جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « پدافند غیر عامل » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

The use of non-active defense principles at different levels of urban planning is a solution to reduce vulnerability to potential hazards, which unfortunately has not been given much attention. In this research, parts of the 22nd district of Tehran city were considered for the construction of a water treatment plant. The suitable map of the land for the construction of the treatment plant was obtained in five optimal areas and the places were classified in five weighting categories. The use of non-active defense principles at different levels of urban planning is a solution to reduce vulnerability to potential hazards, which unfortunately has not been given much attention. In this research, parts of the 22nd district of Tehran city were considered for the construction of a water treatment plant. The suitable map of the land for the construction of the treatment plant was obtained in five optimal areas and the places were classified in five weighting categories.

Various studies confirm that the evaluation of environmental quality indicators in sensitive uses such as medical buildings plays an important role in maintaining the health, satisfaction and improvement of patients. The hospital is one of the vital and sensitive parts of the city, which should be given special attention in terms of the conditions related to passive defense in order to manage risks. The main goal of the research is to evaluate the impact of environmental factors on the improvement of the accessibility of the users of treatment spaces in crisis situations with the passive defense approach. The current research is exploratory in nature and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method. The research plan in the development of tools and preparation of expressions in three stages (1) content analysis of documents; (2) Delphi survey and (3) semiotic analysis are defined. Using questionnaire data and spss26 software and using Friedman's test to check the normality of the data to check the relationship between the variables, a statistical analysis was performed, finally with a plan analysis of two Rasoul Akram and Laleh hospitals in Tehran using Depth software. Map was used to examine the syntactic components and their relationship with the components studied in the research. According to the obtained results, the functional, physical and social indicators in accessibility are related to spatial depth and interconnectedness indicators in the space syntax method, and as a result, they affect the accessibility of space in crisis conditions in hospitals.

The present age is referred to as the age of urban vulnerability, because cities face natural hazards and technological crises from various aspects on the one hand and socio-security crises on the other as urban life becomes more complex. The issue of passive defense is no longer defined as a mere research topic but as a vital requirement for governing any country, both upon crisis and at other times, for maintenance of its material and spiritual values. Therefore, the theoretical and practical position of defense and defense against the crisis is very important in this area. On that basis, the application of passive defense and consideration of its principles in urban planning can greatly reduce the destructive effects of such crises. The checkered city of Salmas, Iran, a mid-sized city, according to Iranian Space Agency, with a population of 91239 people, is located in a region with high relative risk based on the relative earthquake risk zoning of Iran, from the study of the National Physical Plan of Iran. Due to its location on a fault, evidenced by the devastating 7.2-magnitude earthquake in 1930, it is very important in this city to observe the principles of passive defense in urban planning. Accordingly, this study was conducted with the aim of measuring and modeling the vulnerability of grid and semi-grid urban forms in Salmas against earthquakes from the perspective of passive defense.

 Theoretical Framework

With respect to the type of fabric, there is less vulnerability and greater relief in case of earthquake in regular continuous fabrics over flat lands featuring roads with low or medium confinement and blocks with one or two regular rows of construction. The grid urban form of the roads is also effective in the provision of relief due to easy access. Regular and stepped discontinuous fabrics over foothill lands are moderate in terms of efficiency and vulnerability, and irregular continuous fabrics over flat areas are less effective against earthquakes. The indicators of urban fabric in the assessment of vulnerability against earthquake include the method of attachment of adjacent segments to the passage, adjacency of the open and constructed spaces of each section to the passage, extent of confinement of the fabric, pattern and size of the urban blocks, and pattern of combination of the roads and urban blocks. 

In this applied analytical research, data collection was carried out through library studies, existing articles, field studies, and 2016 census information from the Statistical Center of Iran. Thus, the effective indicators of vulnerability were extracted from the perspective of passive defense after the relevant documents and resources were studied, and fourteen indicators were then selected from among various influential factors according to their availability for specification of vulnerability in Salmas to obtain the research output. Given that each of the indicators effective in the specification of the vulnerability of the coefficient has a different importance, the opinions of the elite were used in this research to determine the weight (coefficient of importance) of each indicator. To weigh the indicators according to the BWM method, ten questionnaires with contents based on a pairwise comparison of the indicators were formulated given the preference of the best indicator over the others and the preference of the other indicators over the worst. In the next step, the data from the questionnaires were entered into the GAMS software and calculated and analyzed. The weight calculated with the value of λε obtained for the ten questionnaires was 0.097, which indicates the stability and consistency of the calculated weights due to its proximity to zero. For spatial analysis, the information layers of the indicators were first digitized and edited in the GIS software, and each of the indicators was multiplied by the significance coefficient calculated by the BWM method through conversion of the information layers into rasters and their standardization with large and small fuzzy functions and Boolean logic. Using the weighted sum of the indicators to measure vulnerability, the grid and semi-grid urban forms in Salmas were addressed separately. 

