جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "مسکن آپارتمانی" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

The housing model is based on Islamic principles, aimed at providing a dwelling and fostering tranquility for families, depending on addressing their fixed and changing needs. Given that the physical structure of housing is the space where family gatherings occur, the adaptability of housing to accommodate the evolving needs of families over time is crucial for achieving sustainability within the family unit. In the meantime, the "expansibility" can be effective in climate stability in addition to social stability by making adaptations or changes in housing components according to the changing needs of residents. Given the high consumption of fossil fuels, designing and constructing residential buildings compatible with the climate is essential to reduce energy consumption. The use of private courtyards in residential units not only provides a foundation for the expansion of building walls but also contributes to the illumination of interior spaces and the regulation of climatic conditions. This research aims to identify the optimal pattern of socially and environmentally expansible housing that aligns with family growth. Thus, the research question emerged in search of a housing model that not only allows for the expansibility of housing components within the courtyard of the apartment but also ensures climatic efficiency. The present article addresses social sustainability in housing by examining the expansibility of its components within the apartment courtyard, while also considering environmental sustainability by measuring the solar radiation received by its expansible walls in the courtyard. The use of both qualitative and quantitative methods to identify the model of socially and environmentally expansible housing has, in the first stage, led to the presentation of expansible patterns A, B, and C within the residential apartment courtyard. Then, based on the quantitative method, the patterns were simulated using EnergyPlus software, leading to the identification of the optimal model. As the main result of this research, by comparing the amount of solar radiation received from the south, east, and west in the cold, moderate, and hot months of the same direction units, the best units in the SW direction belong to building B, in the NE and NW direction belong to building C, in the SE direction It belongs to A and C buildings.

Today, for various reasons, a small and inadequate floor area is often allocated to private semi-open spaces in apartment housing in Iran. This allocation results in a significant reduction in the efficiency of these spaces. Consequently, the potential of the space to accommodate the daily presence and use by the residents is almost lost. The present study aims to specifically address this issue from the perspective of the development control system and to consider the role of building regulations in ensuring the minimum acceptable usability of these spaces.

In this research, in the first step, 10 international examples of building codes related to the minimum allowable dimensions of residential balconies in some developed countries of the world including England, Ireland, Australia, Singapore, Japan, Dubai, Luxemburg, and the Netherlands are studied and an attempt is made to identify the logic of calculating these values. In the second step, a review of building codes related to the minimum dimensions and floor area of semi-open private spaces in the current development control system of Iran and specifically the city of Rasht is performed. In the following, an attempt is made to provide a definition of the “usable minimal balcony” for the city of Rasht and to calculate its required area and dimensions. In the next step, the current status of balconies design in the apartment housing in Rasht is examined. To do this, the apartment plans approved by the plans control department of the Iran Construction Engineering Organization (IRCEO) of Rasht City were used and we examined all the apartment housing plans of three floors and above, which were approved in this organization in the period of three months from January to March 2021. During this period, 340 apartment units with a total of 401 balconies were approved by the organization. In the final step, an attempt was made to make a comparison between the minimal balcony dimensions defined in the present study and the existing balconies in the statistical community.

Based To define the minimal usable balcony dimensions, the specific conditions of the target community must be considered. Otherwise, the possibility of enforcing this rule will be reduced. It should be noted that currently in the city of Rasht, there are no regulations regarding the minimum dimensions of these spaces. On the other hand, the current common dimensions of balconies in the housing market of Rasht City are significantly smaller than the standards of the studied countries. This has its own economic, social, and cultural reasons and the study of these issues is outside the scope of the present study. However, it can be concluded that the required dimensions and floor area of the balcony in Rasht apartment housing should be defined as smaller than the countries studied. Based on these considerations, the required dimensions of balconies depend on the number of bedrooms, the number of people living in the residential unit, and, in some cases, the geographical orientation of the balcony in the studied countries. However, in the present study, the minimum dimensions of the balcony in all apartment units are considered a fixed value. Thus, an efficient minimal balcony is considered one that has the necessary area for the installation and proper operation of a small set of a table and chairs for two people, a barbecue, and a gas boiler. Accordingly, the standard is formulated as follows: “In every residential apartment unit, it is necessary to provide a balcony with a minimum clear width of 1.25 meters and a minimum useful floor area of 3.75 square meters.”

