جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کودکان » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

Drawing in children is their visual language. Most children reveal their inner world through drawing. The purpose of this article is to study the effect of painting therapy on reducing the anxiety of 6-8 year old children in Qazvin city. Until an answer to the question, does painting art education reduce anxiety in 6-8 year old children of Qazvin city? will be.

In terms of purpose, the current research is one of the applied researches and according to the type of data collection, it is considered as a semi-experimental project. The method of collecting information is based on a library in the form of reviewing documents and documents, reviewing theoretical frameworks, reviewing national and international experiences, reviewing theses, and using; Spence's improved child anxiety questionnaire is a short form. The statistical population of the present study consisting of children aged 6 to 8 years in Qazvin city were selected in 1402-1403. whose number is 1290 people. From the girls' school, two classes in the first grade were randomly selected using available sampling method. One class was the control group and the other class was the experimental group. The number of students in the experimental group and the control group were 30 from each school (totally 60 female students (30 in the control group, 30 in the experimental group)) after coordination With the selected schools and after randomly selecting one class as the control group and the other class as the experimental group, anxiety pre-tests were taken from both classes. Then, ten 90-minute sessions of teaching and drawing tools were presented to the experimental group. But no intervention was done for the control group. After the training for the experimental group, both groups were given a post-test of anxiety. In order to analyze the data, SPSS version 18 statistical software was used.

There is a significant difference between the mean anxiety of children: pre-test and post-test in the experimental group (F=5.305) (P<0.05). A graphical examination of students' anxiety state showed that drawing training was effective in reducing anxiety.

Familiarizing children with the art of painting can be helpful in reducing future fears and anxieties.

Children's physical activity and mobility are pivotal for their overall health. This study, conducted in Mashhad City, Iran, explores children's perspectives on environmental characteristics that impact physical mobility and activity.

Theoretical Framework:

Utilizing a theoretical framework comprising 28 measures, this research aims to unveil the environmental features within neighborhoods contributing to the improvement of children's physical mobility and activity.

To accomplish this, the present study collected the perspectives of 450 children aged 9 to 13 (43.8% girls and 56.2% boys) regarding a specific set of these attributes within Mashhad City, Iran. Utilizing exploratory factor analysis, a model was constructed based on the children's responses to the survey measures.

This model identifies seven factors and 24 measures influencing the mobility and physical activity of children in their neighborhoods: 

Parents' Approval: 

Encompasses measures associated with "parents' permission and concern" and reflects "children's desire for independence and agency." Results suggest that parental concern about the autonomous presence of their children in neighborhood spaces significantly inhibits the children's mobility and independent activities.

Walking Path: 

Associated with measures conveying the concepts of "optimal and joyful mobility on paths," this factor emphasizes features like adequate width and appropriate flooring. The potential for 'playing along the route from home to school' is crucial for children's mobility. According to children, this pathway serves not only as a route for the essential journey to school but also should provide opportunities for social and optional activities, including play and enjoyment.

Social Security:

Linked to measures reflecting 'the sense of security regarding strangers and bullies' in neighborhoods. An interesting result is the association of "creating a pleasant atmosphere such as colored sidewalks" with social security. Children believe that the use of specific colors on sidewalks not only provides a fun atmosphere but also establishes spaces for local socialization, consequently reducing the threat of bullying and outsiders.

Environmental Affordance: 

Associated with activities reflecting children’s physical abilities, such as climbing trees and running in open spaces without obstacles. The results indicate that children test these capabilities through movement and exploration of their surroundings. Additionally, the inclusion of "night lighting" as a measure in this factor suggests a preference among children for exploratory play during the night.

Legibility: 

Aligned with Lynch's theory of legibility, this factor involves measures related to way-finding by architectural elements. The findings indicate that children use 'buildings' and 'stores on the ground floor' as landmarks for navigation in their neighborhoods.

