جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "environmental hazards" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

During the last century, the spread of epidemics such as Sars, Ebola, and especially Corona, have fueled many crises in the world arena. In dealing with such urban crises, dealing with the category of resilience of cities against epidemics can be helpful. For this purpose, the aim of this research is to know the urban epidemiological dimension, its components and indicators and its relationship with urban resilience based on the ecological triangle model in urban environments.

Using the library method, this research examines different dimensions of meaning, approach, capacity, determining factors and characteristics in the field of resilience to the intersection of this category with pandemic crises.

The research findings indicate that disease-causing factors can be activated or deactivated under the influence of the environment and urbanization process. With regard to the capacities of resilient cities, it is possible to plan and design city-building physical measures based on the attitude of prevention, containment and control in such a way that cities can survive these crises with the least amount face dysfunction and be able to return to their desired state in the shortest possible time.

Based on the results, physical activity, diet, mental health, health care systems, social distancing, infection control, and promotion of urban patrimony are criteria that can affect epidemiological resilience under the influence of the city's body.

Using the components and indicators of urban resilience as an approach that helps cities to maintain or quickly return to optimal functions in the face of a crisis, can reduce the damage caused by the spread of pandemic diseases in cities and preserve the functions of different aspects of urban life. For this purpose, the aim of this research is to know the dimensions, components and indicators that are effective on urban pandemic resilience based on the approach of systematic review of past researches.

The systematic review method includes the stages of definition, search, selection and analysis. The process of searching for sources related to the research took place in January 2023. The initial search led to the identification of 768 sources. Among these, 89 sources matched the research topic, and finally 51 articles were selected for the final analysis.

The findings of the research indicate that the research in the field of resilience against pandemic crises has started after the emergence of the Covid-19 disease, and most of the articles in this field have been published since 2021 and after that, and more than 80% of the studies are done in Asian countries and the European Union. Meanwhile, the countries of China, Iran and the United States have respectively allocated the highest number of studies. In total, 57 components and 151 effective indicators were identified in the field of urban pandemic resilience. The classification of the components extracted from the sources in nine dimensions of intelligence, infrastructural, physical-structural, socio-cultural, economic, institutional, managerial, environmental and the competence and competence of the communities is proposed.

Based on the results of the content analysis, it was found that the infrastructure and intelligence dimensions are among the most important areas for improving urban pandemic resilience.

Resilience is a response to the crisis in the face of environmental risks in today’s changing world. Seasonal urban rivers are one of the causes of environmental hazards in cities whose characters are subject to change during droughts and floods. They have often been turned into channels for flood control and have lost their ecological identity. Developing the best strategy for the resilience of seasonal urban rivers requires research on the contribution of the resilience approach to the preservation of seasonal urban river ecosystems against environmental hazards. Moreover, the way to implement such a strategy could be a response to the crisis. This resilience approach research examines and criticizes the field of ecology and is concerned with preserving urban rivers according to their ecological structure. Based on the literature review in the two fields of resilience and ecology, principles and components were identified and analyzed using a deductive-inferential method. As a result, the best macro strategy for seasonal urban river ecological resilience is process-based river restoration, driven by the ecological structure of the river ecosystem, which is made possible by micro-strategies such as understanding the main causes of ecosystem degradation or change, determining physical, chemical, and biological processes, sustainable watershed management, increasing the resilience of river ecosystems in the face of future environmental hazards, preventing human interference in natural processes, and creating a new balance between socio-economic needs. This research presents strategies to create diversity in plant and animal species in the riverbed, generate modularity in the ecological patches of the river ecosystem, improve the services of the river ecosystem, limit and control the effects of ecological variables that are associated with the river, adapt river restoration to slow key variables, develop regulations based on non-human interference in the structure of the river ecosystem, raise cultural awareness in this area using social capital, and ecological innovation in creating sustainable conditions after the crisis and disruption.

Security is one of the main and fundamental factors which its lack leads to a crisis in societies (Alizadeh, 2016, p. 12). Mankind has always faced with threats in his life and construction, and he has experienced all kinds of events throughout history (Zangi Abadi, 2012, p. 114). The present age is the urban vulnerability age, because with the urban life’s complexity, cities are confronted with different natural hazards and technological crisis on the one hand, and social security crises on the other hand (Mohammadi Deh Cheshmeh, 2015, p. 212). Passive defense is one of the most significant concepts in the overall area of urban disaster management in order to secure the cities and establish the citizens’ welfare in all urban areas. Therefore, this paper attempts to investigate Ilam city’ vulnerability to environmental perils with an emphasis on passive defense approach. The method of this study was survey-descriptive and to collect data, the questionnaire tool of Amini-Varki et al (2014) with Cronbach’s alpha of 81.2% was used. The statistical population of this research is all urban management experts in Ilam city in related organizations that due to the lack of population size, by a randomized sampling method, a research questionnaire was distributed among the experts and finally information about 85 people were analyzed. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the demographic variables and to analyze the research hypothesis, one-way T test and Friedman test for ranking the factors in SPSS software were used. The results of this study showed that the most important indicator of environmental hazards was the average rating of 15.23 in terms of experts in both the organizational and managerial indicators and the last priority of the structure index of communication networks with an average rating of 5.18.

One of the problems originated with the rapid growth of population and rural development in developing countries, especially Iran, is the expansion of solid wastes produced in domestic, agricultural, animal husbandry sections and health care centers. Villages greatly affect their surrounding environment and are affected by it due to their close relationship with the environment. With regards to this proximity, it is crucial to protect the rural environment from wastes. However, the rural residents are less aware of the hazards of contamination caused by scattering of wastes and its mismanagement. After the Islamic Revolution, as the previous systems were put aside, the villages lacked a consistent governance system which led to a myriad of problems. Assigning the management of the rural settlements to Dehyaris (governors of villages), and to some extent to the people, has caused both challenges and opportunities. The present study is done using analytical-descriptive method. First,attempts have been made to determine appropriate indicators by conducting preliminary observations in some rural areas of Zabol.. Subsequently, a set of indicators suitable to the geographical area and the situation in the villages of Zabol township are determined to investigate the quality of managing wastes and their level of environmental hazards. Therefore by using descriptive - analytic studies, theoretical investigations, field observations, and interviews with Village Islamic Councils, local experts and Dehyars, an estimation on the status of solid waste management in rural areas of Zabol township was formed. Data was analyzed through analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in the ArcGIS software. Research findings indicate that management quality of solid waste in the 4.5 percent of these villages is medium and in other villages is weak and very weak. So considering the current status of solid waste management, it is expected that these villages have different levels of environmental hazards according to the type and amount of solid waste. Research Findings also confirmed that the level of environmental hazards of solid waste in 15.9 percent of the villages is high, in 2 percentof the villages is medium and the level in other villages is low or very low. Therefore, in order to reform the current patterns of waste disposal in rural setting, promoting the awareness and systematic training of the residents on the topics pertaining to environmental hazards and solid waste management is suggested.

How to reduce the vulnerability of cities against earthquakes? Changes in land use in cities are one of the ways that the earthquake has been proved effective in dealing with injuries. Therefore, urban land use planning, zoning and development regulations (height, density and functional) separation of land, allocation of adequate space for various activities, taking into account the adjustment member, the privacy of dangerous areas, and inconsistent manual transmission, developed criteria and regulations in the field of fitness and ultimately predict the crisis and it needs to reduce vulnerability of urban areas is. Settlement in the area of earthquake victims in temporary settlements and the Emergency Housing Mahdasht in two stages according to the conditions and standards set forth in the proposals presented.