Based on the findings of the survey, it can be concluded that, firstly, a small percentage of the current balconies have the required area for proper use by residents. This is due to the small and unsuitable dimensions of these balconies. To be more precise, in one-bedroom residential units, only 16%, in two-bedroom units, 11%, and in three-bedroom units and more, 25% of the balconies can accommodate a table and chairs for two people, a gas boiler, and a barbecue. This finding is in line with the findings of researchers who, based on their qualitative research, have introduced inadequate dimensions of balconies as one of the main reasons for the inefficiency of balconies in apartment housing in Iran today. Secondly, it will have a relatively better perspective for application in the Rasht development control system, if regardless of the number of bedrooms in a residential unit, the minimum standard dimensions and area for balconies is formulated as a minimal two-person balcony. Currently, the proportion of two-bedroom units with a minimal four-person balcony is only 7% of the total (compared to 11% for two-person balconies) and the proportion of three-bedroom units with a minimal six-person balcony is only 11% (compared to 25% for two-person balconies).

What is neglected by designers and even users in today's housing, especially apartment housing in Iranian cities, are various aspects of physical comfort, including sound comfort. Noise is defined as unwanted noise, in other words, extra noise is an annoyance in the living and working environment. This ambient noise should be controlled as much as possible and reduced to an acceptable level because high noise levels being annoying and annoying also has countless harmful effects.

For this purpose, the present article, with emphasis on the field method, tries to investigate the pathology of spatial arrangement and its effect on the category of acoustic comfort. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The tools and methods used in this research have been both library and field research. The field studies section was carried out by the 2260 device manufactured by the Danish company B&K, which also used the booklets published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For this purpose, 9 case samples from different areas of Tabriz have been selected as case studies. Selection criteria were selected according to the appropriate distribution of case studies in the urban context. It should also be noted that in the city of Tabriz in the northern areas and overlooking the Pasdaran Highway due to the worn texture and the emergence of marginalization, apartment units are rarely seen. In each case, point’s related to spatial arrangement and zoning were classified into separate categories.

Findings show that according to the background sound diagrams, the average background sound status taken from the bedrooms is better than the average background sound level in the living room and dining room. It is considered that this issue indicates the correctness of space deployments relative to each other in the face of external nuisance noise.

The outputs from the graphs of the average sound pressure level in the first category (location of the service area next to the bedrooms) are in a completely chaotic state compared to the second category, where the toilets and kitchens are farther away from the bedrooms. The conclusion section is discussed in detail. The reason for this is that the disturbing noise produced in the field of services is not only during the day but also around the clock and is of the type of excretion that the residents do not expect or accept such noise at all. Also in terms of annoyance index, it can be said that the noise from the toilets and kitchens, because it is also connected to the riser or utility pipes and is transmitted through them, has been significantly affected in other neighborhood units. And it disturbs the sound comfort of the residents at night when the background noise is generally low.

