cover all aspects of priorities, in this study an attempt has been made to explain the effective dimensions and factors of reading street landscapes. Furthermore, priorities of each of the sites were studied from the perspective of citizens in order to improve the quality of urban spaces in Hamadan. A qualitative research methodology was used; in terms of the study objectives applied research was used and in terms of the techniques employed, field observations and library study was usedto develop a conceptual model associated with reading the elements and aspects in terms of urban spaces. Finally, to examine and analyze the conceptual framework, expert questionnaires using the software Super Decision and the Network Analysis Process Model was analysed to give suitable answers to the following questions of the study: 1- What are the dimensions and components of reading street landscapes?
2- How do priority indicators and criteria affect the landscape of urban streets components according to experts?
3- According to what order are priorities and central streets of Hamedan organized based on parameters mentioned by?
Based on the research, reading components of street landscapes can be both objective and subjective and three dimensions are presented: aesthetic (objective - subjective), semantic (perception, functional) and activity. In addition, 59 indicators were classified. Prioritizing landscape reading components in of Hamedan city streets based on citizen's viewpoints are shown below Bu-Ali Sina Street is first and has a weighting of (0.246) for quality readings of street landscape view and Shohada Street is last with a weight of (0.099). In this regard and in order to improve the urban landscape loci recommendations, such as improving street visual order, organization of walls and ancient buildings, paving the way for the presence of street art and graphics, defining and developing signs physically and semantically which isdesirable for promoting citizens’ reading of the spaces provided, can be studied. Based on the analysis and findings of the research, design and urban landscape management officials need to act in such a way as to maintain the initial values of urban design issues when making changes and new developments. Changes and new developments in urban spaces should be based on the social values and culture of the society and the target audience’s perspectives (citizens) to promote the values of leadership and guide the quality and quantity of space.

Semiology and study of meaning and its effects on users is one of the new approaches that recently have become very popular in urban studies. It can be used as a useful and efficient tool for producing qualitative data out of the city and daily life of citizens and assist urban designers in identifying signs and concepts they represent. In this paper، Nazi Abad Neighborhood in Tehran is explored as a case study in terms of existence of signs، the effects of environmental meanings on different groups of residents and environmental legibility. The objective of this research is to review Lynch’s cognitive mapping approach critically and to study the effects of meanings embedded in urban elements and signs on creation of people’s environmental cognitive maps and legible environments. This is conducted by using surveys، cognitive maps، fieldwork interviews and photo-analysis method in the neighborhood. The findings، parallel to some other critics of Lynch’s studies، confirm that his five elements are mostly used for faster environmental perception and legibility، not clarity، and operate as functional features and cognitive maps vary depending on age، gender and socio-cultural characteristics of urban dwellers. People، based on their experience، culture، past history، ideology etc. perceive different meanings of the environment and can have specific interpretation of their neighborhoods according to their reading of environmental signs. Analyzing Cognitive maps of Naziabad residents and other aspects such as meaningful elements، symbolic buildings، memories and daily experiences revealed that these features، besides affecting cognitive maps، can work as a language via which residents can connect themselves to their environment. This confirms Peponis ideas who believed that there is a difference between people’s perception of and urban form based on their experience، memory، culture and everyday meanings and its verbal description. He believes that people usually use significant visual elements of an environment and not their reading or personal meaningful elements for way-finding or giving address to others. Therefore، urban designers can make environmental design and transformations with regards to elements that are meaningful in private and public life of people and provide an opportunity to create place attachment.