جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « castle » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

Espahbad Khorshid cave is one of the giant natural arches in the world, which has a fantastic architecture of the late Sassanid Age. Inside this arch, we encounter architectural works of the Sassanid Age, built of stone rubble and Saroj mortar. The purpose of this research is to study the architectural works of this site and compare them with other architectural works of the Sassanid Age in other parts of Iran. The question of this research is, what are the similarities between architectural works discovered in Espahbad Khorshid cave and other architectural works from the Sassanid Age?The research hypothesis in answering this question is the use of stone rubble, Saroj mortar, rocking arches, and crescent arches in Espahbad Khorshid cave shows the significant similarity of this architecture with Sassanid Age architecture. This research uses fieldwork and documentation of architectural works discovered in Espahbad Khorshid cave. The results show that the architecture in this cave is significantly similar to the architectural works of the Sassanid Age in other parts of Iran. One of them is Dokhtar castle in Firuzabad, Fars province. Therefore, we can say the architectural works discovered from the Espahbad Khorshid cave are one of the unique architecture of the late Sassanid Age found in the Mazandaran region, and in terms of architecture, historical Age, and height of the castle has significant importance.

In the history of Iran attention to the fortresses as a defensive factor and determining the city's privacy has always been the case. In addition to defensive function, the towers have determined the range of cities and the ease of taxation. Throughout history, towers and fortifications have been shaped by political, economic, and geographical necessities. Towers and fortifications depending on the function, geographical location and ... had different shapes, materials and structures and each of the elements such as fence, tower, moat, etc. were formed. Since there is no trace of the old towers and fortifications of the cities it is important to investigate historical documents and illustrations for recognition of these urban elements. As one of The illustrated and novel historical documents, Metraghchi drawings will provide useful information about this type of architecture. Metraghchi paintings depicted from the cities of northwestern Iran in conjunction with the Ottoman army can provide us with a lot of information about the shape, material, number of towers, etc. The aim of this study was to investigate and identify the towers and fortifications drawn in Metraghchi drawings. In this research that has been done by historical interpretation method the forts have been identified by analyzing the pictures and classifying and recognizing them. The results indicate the classification of fortifications based on their shape and body, each of which is different for reasons such as geographical location, politics, urban sprawl and type of materials used and is categorized separately in the relevant tables.

Hesari-ye Gazerani castle is one of the late Qajar castles, located in the southeast of Esfarayen city, in the functions of North Khorasan province. After reviewing aerial maps and field studies, it was found that there are many castles from the Qajar period with almost similar architectural style in Esfarayen region, which show the historical conditions and life-style, especially in this region. This study aims to start a field of study in order to understand a comprehensive picture of the political and social developments and architectural style of the Qajar period in the region. In this article, after a brief review of the types of castles in Iran and data were obtained about the Hesari-ye Gazerani castle in terms of the current situation and its past concerning the history, architecture and the surrounding environment. The present research was conducted by descriptive method, along with mapping and recording field studies, and was an attempt to identify and understand the historical values ​​and architecture of Hesari-ye Gazerani Fortress as one of the valuable works of the late Qajar period. It also explains the relationship between social and economic relations and the architectural style of the mentioned historical period in the region.

Ilam province has historical monuments that castles are such of this works and due to geographical and historical position, the area is of greater diversity and certain architectural features. This article seeks to find dominant style, design patterns and common significant characteristics between the castles of the Qajar era in Ilam province. The main question is whether socio-political, cultural and indigenous concepts in the formation of performances and spaces and their relationships in the castle are effective?
According to this, researching and studying the style and way of life of the people at that time, is vernacular architecture, and socio-political and cultural conditions of that era. Theoretical framework of research is based on the design features of common architecture of castles. The methodology of research is historical interpretative andreasoning method of this research is analogical. Data were collected in two ways, documentary and library.
The results suggest that these types of buildingswere constructed in different climatic conditions and with a relatively different form and they had almost similar user;Common patterns existed in their design, which has largely been influenced by past behavior patterns. In this regard, we can refer to following design patterns: the type and style entrances, type of plan and spatial relationships, and locating of some spaces such as toilets and king rooms, etc., the fitness of built spaces and open spaces and consistency and following of the style of decorations ofQajar era and the user of castles that the type of all buildings isdesert castles (Dashti castles) with the user of mansion castle (Dar-al-emareh castles).