Diverse Environment for Exploration: 

Associated with measures representing attractive routes, various play equipment, and nature connectedness. Children's positive assessment of the existence of winding paths in the neighborhood indicates that engaging in exploratory activities along these paths can increase their mobility in their community. Furthermore, integrating a variety of natural elements and play equipment in their neighborhood can enhance children's movement and exploration, making the experience deeper and more enjoyable.

Mobility Safety: 

The final factor is associated with measures indicating safe mobility in neighborhoods. In addition to the fear of a car accident, children's desire for age/gender-appropriate play equipment highlights their concern for their physical safety. The results indicate that inappropriate play equipment and car traffic have the least impact on children's mobility in their neighborhoods.

Interventions targeting these factors can significantly enhance children's mobility experiences, promoting not only physical activity but also social interaction and a deeper connection with their surroundings. The recurring theme of children's desire for playful activities emphasizes a fundamental need for quality movement and physical activities.

The concept of home; It is not a physical place, but a mental image, a house is a place to live and a place to reach peace and comfort. The house has two dimensions (meaning and concept), which are different from each other, the dimension of the meaning of the house; It is an objective thing and a place where a person lives, but the concept of house is a mental thing (mental perception); In order to achieve the concept of home, the mind of each person in relation to home should be analyzed and investigated. The purpose of writing this research; Comparative assessment of the concept of home among 9-10-year-old children in Shiraz and Nojin cities. The research method is in the form of content analysis using argumentative analogies and gathering information in the form of library and documentary studies, Persian and Latin articles, and field research. By analyzing and examining (30) samples of children's drawings of these two cities, it is possible to find the similarities and differences in their mental images of the concept of home. As a result; From this examination and analysis of similarities and differences, a number of conceptual codes can be obtained, and from the summation of these conceptual codes, the concept of home among the children of these two cities can be found, i.e. (peace, comfort, comfort, security, prosperity ) achieved at home.