Among the calculated weights of the indicators in GAMS, the highest concerned urban from pattern, with 0.164, and the lowest pertained to building façade, with a significance coefficient of 0.030. The average value of λε obtained for the ten questionnaires was 0.097, which indicates the stability and consistency of the calculated weights due to its proximity to zero. The results of combining the indicators in the grid urban form in Salmas demonstrated that there were 4866 parcels in the very low vulnerability zone in the grid urban form, 2719 parcels in low vulnerability, 2862 in medium vulnerability, 3435 in high vulnerability, and 430 parcels in the very high vulnerability zone. In the semi-grid urban form, there were 611 parcels in the very low vulnerability zone, 2598 in low vulnerability, 3669 in medium vulnerability, 5350 in high vulnerability, and 3057 parcels in the very high vulnerability zone.
 

In general, it can be stated that the level of vulnerability in the grid urban form is less than that in the semi-grid urban form. The semi-grid urban form was found to be more vulnerable than the grid urban form based on the indicators of area, parts pattern, building density, building age, building quality, distance from rescue centers, distance from hazardous centers, building facade, population density, and building structure. Moreover, the grid urban form was found more vulnerable than the semi-grid urban form based on the indicators of distance from open spaces, range of worn fabric, distance from faults, and distance from the main thoroughfares of the city.

Every year, natural and unnatural disasters around the world cause many deaths, physical injuries, and diseases so out of 70 types of natural disasters registered in the world, 13 types have been registered in our country. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the vulnerability in the checkered and semi-checkered texture of Salmas city based on passive defense indicators. The type of research is applied and the method of work is descriptive-analytical and data collection has been done through library and field studies. To achieve the purpose of the research, 14 indicators have been selected based on the opinions of the elites, and information layers have been formed for them in GIS software. To calculate the weight of indicators BWM multi-criteria decision-making method was used and the results were analyzed in GAMS software. Finally, the weights obtained from the BWM method are multiplied and combined in 14 standard indicators. The results show that the level of vulnerability in checkered textures is less than in semi-checkered textures.

Friendly urban spaces, as the most public spaces, can be the center of civil life and urbanism, passive urban defense is a part of the executive order with the aim of continuing the necessary activities of the city in confronting the enemy's military actions. In this article, the main patterns considered in non-active defense that are used in the design and explanation of friendly urban spaces have been proposed, then the location of friendly urban spaces has been carried out with the approach of non-active defense in Soro Bandar Abbas neighborhood. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the extraction of six selected indicators, which were used to weight the indicators from the AHP model, finally, two suitable sites for locating the friendly urban space in Soro neighborhood have been selected based on six indicators. In terms of practical purpose, and in terms of descriptive-analytical methodology, this research was based on library-field studies. According to the process undertaken in this research, the model of entering passive urban defense concepts in explaining the design of friendly urban spaces with the approach of reducing urban vulnerability during military and natural crises has been proposed.

Hospitals are one of the most important cities centers, Therefore, it is necessary for these places to be designed in such a way that they can be exploited in all conditions and meet citizens needs in treatment field. The present study is a cross-sectional research based on data collection method. In the first part, based on library studies and then specialized interviews, hospital design planning criteria with a passive defense approach have been identified, which after qualitative analysis stage questionnaires and distribution and data collection from experts, research enters quantitative phase. Therefore, from this perspective, the present study is a mixed research. Based on the proposed model, the most important criterion was identified as the access criterion, which affects other criteria. Accessibility is one of the most important issues which should be considered in locating hospital. In many cases, location inaccuracies has caused even in presence of planning and providing facilities in the hospital Access to the hospital and especially emergency services should be done with problems and delays and has caused access to hospital and especially emergency services doing with problems and delays. This topic is so important that it can have devastating and adverse effects on patients physical or mental condition or even lead to patient death. Therefore, site study and analysis access and connection routes, as well as site study public transportation around ,approved urban plans in that area, are the main factors in determining the location of medical centers.