One of the most important fire temples in the Sasanian era is constructed in a place that is called Takht-e-Soleiman, nowadays. This Fire-temple and its accessory buildings, such as the temple attributed to Anahita, the place of the eternal fire, the halls and spaces related to the royal family, are located inside the Castle including two separated levels. The interior enclosure, environing all the main buildings, is a rectangular fortification. The complex, including the interior enclosure and the sedimentary limestone rock that is created by the famous water spring of Takht-e-Soleiman, is surrounded by a roughly oval perimeter enclosure. This exterior enclosure has followed the topographic lines of the natural feature of the limestone rock and is more fortified than the interior enclosure. According to evidences, the exterior castle consists of 38 towers and two gates. There are no signs of architectural spaces inside the walls between the towers; nevertheless, there had been a pavement upon the enclosures. There are evidences of the Tower Rooms in summit of some of the towers. By searching among the debris and during the archaeological excavations, some stone pieces of the crenellations and the machicolations are discovered. The interior enclosure is rectangular and more feeble and includes a throughout passageway inside it. According to available information, there is only one gate in the middle of the northern side and the southern part, which belongs to the Sasanid period of Takht-e-Soleiman that includes a large fountain, is not fully known. This paper, introducing the architectural elements and the fortifications of Takht-e-Soleiman, discusses the defensive architecture of the complex in the Sasanian time range.

This paper attempts to introduce the social، cultural and physical structure of castle and identify the impact of social، cultural، economic behaviors of residents in the formation of such a unique structure. This castle is considered as one of the few residential castles of Yazd and even Iran. The purpose of this research is to realize a pristine example of native architecture and to use its teachings to overcome life''s inconsistencies and fragmentations. In this study، the castle was studied with library and field methods. However، due to position of the castle on the hill slope and consequently the high slope of streets، it was not possible to draw a map based on a fixed height. But it was attempted to correct and complete the map (prepared by the University of Yazd) with the help of aerial photographs and the field search. In addition، a simple sketch was drawn from all available homes، which are reducing day to day. This article is based on the results of limited archaeological excavations، field research، historical study and critical review of the literature. It can be concluded that the castle structure which has been wrapped around a central core over time، is shaped on a social، cultural and religious philosophy. So، understanding the structure is not possible without understanding its concepts and they are inseparable entities.

Human residential units have always been exposed to damages resulting from natural disasters and man-produced incidents. So، human has always been trying to adopt various methods to reduce the damaging impacts of these types of disasters in his living environment. One of the innovative approaches was the use of passive defense to reduce the vulnerability of residential units. Since Iran territory ahs always been located at the road of historical events and exposed to military aggression of different nations and neighboring tribes، so that using the features of natural geography has always been noticed as a way to protect the security of the people. One of the most important manifestation of these issues can be seen in the construction of castles or military and non-military castles in the heights. This article is an attempt to identify the basic features of the most important manifestation of human residential unit including castles in the ancient Iran from the perspective of passive defense. For this purpose، using the descriptive and analytical methods، this article extracts the most important characteristics of Iranian castles in three historical periods of Medes، Ashkanian and Sassanids. The results of this research indicates that from the viewpoint of military commanders، architects and engineers of the ancient Iran، the principle of locating and using geographical barriers have been in the blueprint of passive defense in every three periods. Considering the extracted features of castles of these three periods، it can be understood that the considerations of passive defense in each period had a growing trend such that in the last periods under our consideration، the new and complex methods of passive defense encircles the castles.

Persian garden that had dominance from India to Tabirz and from Samarqand and Bokhara to Shiraz and above these limits has appeared in different forms according to specific climate and historical period. Birjand in southern Khorasan province is one of places that has a specific style of Persian garden concepts. Birjand as a city that has acquired its splendor from Safavied period has a collection of historical gardens. These gardens belong to last part of Zandieh period Ghajar period and earlier pahlavi period. The analysis of characteristics in Birjand garden in 8 gardens like Akbarieh, Shokat abad, Rahim abad, Bahlgerd, mood, ma’soomieh & toghan shows that combination of some particular like non-existence of water axes, joining to rural texture, main axes of pain, Shahneshin in the pool, Hozkhaneh, garden-castle and extended strong axes distinguish the style of Birjand garden from other places in Iran. This article on the base of investigation on historical periods, climate and architecture of Birjand because of shortage enough information about Birjand gardens, first characteristic of this gardens, then in comparative analysis provides contexts to recognize specific styles in Birjand.