Childhood plays a critical role in the formation of the human personality both individually and socially. The spaces in which children interact are one of the main factors in the formation and development of their personality and education of children. In this regard, we can consider the impact of urban furniture in these spaces on children. This group of society, in terms of their physical and mental characteristics, needs their own special design to use products made in the field of urban furniture. Finding the needs of children, which often involves providing a sense of security and a sense of belonging to and participation in the environment, can be the subject of research and design. Accordingly, the present study seeks to find the needs, feelings, and optimization of urban space through the design of urban furniture in parks. On the other hand, due to the inadequacy of the three elements of urban furniture, benches, public drinking, and trashcans, for children to use in this park, as well as lack of coordination and visual and conceptual fit of the mentioned elements with children's playgrounds, these three elements are selected from the urban furniture collection for research. Therefore, the main question of the research is based on whether the design of urban furniture with an emotional-oriented design approach facilitates the emergence of personality, social independence, and excessive dependence on parents in the child? This research is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of type, in which the descriptive-analytical method is used. In the method of data collection using scientific sources with emphasis on the method of survey, observation and questionnaire, the necessary information was extracted. This study was carried out in Laleh Park of Tehran using Kansei engineering method to measure the emotions of children aged 5 to 12 years, considering the issue of growth as the most important part in child psychology, the three concepts of child needs, activities and growth and considering all aspects of children's existence which includes psychological, emotional, personality, intelligence, cognitive and moral aspects. In designing the questionnaire, the method of semantic differentiation, which is the most common method of measuring the perception of emotion in Kansei engineering, has been used. Questionnaires voluntarily and with descriptions and interviews by children (9 to 12 years) and in cases where children could not complete the questionnaire, researchers by asking questions according to the words of Kansi and using flashcards that are designed the furniture in question was drawn with the words of Kansei, and the questionnaires were completed based on the children's movements in reaction to the left or right, or their verbal reactions. Data analysis in this study was performed through Excel software to calculate the average score of each word in relation to each element and then after these comparisons using Excel and SPSS software to relate each word to the characteristics of one or more products, the cluster analysis method was used using the k-mean algorithm, factor analysis, and cross-tabulation analysis. According to kansei's engineering process, all products related to the subject of the project, including items available in the city, Laleh Park, and items found on the Internet, were collected and examined in terms of product design criteria such as ergonomics, performance, and aesthetics. General and details of each product were identified and categorized. Among these products, images of five products from each bench, trash, and drinking element were selected to ask, understand, and analyze user requests. Related sites, books, and articles were studied to obtain Kansei's vocabulary, and children were interviewed about their feelings about the elements in question. All the adjectives that described the product area were recorded in the form of bipolar adjectives, which finally, after sifting the obtained words and deleting similar words, finally 29 words for the drinking element, 29 words for the bench element, and for trash element 28 words were selected. Kansei words were compared in each number 1 to 5 of the benches, trashcans, and public drinking with diagrams to better display the information obtained. In reviewing the average scores of adjectives, the highest score associated with the bench element is related to adjectives that are familiar, functional, reliable, solid, and in the next degree, adjectives that are pleasant, relaxing, cheerful, appropriate color, appropriate to the environment, Beautiful, friendly, attractive, innovative, modern, different, ergonomic, safe, enjoyable and simple, other traits rated less than 4.30 were considered ineffective. Also, the highest score associated with the trash element is related to the attributes familiar, creative, childish, attractive, happy, lightweight, appropriate, and kind color, and then the attributes of simple, safe, ergonomic, functional, different, modern, solid, exciting, friendly, beautiful, healthy, fits the environment, well-made, and other traits with a score of less than 4.30 were evaluated as ineffective traits. In the case of drinking elements, the highest scores are related to the attributes of creativity, modern, attractive, well-made, different, and in the next degree enjoyable, functional, beautiful, happy, childish, pleasant, ergonomic, friendly, reliable, standard, fits Environment, relaxing, safe, suitable color, exciting, kind, delicate, controllable milk, sturdy, simple and stylish, and other traits with scores less than 4.30 were evaluated as neutral traits. After these comparisons, using Excel and SPSS software to relate each word of kansi to characterize one or more products, the method of cluster analysis and factor analysis, and cross-tabulation analysis are used.The results of this study on urban playground furniture for children, including benches, trashcans, and public drinking in Laleh Park in Tehran, showed that the elements did not have any proportional spirit and feelings of children, and from the point of view of complying standards and standards of ergonomics, they do not have a favorable fit of children's anthropometry dimensions. Also, using a questionnaire, the audience's consensus about these three elements of the urban furniture collection was measured and according to the results, the characteristics of the ideal product were identified in each category. Based on the evaluations performed, the criteria for designing urban furniture for children 5 to 12 years old for the bench element are round body shape, backrest, without handles. In the case of trash elements, these criteria are round body shape, the lack of the door, the lack of confusing, and the invisibility of waste inside it, and in the case of drinking water, these criteria include round body shape, for water to fall from top to bottom and pressure being a tap button. Therefore, according to this research, children's playground urban furniture should be designed in such a way that is suitable for the anthropometric dimensions of the child's body and responds to the child's desire to participate in doing things and his insistence on doing things by himself. This provides the need for children to belong to the environment. This helps children reach social maturity and personality development and increases the child's sense of independence and self-confidence by eliminating feelings of inability to do things. Also, using the emotional design approach, in addition to paying attention to the instinctive and behavioral levels in designing children, which leads to the use of colors and forms appropriate to their interests and physical dimensions, can emphasize on a design based on the level of thinking, the child's perception and inference of the environment are also considered and a include a concept for teaching and learning in the elements of urban furniture and by creating memories and feelings of satisfaction in the child, make these elements to remain in the child's mind  and increasethe desire to re-use these elements in them.