The rapid population growth and transformation of apartments into the dominant form of urban residence have created new health issues in human life. The consequences, threatening residents’ health, include increase in vitamin D deficiency, overweight, decrease in physical health, social isolation and a variety of social injuries, decrease in personal space, and decrease in mental health. From the World Health Organization’s point of view, health involves provision of three dimensions thereof at the same time: physical, mental, and social. In addition to the above, however, it seems that the economic index has a direct, immediate impact on individuals’ quality of life and health. Therefore, the present study sought to investigate the three aspects of health in terms of the achievement of cooperation with the fields of architecture, medical science, psychology, and social sciences in the preferences of people with different economic conditions upon selection of apartments as housing and the priorities of the components from the three areas that influenced their selections. In this descriptive survey, SPSS 22 and AMOS 23 were used for data analysis, and Friedman test and ANOVA were employed to examine the hypotheses. The results indicated that individuals’ economic and livelihood conditions affected their preferences and concern for the three dimensions (physical, mental, and social) of health in the area of housing. It is noteworthy that economic conditions are considered today as a health-threatening factor, hence their great significance in health policies and disease prevention and intervention measures. Furthermore, the results obtained from the paper emphasized the need to consider the effects of the physical components of buildings on residents’ health, where a building could prevent the occurrence of disease in the residents and prevent an excessive amount of money from being spent for treatment. These findings can provide useful guidelines for policy-makers in the field of construction and social institutions influencing the promotion of modern urban living patterns. What is clear is that the current pattern of modern urban living and housing common in Iran is an obsolete model imported from other countries regardless of the psychological, physical, and social aspects of individuals’ lives. It therefore fails to meet the current requirements of the society, and can have harmful physical, psychological, and social effects in the long run. Modification of this model requires cooperation from medical and social scientists, psychologists, and architects and designers, development of regulations and construction standards, and cooperation from the relevant bodies (the municipality and engineering system) and medical, humanities, and social scientists. Based on the results of studies that have critically scrutinized the details of living in apartments, the organizations in charge of construction can also take important steps in establishment of laws and regulations that affect residents’ health to improve their quality of life. Based on the comprehensive dimensions of health, further achievements will hopefully be made in the construction industry and the design of residential units, so that people’s health will not be threatened by buildings, which can even have therapeutic properties.

Design of the new apartment buildings in Iran, has been faced to a decline of quality of local life and an improper interaction between inside-outside of residential spaces. This interaction can be affected by the quality of in-between spaces in different scales of apartment buildings in residential developments. In-between spaces of apartment houses refer to a hierarchy of the main entrance, open spaces between buildings, entrance space of apartment building (lobby), in-between spaces of apartments in each floor, the entrance space of each apartment, and the balcony. The review of the related literature shows that, three categories of perceptual-semantic, functional-behavioral, and physical-environmental factors in a social-cultural context, determine the features of in-between spaces. In order to test the suggested theoretical model, among the defined in-between spaces, the balcony was selected as a private open space between apartments and the residential semi-public open spaces. The reason for selection of balcony was it’s importance in balance of inside-outside interaction in terms of privacy, overlook, social interaction between neighbors and an important impact on general image of the residential environments. Balcony can provide a proper or improper interaction between outside-inside based on the type of open space such as street, open space of the development or complex and other private and public surrounding buildings that apartment face to. Moreover the quality of interaction between inside-outside is affected by the type of inner space such as bedroom, living room, Kitchen, etc., connected to the balcony. The main research question is that, in different social-cultural contexts, which factors influence the quality of the balcony, and what the people expect from the balcony’s performance. Three residential apartments in Tehran were selected, representing various socio-cultural contexts, including Behjatabad apartments from higher level, Ekbatan housing development from middle level, and Amir-almomenin apartments in Parand new town representing the lower level. The research strategy was qualitative, carried out with the use of a survey questionnaire, interview with the residents and using a semantic differential technique. Statistical analyses of data have been conducted with SPSS-16. The results of research showed that, the relation of inside-outside residential spaces, as well as their link with the social status of the residents can be explained by means of the six factors within the suggested theoretical framework. Design and construction of balcony as an in-between space should provide a proper relation between the apartment’s outside-inside by means of three dimensions of suggested model. physical-environmental dimension including correct local orientation and paying attention to the construction of the balcony as an important part of the building façade; functional-behavioral dimension including multi-functionality of the balcony and its useful size in accordance to the residents’ needs; and perceptual-semantic dimension features including paying attention to outside view and observing the balcony’s beauty in combination to other elements of the façade. Moreover, in order to improve the quality of balcony, attention should be paid to secondary uses and multi-functionality of the in-between spaces in programming and design of the apartment houses.