The growing and rapidly increasing trend of the most recent years, eras and gases, has made a great deal of effort from many countries. In this way, more attention to the number and size of the body is needed and needed, the more attention is paid to it. Fashion shows. Passive defense is a set of unarmed measures to reduce the vulnerability of human forces, vital arteries, sensitive installations, and critical structures to blast loads and the potential threat of enemy and natural disasters. Given this definition, industrialization and the use of modular building components are among the best ways to mass-build housing and urban spaces that, with the advances in science and technology in the modern era, have greatly improved the quantity and quality of building mass. Has been. The ultimate goal of exploration in the end is in times of crisis and from the perspective of non-operational defense, which is a new end-of-the-year perspective, which is important to me. It wasn’t true. This paper aims to study the short-term and long-term effects of macroeconomic variables on the industrialization process, considering the importance of building industrialization, especially modern building materials, and to determine Iran’s position in this process based on specific global indicators. Build and implement appropriate architecture of the building using modern lightweight and durable defense approach to suit the physical and spatial characteristics of cities and to damage the performance of spaces and without spending too much on the severity and extent of the damage caused by enemy attacks and even attacks. When crisis occurs, it declines.

According to the rapid global growth in urban population and the concentration of facilities and infrastructure in cities, in the event of an earthquake, the city's vulnerability is very widespread and it would threaten so many lives and properties.Therefore,providing logical solutions and applying passive defense principles can be an effective way to meet citizens at the event of crises. The research has been done on the basis of documentary methods, in Sanandaj.In order to achieve goals of the research, using the library studies, and existing documents, the necessary indicators to determine the vulnerability of urban textures to earthquakes were identified and extracted. In the next step, using the multi-criteria decision-making techniques such as the hierarchical analysis process and using Delphi fuzzy method, the level of importance of the effective indicators on the degree of vulnerability was identified. The purpose of using Delphi method is to reach an agreement between experts in relation to a particular topic, which is done by using a survey of experts on a variety of occasions and with regard to their feedback. The advantages of this method is providing unbiased answers, frequency and statistical analysis of the results of questionnaires. Results show that with the movement to the depths of neighborhoods, magnitude of the vulnerability of the monuments has been increased. The results also show that 26.87% of the buildings had the highest vulnerability, 36.6% had high vulnerability, 23.03% had a moderate vulnerability, 9.69% had low vulnerability and 36.4% Had the least vulnerability.

Assessing and analyzing how the spatial distribution of urban areas in the face of potential natural disasters is one of the important strategies that can be effective in managing vulnerability and ensuring optimal city security. The spatial dimension of this issue can be considered in assessing the physical safety of the texture of the city of Kashan from the perspective of passive defense, especially the historical sites that are more vulnerable and more important. Also, the disparity of the old access network with the needs of today and against the crisis, and the lack of road network and the lack of adequate infrastructure for the relief and temporary accommodation of the injured, the compression and density of parts, high tensile alleys Lack of proper access and lack of open spaces to accommodate the injured has caused the city’s historical context to be more vulnerable. By observing the requirements of non-operational defense in this research, it increases the awareness and participation of residents and government and the resilience in the context. will be. However, the aim of this research is to realize the safety of the vulnerable tissue of Kashan city from the perspective of non-operating defense. The research method of this research is in terms of purpose, theoretical-practical, field of field, nature and method, descriptive-documentary and analytical type of surveying. The analysis method in this quantitative and qualitative research is weighted by ANP network analysis (in the SUPER DECISIONS software package). The results indicate that the physical properties of the building as one of the physical safety measures along with Physical access has the greatest impact on natural disasters and has the highest role with relative weight (0.46) in the physical safety of neighborhoods of historical texture.