Considering the importance of stress management, which is a pivotal component of emotional intelligence (EQ), the present century has underscored the profound impact it holds on the well-being and psychological health of children. Children, being the most vulnerable demographic in society, necessitate exposure to social interactions during their formative years, a period critical for their mental, physical, and social development. This underscores the need for an environment conducive to children's expression of novel thoughts and abilities. With a substantial portion of their formative years spent at educational institutions, the undeniable influence of environmental factors on their stress levels becomes evident. Consequently, this study aims to identify the most potent environmental determinants that enhance emotional intelligence and stress management skills in children, thereby mitigating stress and enhancing their comfort levels within elementary schools.

The methodology employed in this research encompasses a Delphi survey. Following a thorough review of literature and documentary sources, a researcher-designed questionnaire was formulated. This questionnaire delves into the environmental elements impacting the emotional intelligence and stress management of children attending elementary schools. The target population comprises experts and faculty members specializing in architecture and psychology within universities across Iran. Employing the snowball sampling technique, participants were selected, resulting in a sample size of 24 experts after reaching theoretical saturation. Subsequently, utilizing open and axial coding techniques and establishing a goal-content table, a researcher-developed 52-item questionnaire was completed by the experts. Finally, the outcomes were extrapolated through Q-factor analysis, exploring the interplay between the identified components and research variables.

The article presents data analysis encompassing descriptive and inferential statistics. The initial focus is on descriptive findings, including characteristics such as age, gender, field of study, and educational level of the respondents. In the section pertaining to inferential findings, the data collected underwent analysis using the Q factor analysis method facilitated by SPSS software. In pursuit of attaining the intended factor arrangement through varimax factor rotation, the loadings of factors with a more uniform distribution were extracted and regarded as the principal components. Outcomes derived from the Delphi technique identify six core components influencing children's emotional intelligence and stress management: a child-centered environment, a secure and safe environment, a flexible environment, an attractive and exciting environment, a predictable and legible environment, and a sensory-stimulating environment. 

The findings illuminate that, as perceived by experts, a child-centered environment, a secure and safe environment, a flexible environment, an attractive and exciting environment, a predictable and legible environment, and a sensory-stimulating environment collectively contribute to enhancing children's emotional intelligence and stress management capabilities. These mechanisms encompass resilience, a sense of security, adaptability, attractiveness, predictability, and sensory stimulation, respectively. Taking these factors into consideration, it is possible to create an educational environment in which children can address their emotional and social needs and unleash their inherent capacity for growth.

Problem StatementWhile cycling in Iran has received the verbal attention of some managers in recent years, in practice, the necessary physical and cultural changes are not observed in cities. Some larger cities are trying to invest more in cycling development, seeking to develop better infrastructure standards and improve the cultural environment. Facilitating cycling for children is of strategic importance in the development of cycling culture. In this regard, it is necessary to pay attention to issues such as reforming protection laws, social incentives, separating the bike path and improving the quality of infrastructure, in the form of a comprehensive program.Research GoalThe main purpose of this research is the pathology of cycling development in the native conditions of the country with emphasis on primary schools. In this research, by identifying obstacles and offering suggestions in the field of improving cultural and social conditions, quality of roads, creating a parking lot for bicycles and some other cases, attempts are made to find realistic solutions to improve the attitude of adults to encourage their children to use bicycles for school and in-neighborhood access.Research MethodsThrough documentary studies and frameless interviews, 14 variables in children's cycling preferences were identified. Then, through a structured questionnaire, with the participation of 256 respondents from 7 schools, the variables were statistically measured and by exploratory factor analysis, the topics were analyzed based on 4 factors; individual, environmental, social and functional.Findings and ResultsFunctional factors not only had the greatest impact on the development of cycling, but also on the promotion of other indicators. Also at the end, through explanatory-exploratory analyzes, a model for improving children's cycling preferences was designed and explained.

According to the experts of psychology and sociology, childhood is very important in the personality development and social health of people in the society. In urban environments and public spaces, they can provide a suitable platform for the growth and development of children. One of the structural pillars in the model of sustainable neighborhoods is the existence of active and lively public spaces that can provide a suitable platform for the presence, activity and social interaction of children (as a part of society). Such spaces can promote sustainable shopping in the neighborhood, and the social growth and maturity of the children present there.Children and teenagers, as members of society with a set of specific demands and needs, are users of the artificial environment. Urban spaces play a unique role in meeting the social and individual needs of city children. These spaces occupy a major part of the time and environment of the daily life of residents, including children, and from the perspective of human sciences engineering, improving the quality of these spaces can be effective in the health and growth of physical strength, strengthening social interactions and fostering creativity in children. Children want to be social and to be in touch with their peers and society. Also, they like to spend their time in natural environments and be active. Therefore, the facilities should be available to children and provide them with the possibility of pursuing a safe urban environment (Ismailizadeh Kowaki, 2013). As children's independent mobility in urban environments continues to decline, children are increasingly removed from all realms of city life. These exercises are used as a basic intervention in the urban environment to ensure children's independent mobility and familiarity with the environment (Segal, 2015).According to children's cognitive abilities in urban space, which includes perception, perception and behavior, the combination of emotional intelligence and path learning behavior in urban spaces for children is the basis for paying attention to important values such as information processing, decision making and execution. This study deals with the effect of the role of perceptual-cognitive factors on children's behavioral patterns with emphasis on emotional intelligence in Sajjad neighborhood.The research method in the present study is descriptive-analytical and in this regard, in order to collect data from field observations, questionnaire, site visit is used. In this study, a statistical population of 1310 people was completed by 298 children aged 10-14 years. After data collection, the collected questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS software. Test method and analysis of analysis hypotheses were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, correlation coefficient between two variables, Leven test and Anova analysis of variance were analyzed. Cronbach's alpha. The results of the 0.837 questionnaire In the findings of the quantitative analysis, it seems that there is a direct relationship between children's learning path and age in emotional intelligence. The age group of 12-14 years has higher self-confidence in the occurrence of path learning behavior in the environment. This group has higher self-awareness than the age group of 10-12. The higher the children's emotional intelligence, the easier it is to wayfinding in urban spaces.

This study aims to identify and prioritize the environmental components affecting emotional intelligence and stress management of children and determine the relationship between them in the form of an analytical model to improve and develop the quality of primary schools. The present research is practical in terms of purpose and regarding its research methods, it is causal, analytical-descriptive, and survey. The Data collection method after library and documentary studies, a researcher-made questionnaire has been developed which studies the environmental components affecting emotional intelligence and stress management of children at primary schools in the form of 70 items. The statistical population of the study is educators and caregivers of children throughout Iran and the method of random sampling is voluntary. The sample size, which is according to the number of questions and Klein's view, is 461. The data analysis method according to the research objectives is the factor analysis method using SPSS software and modeling with Amos software. The results revealed that the diversity of physical components mediated by environmental components of mental security and physical comfort, sense of belonging to the environment, legibility of child-centered environment, and creative vitality affect purposeful playability and functional socialization and thus increase emotional intelligence. This affects the environmental resilience and adaptability and thus impulse tolerance and stress control in children.