In our country, most designs are implemented, regardless of the basics of passive defense. Hazardous storage depots are among the most important vulnerable structures that are no exception. The smallest damage to these warehouses will have serious economic, social and other consequences. In order to prevent terrorist threats, ground and rocket attacks on this facility, it is necessary to take non-passive measures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and simulate the risk of storage of hazardous materials, emphasizing the threat of explosion. Therefore, using descriptive-analytic research method, the information and criteria were analyzed using FEMA technique and AHP method. The results show that the damage to the storage of high risk materials is first and foremost threatened with bombing and explosive propulsion. Accordingly, an ABAQUS software has been simulated in a variety of scenarios for storing explosive risk materials. Finally, suggestions are made to reduce the risk and vulnerability of hazardous materials storages to explosions and bombings using appropriate tools and spatial options

The formed buildings in the margins of streets, while being incompatible and unrelated to the cultural identity, cause a great deal of dangers to both passersby and residents in case of a crisis. Considering that Iran and specially Tehran somehow has been threatened by foreign enemies, the pathology of buildings in case of military attacks and discussing
the strength of buildings against explosions and the shots of attacks is very important and strategic. From the defense considerations perspective, facades are the weakest part of buildings against explosion. The facade of a building may be locally damaged and destroyed due to an explosion, so the facade pathology can reduce the number of casualties and can efficiently effect on the way people deal with a crisis while they are threatened. Architectural planning needs a pre-crisis pathology in order to be capable of dealing with incidents crisis and attacks with explosive waves properly. Vulnerability is a term used to indicate the magnitude and extent of the damages that may have occurred to communities, buildings, and geographical areas in result of natural disasters. The aim of this research is to provide an appropriate method for assessing the vulnerability of the building facade to explosion. Minor aims include:1. Achieving the effect of structural, non-structural, and the age of the building on vulnerability of the facades against blast wave
2. Identifying the effective elements on the resistance of the urban building facades against blast wave and the conversion of effective elements into measurable indicators
3. Characterizing the vulnerable facades in low, medium, and high vulnerability spectrums Amiriyeh neighborhood that is located in the 11th district of Tehran, is one the oldest
areas of this city. Due to the demographical compression and residential, commercial, and administrative land use in this area, it is rated as a highly populated area, which makes it seriously vulnerable in times of crisis. The 11th district of Tehran, which is the subject of this article, has an area of 1200 hectares while a population of 245,000 people and the concentration of crucial political land use makes it the most important region of Tehran. The over-compression of administrative and political land use and the way they are located in the area and beside each other, has increased the importance of this district. Such a characteristic has made it a permanent desirable target for military invasions of foreign enemies or terrorists. Accordingly, it is essential to adopt measures and methods that reduce the level of vulnerability of the area against conventional threats, which can result in severe damages to the buildings and people. In this research, four main indicators of architectural facades including compatibility of the building with demography, service life of the building, structural elements, and non-structural elements have been studied. The sub-indicators are as follows: construction age, building quality, block size, employment coefficient, form of the building and openings, balconies, materials, construction methods and roofing systems. The evaluation of the mentioned indicators has been done using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Weighing and prioritizing of the indicators was firstly done considering the views of seven specialists and then by Expert Choice software. After reaching the high priority indicators using the methods explained above, they were evaluated using GIS and multiplied by their weight coefficients and placed together to draw the plans of highly vulnerable areas and to be used as a hint for identifying the areas, which need to be secured. The results of this study show that the priority of defensive vulnerability factors of the district are mostly affected by those, which are related to the indicator of building compatibility with the urban demography and construction age as the first and second important indicators respectively. The occurrence of a crisis such as an explosion seems to involve the whole structure of a neighborhood depending on the blast distance and the amount of explosives used and this reflects the importance of a building in the overall urban space in neighborhood scale, which can have many parameters in vulnerability analysis. The high vulnerability of Amiriye neighborhood is due to demographic erosion for older buildings and low strength of materials used in the façades of newly built buildings in Amiriye neighborhood. Weak connections between the façade structure and the main structure are proved the most significant factor of their collapse against explosions. Considering the old and compressed demography of the following area, indicators such as the number of stories is the most vulnerable sub-indicator with a score of 1.753. The block size with a score of 0.568, building quality (considering old demography and the presence of restored and destructed buildings compared to the newly built ones) with 0.551, and the type of building frame in most of the buildings with 0.451, are the next priorities.