Picture books for children cover a wide range of topics, one of which is to introduce and present the ways in which children are confronted with difficult concepts of life, such as the concept of death and the loss of loved ones. Death is a reality which most human beings no matter young or old, experience it and this event confronts human with new conditions of life that clearly affect children. Reading books on how to deal with the tragic events of life helps children to gain a deeper understanding of the tragedy after experiencing it and to return to a normal life after overcoming the crisis and accepting it. The synchronization of text and image in picture books, each of which deals with the subject in a way that is ultimately provided to the audience in the form of an integrated whole as a picture book, can be one of the effective ways to help the child audience get out of this bottleneck.Helping children requires knowing how children think and process information. One of the ways to help them includes reading books containing topics and pictures on the subject of death. A picture book is a template that can hold all kinds of children's literature. The picture book is not just for children, but in today's illustrated world, adults also enjoy their own picture book; but the content of the children's picture book covers the whole range of children's literature, and at the same time the structure and form of its presentation is diverse and diverse.This study examines picture books with the concept of death published in Iran and answers the question that what methods do fiction books use to convey the concept of death to children? The present study, which is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of the nature of data, has studied descriptive-analytical picture books with the theme of death published in Iran. Information is collected in the form of libraries and documents (articles, books, reputable online resources and picture books for children). In the initial surveys, 46 picture fiction books (authored and translated) on the subject of death for children were identified, which were published in Persian between 2003 and 2020. Among them, six titles have been written and forty titles have been translated from non-Persian texts. In the leading research, first the concept of death and then mourning for children aged 7 to 12 years has been studied. In the following, two picture books with the theme of death, created by one artist as an author and an illustrator, are examined. The selection of these two books has been purposeful and according to the different approaches of the artists towards the subject of death.The two picture books examined in this study are the book "Duck, Death and Tulip" written and illustrated by Wolf Erlbruch, German illustrator and author and creator of picture books, and translated by Mahsā Mohammad Hosseini and Farzāneh Shahrtāsh from Shahrtāsh Publications (2018) and the other book titled Death on the Apple Tree is written and illustrated by Kathrin Schärer as the author and illustrator, and translated by Parvāneh Oroujniā (2017).In the studied works, an attempt has been made to acquaint the audience with the phenomenon of death and to make death a part of natural life. That the child has the right to grieve in the absence of the deceased and to mourn in various ways. The use of animal characters in books is aimed at better understanding the audience and embracing a reality that may be disturbing to this audience which is the child age group. Many children have pets or have encountered animals that may die. In this way, animals in the child's mind replace humans and people around them. Another common feature of the books is at the end of the story. That death is part of the nature of the life of every creature that breathes. In fact, the moment a person is born, his death is born with him. The story is about companionship and empathy with the child, as life goes on after the death of a loved one, and mourning must end somewhere. While the memory of the deceased will never be lost; but the child must return to normal interests and routines. The image next to the text helps to better understand this content. In many cases, the image complements and expands the text.The atmosphere of solitude is with the greatest emphasis on the main character, the mourning character or the character involved in death. Sometimes the lighting of the scenes is such that all the audience's attention is focused on the main character. It seems that these empty and often monotonous spaces are a way to create suspense in space and better understand the loneliness of the mourning character by the audience. From the beginning, the child is faced with a normal life in the story, it continues with the main character until it is time for the mourning to end and the child learns that death is an integral part of life. In both books, Death accompanies the main character as a calm and patient friendship instead of a direct confrontation. Until the time comes for the subject to travel with the death phenomenon. Then the audience will find out what the consequences of immortality can have. The coloring in the two books reviewed is a bit bright. Finally, all samples try to reduce the fear of death and express the inseparability of death from life. Their stories and images accompany the audience to take them to the stage of accepting and overcoming this fear.

Technology is fundamental in human life in various areas, especially education. In recent years, due to the growth of technology and capabilities in digital media, cyberspace has become the most widely used media among children. Therefore, the designers' attention to selecting visual elements appropriate to the physical and perceptual features of children and creating a distinction in the design for children and adults reduces the visual pressure of inappropriate design for children and strengthens children's perceptions as well as their level of interaction with the new media.

The aim is to identify visual elements appropriate to children's perception in designing educational applications for 6- and 7-year-old children.Research

The dominant method in this research is synthetic-analytic. Visual elements tailored to the perceptions of 6- and 7-year-old children have been extracted through online search and library studies. These elements were discovered and extracted as leading indicators in 80 Iranian and non-Iranian applications. According to their implementation in the studied applications, those elements appropriate to children's visual perception have been introduced.

The investigation results showed that the applied visual elements are appropriate for children's visual perception. Visual qualities are used to create peace of mind and mental readiness to understand educational concepts. In organizing the applications, visual stress has been avoided, which is consistent with the perceptual characteristics of children. This article is extracted from the master's thesis entitled "Review of math education applications for children 6- to 8-year-old children."