Increasing global threats due to the geopolitical position of Iran on the one hand , and The increasing trend of urbanization and More than two thirds of its population living in cities on the other hand, has made it necessary to achieve a dynamic and effective solutions to protect life and property and ensuring peace and normal life of citizens after any possible crisis. This study wants to tell us that beside concepts of crisis management and non-operating defense are the same, by introducing a new approach in urban design-that means mixed-use design of third city dimension or use of urban underground spaces-it can pay attention to high potential of them for providing basic demands and requirements of crisis management and introduce us the model consideration as the research result

From among the measures that can be taken in the field of Architecture and Urban Planning with the view of Passive Defense, are the utilization of the spaces in the indexes and the roofs of the buildings, in order to take advantage of the passive defensive regulatory actions. Green roofs – also called Herbal roofs or live roofs – are engineering based products, which makes it possible for herbs to grow on the roof or the index of a building and provide us with their efficiencies. Thus, today, in many countries in the world, specially North American and West European countries, regulations and policies are written for Green Bodies, which in some cities have become laws to be observed in constructions. Now, we can obviously feel this gap in planning for a large city like Tehran. Camouflaging, hiding, deceit, energy saving, consumption management, buildings stability, beauty, shaping, flexibility in shaping, normalization with the environment, natural disaster controlling, saving the environment, controlling the pollution of the streams, higher parks growth rate, psychological modification of the society, weather and sound proofing of the building, lifetime improvisation of roofs and indexes isolation and oxygen production are the benefits of using such technologies in our societies. We will introduce different kinds of green bodies along with their details and social benefits, which belong to the field of Soft Defense and their specific benefits in Passive Defense alongside their roles in a large city like Tehran.

Approach to the history of five thousand years of human civilization and the experience of the past two decades (which is only 292 years without war) shows that the enemy procedure, based on strong air attack isjust in the first month and civilians bombarding is began if the spirit of national defense continues after two weeks. So the buildings in the cities are damaged in different ways by the attacks that are often promoted as military fault or other excuses. Bombardment and its resulting blast waves increase buildings damage and human casualties. Furthermore, according to the contemporary architectural theorists, designing all spatial scales in artificial environment are considered in the realm of architecture knowledge. Due to the fact that the resistance of a building against blast wave depends on the shape and form of the building and its roof, number of windows and openings, strength and type of materials used in construction. In the design process it is vital to determine the potential danger and the extent of this danger. Most importantly human safety should be provided. Moreover, to achieve functional continuity after an explosion, architectural and structural factors should be taken into account in the design process, and an optimum building plan should be put together. Study and evaluation becomes important about building openings against consequences of the explosion. Openings are the weakest part of the structure against blast wave and shrapnel and could play a role in increasing or decreasing the effects of explosions on buildings according to their position in the external layer of the building. Thus, the purpose of this survey is to determine some indicators for evaluating the openings of buildings against blast effects. In this regard, the various types of openings were identified for evaluating them in terms of passive defense using library resources. Then, through interviewing with experts in the field of architecture, civil and passive defense all the indicators for the openings were extracted. Then questionnaires for weighing the influent indicators were given to 28 experts due to obtain their opinions. Through the use of group decision-making method based on paired comparisons model, the priorities and also necessity of each indicator and its weight were determined by 9. Likert scales method. In order to assess the reliability of the questionnaire also the test of Cronbach’s Alpha can be used. The reliability of the questionnaire was acceptable, the Cronbach's Alpha equals to 0.786. By implementing this method, it was concluded that ratio of opening area to wall area is the most important factor among the other effective indicators and the skylight method is in the next rank. Based on the results, the effect of these two factors is more than fifty percent in the design of Opening aligned with passive defense architecture. It is also important to note that the shape and the type of selected openings shouldn’t be in contrast with building functions.

Passive defense is one of the contemporary issues, which has been considered in urban plans. Nowadays, this issue is included in urban master plans via setting specific regulations on location of land uses and empowering of buildings which can be used for all cities(not only the case study). This research contributes to decrease in possible damages from military attacks in cities by introducing a new method, analyzing city and it`s effective elements on passive defense. Birjand is one of the border line cities of Iran which due to be the center of Southern Khorasan province and locating of managerial and strategic centers, has a special condition. To identify the vulnerable elements of this city from passive defense point of views, the Delphi method were used regards to the previous studies had been done on this issue? Base on this, a twenty-item list containing the vulnerable elements prepared and valued by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Then the vulnerability layer produced with the interpolation density analysis using GIS software. In addition to the vulnerable elements, the effective urban indexes on this issue such as population densities and size of plots have been surveyed in order to prepare the vulnerable layer of the city. After this, the produces layers mixed with each other and make the final vulnerable zoning of Birjand with passive defense approach. At the end, based on the analysis conducted about each urban element, the mitigating solutions and recommendations proposed in order to decrease the level of damages from military attacks.