With the advancement of technology and the dramatic growth of medical science, diseases such as cancer that were previously untreatable have now been cured. However, for many people, the disease is synonymous with death. Not knowing enough about the disease and its treatment process exacerbates fear and tension. Children with cancer usually do not have a clear and informed understanding of their illness, given their age and mood, so they are less likely to cope with it. This study aims to reduce children's anxiety and help them to improve their mental health by informing children through play. In this regard, by designing a web site and a game, in addition to indirectly transmitting necessary information about the disease and its condition, it has tried to reduce children's anxiety and increase their hope. The output of this research was designed on the basis of continuous interactions with users and the fabrication of multiple prototypes and was optimized by evaluating users to arrive at designs. Anxiety and life expectancy tests were also performed on users to determine the efficacy and validation of this product. The results showed that indirect awareness through play means can play an effective role in reducing anxiety in children with cancer and increasing their cooperation in the therapeutic process.

Iran cultural and historical background as va luable heritages should be preserved by all Iranians. This responsibility should be educated from childhood as a significant duty to all people. Children as next years’ narrators need to be more familiar with ancestors and their originality. Thus, familiarize them with precious cultural heritage, through in depth communication establishment between children and history, is an important step towards creating aware generation to recognize and preserve the heritage. This article tries to achieve the cultural heritage definition via descriptive-analysis approach and investigate the role of children in precious heritage preservation through effective educative ways. According to the research nature, data collection is fulfilled through library documents, questionnaires and interviews by qualitative research method with purposive sampling. The results show that cultural heritage are ancestors’ achievements that creates community identityand children have a greater share in society to establish th e preservation culture of heritage, because they are futureInheritors.

Given the importance of considering the residents' satisfaction of residential complexes, especially children, it is necessary to evaluate the environmental quality of these complexes architecture related to residential satisfaction. In recent years, construction of high-rise residential complexes in the context of villa houses in Tonekabon city has been increasing and this issue often has affected young people who are in the intellectual period of their life. Hence, the article seeks to study the residential satisfaction indices within a specific age range focusing on gender (male) and evaluates the components affecting it. This work is done by analyzing the prominent features of formal operational age range (11-15 years old) and separating the mental and concrete attributes of the community members in newly built residential complexes of Karimabad district of Tonekabon city. This descriptive-analytical study is a kind of applied research that used mixed (qualitative-quantitative) method, and descriptive method has been used in parts of theoretical views and review of previous studies. To achieve the casual relationships and recognition of the correlation and relations among variables and indices, analytical survey method is applied. In this regard, in addition to the interview, a closed-ended questionnaire has been applied as well. The results show that among the set of factors affecting residential satisfaction, mental and idealistic dimensions more than concrete dimensions are considered and selected by the children and it is noteworthy that although the children have an abstract view in the formal operational age stage and their thoughts lead to idealism, concrete components are not ignored in the eyes of idealist children.

Problem solving, creative and critical thinking are among the most important skills in today advanced world. This research intends to investigate the components of creative thinking and problem solving methods in designing methods of interactive books with cognitive approach in order to upgrade the creativity of children in preschool level. In this research, attempts were made to propose appropriate principles of designing interactive books and at the same time, investigate the impact of designing methods of these books in relation to promoting the level of children’s creativity in preschool level. The research method of this study is descriptive and analytic and the results are collected through library and field studies over 120 Iranian 4-5 years old boys and girls at preschool level 1 & 2 in two kindergartens using random sampling method. According to the results of this study, it is important in the design process of these books to generate creativity in design and illustration. Hiding complex concepts in book illustrations, paying attention to the cognitive skills of the preschool age group and purposeful design considering different stages of cognitive and psychological development of the children should be taken into account and necessarily, the idea of the book must involve the child with the subject in question in a certain way in order to challenge his/her mind and respond to many of his/her needs from various aspects such as social, educational, moral and emotional aspects. Paying attention to characterization in illustration and more using of unconventional elements, the structure of composition and surreal spaces in addition to realism enhances cognitive skills, question formation, ideation and creative thinking of children. Interaction of the children with their surroundings may take place in different ways, including Dynamic Interaction, Touch and Feel Interaction, Visual Interaction, Speech Interaction and Cognitive Interaction.  Interactive books can interact with children in different ways. These books encourage the audience to react to the book and by including many visual dimensions they help to the development of child’s abilities. These books also establish the spirit of interaction in children and by introducing new models can enhance the process of thinking. By using these books you can enhance the sense of aesthetics, creativity and level of visual literacy in children and help their cognitive development. By analyzing the visual characteristics of the images of interactive books we can understand that whatever the subject matter of interactive books for promoting the creativity of the children is closer to the experiences and concerns of the children’s life, they can communicate with the story better and better understand the concepts. The illustrations of these books are capable of enhancing the creative thinking skills of the children. Given the results of conversation with children and studying their paintings and also their feedback to the selected books, it can be concluded that paying attention to personality in illustration and more use of unconventional elements, structure of the composition and creating surreal space along with the realism can lead to formation of the questions, idea making and creative thinking. For this purpose, knowing the child audience and the stages of his/her cognitive development is essential. This research attempts to express the methods, criteria and processes of creative thinking and interactive books design practices in order to increase the cognitive skills and learning abilities with regard to cognitive development of the children. This article consists of four sections. First, it studies child psychology, creative thinking, cognitive development and learning and then, deals with interaction and interactive books. Third part deals with the way of designing these books for promotion of creative skills and in the fourth part, it includes a practical research on preschool children which is a field study that is performed to examine the level of children’s creativity while facing with interactive cognitive books. The results of the study of interactive books and their impact on the process of learning and promoting the creativity of the children show that coordination between images and written elements and their impact on what the child imagines and builds in her/his mind, helps the process of learning. Creativity requires learning and practice and seeing and interacting are the best ways of learning. Moreover, the results of this study show that in many cases, learning process in interactive books happens through the interaction between the characters of the book with each other and also with the cognitive image that children make of these characters in their minds. To achieve this goal, it is required that interaction and level of the story be in line with each other.

The architectural designing of the schools and their constituent elements alongside with the other educational factors has a considerable effect on the students. The present study has been conducted for the purpose of elucidating the relationship between and the role of the educational sector’s environmental factors in facilitation of the children’s learning in the primary school grades based on two qualitative and quantitative approaches. The first part is a literature review using a qualitative approach and a descriptive method and the second part uses a quantitative approach based on correlation method. The study samples have been selected from amongst the primary schools in Hamadan and in regard of the idea that it was necessary to choose the schools for controlling the interfering variables to the maximum possible extent. After performing the required investigations, two samples of the educational environments, i.e. Shahid Beheshti girl primary school and Allameh Tabataba’ei primary school, were selected for possession of the inclusion criteria. The independent variable was the environmental factors constructing the educational sector and the dependent variable was the students’ academic achievement. The required data related to the independent variable was prepared and collected through preparation of a list of observations and investigation of the standard level of the factors constructing the educational environment that were rated based on Likert’s five-point scale; the students’ academic achievement was determined based on the investigation of the students’ average final scores in the end of the term. The obtained data was analyzed through SPSS software and it was found out in correlation test that there are significant and positive relationships between six of the environmental factors constructing the educational spaces, i.e. quality of light, acoustic comfort, educational equipment, newness of the classrooms, diversity in form and flexible furniture with the children’s academic achievement. The collection of these factors at one another’s side set the ground for the conditions under which the student can more comfortably concentrate on the lesson materials. On the other hand, these are expected to provide better conditions for the teachers for better transferring of the lesson materials to the students thereby to facilitate the students’ learning.